Changes in the Concentrations of Abscisic Acid in Fruits of Normal and Nr, rin and nor Mutant Tomatoes During Growth, Maturation and Senescence

1976 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 809 ◽  
Author(s):  
WB Mcglasson ◽  
I Adato
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Ethylene Evolution ◽  
Tissue Accumulation

The concentrations of free and base-hydrolysable (bound) abscisic acid (ABA) were measured in fruits of cv. Rutgers (normal) and of the mutants Nr, rin and nor during growth, maturation and senescence. Measurements were made also of postharvest changes in free ABA in immature Rutgers fruits. Free ABA began to accumulate rapidly in the pericarp of developing fruits of Rutgers, Nr and rin during the period of most rapid growth but accumulation in nor was delayed and slower. Peak concentrations in Rutgers, Nr and rin were similar but the maximum level in nor was about 50% lower. Peak concentrations of free ABA coincided with the completion of growth in Rutgers and rin but peak levels in Nr and nor were not reached until several days later. Colouring in all strains occurred at approximately the same time as the accumulation of peak concentrations of free ABA. Changes in bound ABA paralleled those in free ABA in pericarp tissue of all strains but the levels were about one-seventh of those of free ABA. Free and bound ABA were measured in seeds and associated mucilaginous tissue only in 50% developed and fully grown fruits. In the younger fruits of Rutgers, Nr and rin, this fraction contained a higher concentration of free ABA than the pericarp tissue. In fully grown fruits, the level of ABA in the seeds and associated tissue was much less than in this fraction of younger fruits and less than half that in the pericarp tissue. Free ABA in seeds and associated tissues remained low in nor fruits of both ages. The ratios of bound and free ABA in seeds and associated tissues in all strains were generally similar to those found in pericarp tissue. In Rutgers fruits, free ABA increased after harvest. It is suggested that ABA is produced in both pericarp and seeds plus associated mucilaginous tissue. Accumulation of ABA does not seem to be a result of increased ethylene production but conversely may be involved in the increased ethylene evolution which accompanies ripening in normal strains. Since the pattern of changes in ABA and the accumulation of peak concentrations in pericarp tissue was not consistently related to growth but was closely related to the onset of symptoms of ripening or senescence, ABA may be a regulator of ripening in the tomato.

Control of Fruit Ripening in Peach, Prunus persica: Action of Succinic Acid-2,2-Dimethylhydrazide and (2-Chloroethyl)Phosphonic Acid

1974 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
NE Looney ◽  
WB Mcglasson ◽  
BG Coombe
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Succinic Acid ◽  
Phosphonic Acid ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Stage Iii

Fruits of Halehaven and Fragar peaches (mid- and late season respectively) were sampled and examined weekly during one complete growing season. The period of rapid growth following anthesis (stage I) was characterized by relatively high respiration and ethylene production rates. Fruits of both cultivars entered the subsequent period of slow growth (stage II) together. Ethylene production was low and respiration declined throughout stage II. Sprays of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon), but not succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH), resulted in increased ethylene evolution by stage II fruits. Neither chemical altered respiration or the duration of stage II. Both chemicals, however, advanced commercial harvest and promoted ripening of fruits sampled throughout the final rapid growth period (stage III). All fruits sampled during stage III showed a climacteric-like increase in respiration and ethylene production. The horticultural effectiveness of SADH and ethephon appears to be due to a promotion of physiological activity in stage III. Abscisic acid in peach pericarp increased just before and during stage III. Possible roles for abscisic acid and ethylene in regulating the stage II-stage III transition in peaches and other fruits are discussed.

scholarly journals Daminozide, Root Pruning, Trunk Scoring, and Trunk Ringing Effects on Fruit Ripening and Storage Behavior of `McIntosh' Apple

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.C. Elfving ◽  
E.C. Lougheed ◽  
R.A. Cline
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Starch Hydrolysis ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Ethylene Evolution ◽  
Flesh Firmness ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Storage Behavior

A midsummer foliar daminozide (DZ) application (750 mg a.i./liter) to `Macspur McIntosh'/M.7 apple trees (Malus domestics Borkh.) reduced preharvest drop and retarded flesh firmness loss and starch hydrolysis when tested at harvest; DZ also reduced fruit ethylene production at harvest and after 19 weeks of storage at 0.5C. Root pruning at full bloom (May) resulted in increased soluble solids concentration (SSC) and firmer flesh and less starch hydrolysis at harvest, but not consistently each year. Full-bloom root pruning reduced the incidence of stem-cavity browning and brown core, but again not each year. Full-bloom root pruning did not influence ethylene evolution at harvest but did reduce post-storage ethylene evolution in two of three seasons. Full-bloom root pruning generally was less effective than DZ in altering fruit behavior, while root pruning later than full bloom had virtually no effect. Trunk scoring or ringing increased SSC and retarded loss of flesh firmness before harvest and following storage, but had little effect on starch hydrolysis. Scoring or ringing decreased incidence of some disorders and reduced post-storage ethylene evolution, although these treatments had little effect on ethylene production at harvest. Trunk scoring influenced some fruit characteristics more strongly than DZ. Fruit size was not affected by any treatment in any year. Chemical name used: butanedioic acid mono (2,2 -dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide).

