Quantitative Studies on Root Development. III. Further Observations on Growth in the Seedling Phase

1975 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 425 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Rahman ◽  
D Aspinall ◽  
LG Paleg
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Elongation Rate ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Rooting Medium ◽  
Early Phases

The influences of light intensity, rooting medium, and the excision of various organs on the early phases of root growth in barley seedlings (cv. Piroline) were explored. The emergence of root axes was affected by light intensity and excision of roots, endosperm or shoot, but was not altered by the rooring medium. Elongation of the emerged axes was similarly responsive. The elongation rate of both the set of axes and individual axes fell wi4h time. The elongation rate of laterals was less than that of the axes and was sensitive to the excision of seedling organs. The data are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that the growth of the root system is determined by the availability of substrate.

scholarly journals Quantitative Studies of Root Development I. The Influence of Nutrient Concentration

1965 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
LH May ◽  
Fay H Chapman ◽  
D Aspinall
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Number Of Branches

The root growth of barley plants was examined at weekly intervals during the 5 weeks following emergence. The lengths of the separate components of the root system (prima.ry, secondary, tertiary, etc.) were determined, as well as the number of branches and the distances apart of these branches.

scholarly journals Effects of Light Intensity on Root Development in a D-Root Growth System

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yohanna Evelyn Miotto ◽  
Cibele Tesser da Costa ◽  
Remko Offringa ◽  
Jürgen Kleine-Vehn ◽  
Felipe dos Santos Maraschin
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Light Condition ◽  
Light Response ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Auxin Signaling ◽  
Loss Of Function

Plant development is highly affected by light quality, direction, and intensity. Under natural growth conditions, shoots are directly exposed to light whereas roots develop underground shielded from direct illumination. The photomorphogenic development strongly represses shoot elongation whereas promotes root growth. Over the years, several studies helped the elucidation of signaling elements that coordinate light perception and underlying developmental outputs. Light exposure of the shoots has diverse effects on main root growth and lateral root (LR) formation. In this study, we evaluated the phenotypic root responses of wild-type Arabidopsis plants, as well as several mutants, grown in a D-Root system. We observed that sucrose and light act synergistically to promote root growth and that sucrose alone cannot overcome the light requirement for root growth. We also have shown that roots respond to the light intensity applied to the shoot by changes in primary and LR development. Loss-of-function mutants for several root light-response genes display varying phenotypes according to the light intensity to which shoots are exposed. Low light intensity strongly impaired LR development for most genotypes. Only vid-27 and pils4 mutants showed higher LR density at 40 μmol m–2 s–1 than at 80 μmol m–2 s–1 whereas yuc3 and shy2-2 presented no LR development in any light condition, reinforcing the importance of auxin signaling in light-dependent root development. Our results support the use of D-Root systems to avoid the effects of direct root illumination that might lead to artifacts and unnatural phenotypic outputs.

scholarly journals A low-cost aeroponic phenotyping system for storage root development: unravelling the below-ground secrets of cassava (Manihot esculenta)

Plant Methods ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Gomez Selvaraj ◽  
Maria Elker Montoya-P ◽  
John Atanbori ◽  
Andrew P. French ◽  
Tony Pridmore
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
Root Initiation ◽  
Storage Root ◽  
Economic Traits ◽  
Storage Roots ◽  
Storage Root Development

Abstract Background Root and tuber crops are becoming more important for their high source of carbohydrates, next to cereals. Despite their commercial impact, there are significant knowledge gaps about the environmental and inherent regulation of storage root (SR) differentiation, due in part to the innate problems of studying storage roots and the lack of a suitable model system for monitoring storage root growth. The research presented here aimed to develop a reliable, low-cost effective system that enables the study of the factors influencing cassava storage root initiation and development. Results We explored simple, low-cost systems for the study of storage root biology. An aeroponics system described here is ideal for real-time monitoring of storage root development (SRD), and this was further validated using hormone studies. Our aeroponics-based auxin studies revealed that storage root initiation and development are adaptive responses, which are significantly enhanced by the exogenous auxin supply. Field and histological experiments were also conducted to confirm the auxin effect found in the aeroponics system. We also developed a simple digital imaging platform to quantify storage root growth and development traits. Correlation analysis confirmed that image-based estimation can be a surrogate for manual root phenotyping for several key traits. Conclusions The aeroponic system developed from this study is an effective tool for examining the root architecture of cassava during early SRD. The aeroponic system also provided novel insights into storage root formation by activating the auxin-dependent proliferation of secondary xylem parenchyma cells to induce the initial root thickening and bulking. The developed system can be of direct benefit to molecular biologists, breeders, and physiologists, allowing them to screen germplasm for root traits that correlate with improved economic traits.

