Significance of the C4 Pathway in Triodia irritans (Spinifex), a Grass Adapted to Arid Environments

1974 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 171 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR Mcwilliam ◽  
K Mison
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Anatomy ◽  
Selective Advantage ◽  
C4 Plants ◽  
Arid Environments ◽  
C4 Pathway

The existence of the C4 pathway of photosynthesis and also a novel form of Kranz-type leaf anatomy in T. irritans support the case for the inclusion of the genus Triodia in the Eragrosteae. They also provide further evidence for the suggestion that C4 plants are at a selective advantage in hot arid environments.

C4 Photosynthesis in Sodium-Deficient Plants

1979 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 431 ◽  
Author(s):  
TS Boag ◽  
PF Brownell
Keyword(s):  
C4 Photosynthesis ◽  
Dicarboxylic Acids ◽  
C4 Plants ◽  
Compensation Point ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sodium Deficiency ◽  
Co2 Compensation Point ◽  
Δ13c Value ◽  
C4 Pathway ◽  
Chloris Barbata

The C4 plants Kochia childsii Hort. and Chloris barbata Sw. showed symptoms characteristic of sodium deficiency. The δ13C value, CO2 compensation point and percentage of 14C label in C4 dicarboxylic acids in short-term photosynthesis were similar in sodium-deficient and normal plants. This is consistent with the operation of the C4 pathway.

scholarly journals LEAF ANATOMY CHARACTERIZATION OF FOUR Apochloa SPECIES: A C3 GENUS RELATED TO EVOLUTION OF C4 PATHWAY IN GRASSES

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
Ane Marcela das Chagas Mendonça ◽  
Pedro Lage Viana ◽  
João Paulo Rodrigues Alves Delfino Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Anatomy ◽  
C4 Photosynthesis ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Bundle Sheath ◽  
C3 Plants ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Kranz Anatomy ◽  
C4 Pathway ◽  
Photosynthesis Pathway

Leaf anatomy characteristics provide important evidences about the transition between C3 and C4 pathways. The C4 photosynthesis pathway allowed to reduce the C3 photorespiratory rate, concentrating CO2 around the Rubisco site and using structures and machinery already presented in C3 plants. In monocots, it is observed a high number of C4 lineages, most of them phylogenetically related to C3 groups. The genus Apochloa (C3), subtribe Arthropogoninae, is related to two C4 genera Coleataenia and Cyphonanthus. The aim of this study was to evaluate four Apochloa species in order to establish anatomical characteristics related to the evolution of C4 pathway in this group. By means of transverse sections fully expanded leaves of A. euprepes, A. lorea, A. molinioides, and A. poliophylla were collected and the characteristics of the mesophyll (M) and bundle sheath (BS) cells were determined. These species showed a rustic Kranz anatomy with enlarged and radial arranged BS cells, which have few organelles organized in a centrifugal position. Although the modifications of BS cells are probably related to the maintenance of plant water status, we also discuss the evolution for the establishment of C4 photosynthesis in the related C4 genera.

Evolution of leaf anatomy in arid environments – A case study in southern African Tetraena and Roepera (Zygophyllaceae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 97 ◽  
pp. 129-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximilian Lauterbach ◽  
Pieter de Wet van der Merwe ◽  
Lisa Keßler ◽  
Michael D. Pirie ◽  
Dirk U. Bellstedt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Anatomy ◽  
Arid Environments

Are crassulacean acid metabolism and C4 photosynthesis incompatible?

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rowan F. Sage
Keyword(s):  
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
C4 Photosynthesis ◽  
Bundle Sheath ◽  
C4 Plants ◽  
Cam Plants ◽  
Bundle Sheath Cells ◽  
C4 Pathway ◽  
Cam Species ◽  
Cam Photosynthesis

This paper originates from a presentation at the IIIrd International Congress on Crassulacean Acid Metabolism, Cape Tribulation, Queensland, Australia, August 2001. Despite sharing a similar metabolism, crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) and C4 photosynthesis are not known to occur in identical species, with the exception of Portulaca spp. In Portulaca, C4 and weak CAM photosynthesis occur in distinct regions of the leaf, rather than in the same cells. This is in marked contrast to the situation in most CAM species where C3 and CAM photosynthesis are active in the same cell over the course of a day and growing season. The lack of CAM and C4 photosynthesis in identical cells of a plant indicates these photosynthetic pathways are incompatible. Incompatibilities between CAM and C4 photosynthesis could have a number of biochemical, anatomical and evolutionary explanations. Biochemical incompatibilities could result from the requirement for spatial separation of C3 and C4 phases in C4 plants versus temporal separation in CAM plants. In C4 plants, regulatory systems coordinate mesophyll and bundle sheath metabolism, with light intensity being the major environmental signal. In CAM plants, a circadian oscillator coordinates day and night phases of CAM. The requirement for rapid intercellular transport in C4 plants may be incompatible with the intracellular transport and storage needs of CAM. For example, the large vacuole required for malate storage in CAM could impede metabolite diffusion between mesophyll and bundle sheath cells in C4 plants. Anatomical barriers could also exist because both CAM and the C4 pathway require distinct leaf anatomies for efficient function. Efficient function of the C4 pathway generally requires an outer layer of cells specialized for phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylation and regeneration and an inner layer for CO2 accumulation and refixation, while CAM species require enlarged vacuoles and tight cell packing. In evolutionary terms, barriers preventing CAM and C4 photosynthesis in the same species may be the initial steps in the respective evolutionary pathways from C3 ancestors. The first steps in C4 photosynthesis are related to scavenging photorespiratory CO2 via localization of glycine decarboxylase in the bundle sheath cells. The initial steps in CAM evolution are associated with the scavenging of respiratory CO2 at night by PEP carboxylation. In each, simplified versions of the specialized anatomy may need to be present for the evolutionary sequence to begin. For C4 evolution, enhanced bundle sheath size may be required in C3 ancestors; for CAM evolution, succulence may be required. Thus, before CAM or C4 photosynthesis began to evolve, the outcome of the evolutionary experiment may have been predetermined.