scholarly journals Influence of abscisic acid and other plant growth regulators on citrus defense mechanisms to salt stress

2003 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Arbona Mengual ◽  
M.L. Foó Serra ◽  
P. Escrig Marín ◽  
A.J. Marco Casanova ◽  
J.A. Jacas Miret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Photosynthetic Activity ◽  
High Reduction ◽  
Chloride Accumulation

Citrus yield and growth are deeply affected by salinity. In the present work we have studied the effectiveness of differentplant growth regulators such as abscisic acid, jasmonic acid and 8’-methylene methyl abscissate in protectingcitrus from salt-induced damage. Plants of Salustiana cultivar grafted onto Carrizo citrange were used for this purpose.Plants were watered with 100 mM NaCl and leaf abscission, ethylene production, chloride accumulation and net photosyntheticrate were measured. Non-treated plants showed a dramatic drop in photosynthetic activity in response tosalinity, an increase in leaf ethylene production and a high abscission rate as a result of a massive leaf chloride accumulation.Plants treated with jasmonic acid or 8’-methylene methyl abscisate did not show any physiological changein response to salt stress. However, plants treated with abscisic acid showed a high reduction in the parameters considered.These results suggest that abscisic acid plays a role in modifying citrus physiological behaviour in responseto salinity and could be helpful in their acclimation to saline conditions

scholarly journals Ripening of Kiwifruit following Simulated Brushing with Commercial Brushes

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 566-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Massantini ◽  
L. Lanzarotta ◽  
R. Botondi ◽  
F. Mencarelli
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Actinidia Deliciosa ◽  
Solid Concentration ◽  
Ethylene Evolution ◽  
Small Surface ◽  
Lower Resistance ◽  
Accelerated Ripening ◽  
Soluble Solid ◽  
Subsequent Storage

Brushing of `Hayward' kiwifruit [Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang et A. R. Ferguson var. deliciosa] to remove trichomes reduced their marketable life. Fruit were brushed with polypropylene brushes having bristles of 0.60, 0.50, 0.30, and 0.25 mm in diameter. The two smallest-diameter bristles removed about 0.1 g of trichomes per fruit. The larger diameter bristles removed 12% more material, including some surface tissue particles. Brushing accelerated ripening during subsequent storage of fruit for 4 days at 4C as indicated by increases in ethylene production and soluble solid concentration and a decrease in firmness. The larger the bristle diameter, the greater the acceleration of ripening. The largest diameter did not accelerate ripening as much as 0.50-mm bristles due to the lower resistance to bending (0.85 N and 2 N for 0.60- and 0.50-mm bristles, respectively) and their greater length. Small surface wounds, visible under the microscope, may have caused the higher ethylene evolution and the consequent ripening response.

scholarly journals Nitric Oxide and Nitrite Treatments Reduce Ethylene Evolution from Apple Fruit Disks

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1462-1465 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Rudell ◽  
James P. Mattheis
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
No Production ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
Ethylene Synthesis ◽  
Ethylene Evolution ◽  
No Donor ◽  
Treatment Concentration

`Golden Delicious' apple [Malus sylvestris var. domestica (Borkh.)] cortex disks suspended in solutions containing a nitric oxide (•NO) donor [S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) or sodium nitroprusside (SNP)], •NO gas, or nitrite (KNO2) were used to identify impacts of •NO on ethylene production and NO2– on •NO and ethylene production. Treatment with GSNO or SNP reduced ethylene biosynthesis compared with control treatments containing equimolar concentrations of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) or Na4(CN)6 respectively. Apple disk exposure to •NO gas did not impact ethylene production. Treatment with NO2– resulted in increased •NO production and decreased ethylene biosynthesis. Generation of •NO increased linearly whereas ethylene generation decreased exponentially with increasing NO2– treatment concentration. •NO was enhanced in autoclaved tissue disks treated with NO2–, suggesting that its production is produced at least in part by nonenzymatic means. Although this evidence shows •NO is readily generated in apple fruit disks by NO2– treatment, and ethylene synthesis is reduced by •NO/NO2– generated in solution, the exact nature of •NO generation from NO2– and ethylene synthesis modulation in apple fruit disks remains to be elucidated.

Relationship Between Changes in Abscisic Acid and Ethylene Production During Ripening of Avocado Fruits

1976 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 555 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Adato ◽  
S Gazit ◽  
A Blumenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Abscisic Acid Content ◽  
Acid Determination

Abscisic acid levels and the rates of ethylene production during successive stages of ripening in avocado fruits (Persea americana Mill.) were determined by gas chromatography. In fruits which were selected for abscisic acid determination according to their rate of ethylene production, a rise in free abscisic acid content was observed following an increase in the rate of ethylene production. Levels of bound abscisic acid were much lower and increased later than free abscisic acid.

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