Lateral root formation and nutrients: nitrogen in the spotlight

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Mathieu Pélissier ◽  
Hans Motte ◽  
Tom Beeckman
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Lateral Root Formation ◽  
Lateral Root Development

Abstract Lateral roots are important to forage for nutrients due to their ability to increase the uptake area of a root system. Hence, it comes as no surprise that lateral root formation is affected by nutrients or nutrient starvation, and as such contributes to the root system plasticity. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating root adaptation dynamics towards nutrient availability is useful to optimize plant nutrient use efficiency. There is at present a profound, though still evolving, knowledge on lateral root pathways. Here, we aimed to review the intersection with nutrient signaling pathways to give an update on the regulation of lateral root development by nutrients, with a particular focus on nitrogen. Remarkably, it is for most nutrients not clear how lateral root formation is controlled. Only for nitrogen, one of the most dominant nutrients in the control of lateral root formation, the crosstalk with multiple key signals determining lateral root development is clearly shown. In this update, we first present a general overview of the current knowledge of how nutrients affect lateral root formation, followed by a deeper discussion on how nitrogen signaling pathways act on different lateral root-mediating mechanisms for which multiple recent studies yield insights.

scholarly journals Uncovering the molecular signature underlying the light intensity-dependent root development in Arabidopsis thaliana

BMC Genomics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sony Kumari ◽  
Sandeep Yadav ◽  
Debadutta Patra ◽  
Sharmila Singh ◽  
Ananda K. Sarkar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Molecular Signature

Root System Fibrosity of Sitka Spruce Transplants: Relationship with Root Growth Potential

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. DEANS ◽  
C. LUNDBERG ◽  
M. G. R. CANNELL ◽  
M. B. MURRAY ◽  
L. J. SHEPPARD
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Root Growth Potential

Dynamics of root growth stimulation in Nicotiana tabacum in increasing light intensity

2006 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 1936-1945 ◽  
Author(s):  
KERSTIN A. NAGEL ◽  
ULRICH SCHURR ◽  
ACHIM WALTER
Keyword(s):  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Growth Stimulation

THE EFFECT OF INTENSITY OF DEFOLIATION ON ROOT DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION IN SOME PASTURE-GRASS SPECIES

1937 ◽  
pp. 140-146
Author(s):  
W.A. Jacques
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Pasture Grass ◽  
Rest Periods ◽  
Pasture Plants

There are many points of approach to a consideration of root development in pasture plants, but I wish to confine myself to this effect on the root system of different rest periods between the removal of leaves and outline the plants reaction to them

Effects of Temperature on Root Morphology and Ectendomycorrhizal Development in Pinusresinosa Ait.

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh E. Wilcox ◽  
Ruth Ganmore-Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Morphology ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Root Temperature ◽  
First Order ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

Seedlings of Pinusresinosa were grown at root temperatures of 16, 21 and 27 °C, both aseptically and after inoculation with the ectendomycorrhizal fungus BDG-58. Growth after 3 months was significantly influenced by the presence of the fungus at all 3 temperatures. The influence of the fungus on root growth was obscured by the effects of root temperature on morphology. The root system at 16 and at 21 °C possessed many first-order laterals with numerous, well developed second-order branches, but those at 27 °C had only a few, relatively long, unbranched first-order laterals. Although the root systems of infected seedlings were larger, the fungus increased root growth in the same pattern as determined by the temperature.

scholarly journals Regulation of lateral root development by shoot-sensed far-red light via HY5 is nitrate-dependent and involves the NRT2.1 nitrate transporter

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasper van Gelderen ◽  
Chiakai Kang ◽  
Peijin Li ◽  
Ronald Pierik
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Nitrate Transporter ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Lateral Root Development ◽  
Nitrate Signaling

AbstractPlants are very effective in responding to environmental changes during competition for light and nutrients. Low Red:Far-Red (low R:FR)-mediated neighbor detection allows plants to compete successfully with other plants for available light. This above-ground signal can also reduce lateral root growth by inhibiting lateral root emergence, a process that might help the plant invest resources in shoot growth. Nitrate is an essential nutrient for plant growth and Arabidopsis thaliana responds to low nitrate conditions by enhancing nutrient uptake and reducing lateral and main root growth. There are indications that low R:FR signaling and low nitrate signaling can affect each other. It is unknown which response is prioritized when low R:FR light- and low nitrate signaling co-occur. We investigated the effect of low nitrate conditions on the low R:FR response of the A. thaliana root system in agar plate media, combined with the application of supplemental Far-Red (FR) light to the shoot. We observed that under low nitrate conditions main and lateral root growth was reduced, but more importantly, that the response of the root system to low R:FR was suppressed. Consistently, a loss-of-function mutant of a nitrate transporter gene NRT2.1 lacked low R:FR-induced lateral root reduction and its root growth was hypersensitive to low nitrate. ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) plays an important role in the root response to low R:FR and we found that it was less sensitive to low nitrate conditions with regards to lateral root growth. In addition, we found that low R:FR increases NRT2.1 expression and that low nitrate enhances HY5 expression. HY5 also affects NRT2.1 expression, however, it depended on the presence of ammonium in which direction this effect was. Replacing part of the nitrogen source with ammonium also removed the effect of low R:FR on the root system, showing that changes in nitrogen sources can be crucial for root plasticity. Together our results show that nitrate signaling can repress low R:FR responses and that this involves signaling via HY5 and NRT2.1.

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