δ13C values of C3 and C4 species of Australian Neurachne and its allies (Poaceae)

1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 317 ◽  
Author(s):  
PW Hattersley ◽  
Z Roksandic
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Anatomy ◽  
Related Species ◽  
C4 Plants ◽  
C3 Plants ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Δ13c Values ◽  
C3 And C4 Species ◽  
C4 Species

δ13C values are presented for the 10 closely related species of the endemic Australian genera Thyridolepis, Paraneurachne and Neurachne (Poaceae). The three Thyridolepis species exhibit values typical of C3 plants, Paraneurachne muelleri of C4 plants. The genus Neurachne is variable; five species have C*3 values while N. munroi is typically C*4. These results generally confirm previous anatomical observations showing that Neurachne appears to contain both C3 and C4 species. N. minor, however, while having C3 δ13C values, has leaf anatomy which suggests it is C4. N. minor may be a C3/C4 intermediate.

Physiological, anatomical and biochemical characterisation of photosynthetic types in genus Cleome (Cleomaceae)

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena V. Voznesenskaya ◽  
Nuria K. Koteyeva ◽  
Simon D. X. Chuong ◽  
Alexandra N. Ivanova ◽  
João Barroca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Anatomy ◽  
C4 Photosynthesis ◽  
C3 Plants ◽  
Intermediate Species ◽  
Δ13c Values ◽  
C4 Species ◽  
Cleome Gynandra ◽  
The Family ◽  
C3 Species ◽  
C4 Pathway

C4 photosynthesis has evolved many times in 18 different families of land plants with great variation in leaf anatomy, ranging from various forms of Kranz anatomy to C4 photosynthesis occurring within a single type of photosynthetic cell. There has been little research on photosynthetic typing in the family Cleomaceae, in which only one C4 species has been identified, Cleome gynandra L. There is recent interest in selecting and developing a C4 species from the family Cleomaceae as a model C4 system, since it is the most closely related to Arabidopsis, a C3 model system (Brown et al. 2005). From screening more than 230 samples of Cleomaceae species, based on a measure of the carbon isotope composition (δ13C) in leaves, we have identified two additional C4 species, C. angustifolia Forssk. (Africa) and C. oxalidea F.Muell. (Australia). Several other species have δ13C values around –17‰ to –19‰, suggesting they are C4-like or intermediate species. Eight species of Cleome were selected for physiological, anatomical and biochemical analyses. These included C. gynandra, a NAD–malic enzyme (NAD–ME) type C4 species, C. paradoxa R.Br., a C3–C4 intermediate species, and 6 others which were characterised as C3 species. Cleome gynandra has C4 features based on low CO2 compensation point (Γ), C4 type δ13C values, Kranz-type leaf anatomy and bundle sheath (BS) ultrastructure, presence of C4 pathway enzymes, and selective immunolocalisation of Rubisco and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. Cleome paradoxa was identified as a C3–C4 intermediate based on its intermediate Γ (27.5 μmol mol–1), ultrastructural features and selective localisation of glycine decarboxylase of the photorespiratory pathway in mitochondria of BS cells. The other six species are C3 plants based on Γ, δ13C values, non-Kranz leaf anatomy, and levels of C4 pathway enzymes (very low or absent) typical of C3 plants. The results indicate that this is an interesting family for studying the genetic basis for C4 photosynthesis and its evolution from C3 species.

The leaf anatomy of the species ofCochlospermum Kunth (Cochlospermaceae) in West Africa

1991 ◽  
Vol 102 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 183-187
Author(s):  
O. T. Ogundipe ◽  
O. A. Olatunji
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Leaf Anatomy

Phytotoxicity and leaf anatomy of young coffee plants subjected to herbicides exclusively and in associations

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Rafael Jorge de almeida ◽  
Adenilson Henrique Gonçalves ◽  
Pedro Menicucci Netto ◽  
Arthur Henrique Cruvinel Carneiro ◽  
Dalyse Toledo Castanheira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Anatomy ◽  
Coffee Plants

Observations on the leaf-anatomy, pollen, cytology and propagation of Calibanus hookeri (Lem.) Trelease

Bradleya ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret A. T. Johnson ◽  
Rowena M. O. Gale
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Anatomy

ACTION ON MATTER: THE HISTORY OF THE UNIQUELY AFRICAN TAMPER AND CONCAVE ANVIL POT-FORMING TECHNIQUE

2003 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judy Sterner ◽  
Nicholas David
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Arid Environments ◽  
Historical Evidence ◽  
Culture History ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Diffusion

The publication, largely by ethnoarchaeologists, of new data on the tamper and concave anvil technique of pot-forming (TCA) permits a reassessment of this uniquely African technique, its toolkit, and its culture history. A survey, inspired by the technologie culturelle school, of its varied expressions in the southern Saharan, Sahelian and northern Sudan zones from Mali to Sudan and extending north into Egypt emphasises the potential of the technique for the efficient production of spherical water jars of high volume to weight ratio, much appreciated in arid environments. The technique is demanding and therefore practised for the most part by specialists. The origins and diffusion of the technique are assessed in the light of the ethnological, archaeological, linguistic, and historical evidence, and a four stage historical development is sketched.

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