Review: Unravelling the functional relationship between root anatomy and stress tolerance

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albino Maggio ◽  
Paul M. Hasegawa ◽  
Ray A. Bressan ◽  
M. Federica Consiglio ◽  
Robert J. Joly
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Root Morphology ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Genetic Mutation ◽  
Root Anatomy ◽  
Biophysical Model ◽  
Plant Salt Tolerance

Salinity is a major environmental constraint limiting the yield of crop plants in many semi-arid and arid regions. A recently developed biophysical model for plant growth in saline environments confirms a critical role for root morphology and hydraulic properties in salinity and soil water deficit tolerance. The identification of genes based on correlations between exposure to salt stress and gene expression in roots and other organs has to date proved to be only marginally successful as a strategy for improving plant salt tolerance. Recently, the identification of genes that function in stress tolerance has advanced considerably by using genetic mutation analysis. However, the power of a genetic approach to understanding the specific mechanisms of root adaptation to saline and osmotic stress environments has not been fully exploited. A review of the available, yet still incomplete, collection of root mutants in Arabidopsis and other species demonstrates the potential usefulness of such mutants as tools in the genetic dissection of root function under osmotic stress. Identification of genes responsible for changes in root morphology that might also be advantageous in the presence of salt stress may open new avenues towards the elucidation of critical mechanisms for plant salt tolerance.

A Functional Alternative Oxidase Modulates Plant Salt Tolerance in Physcomitrella patens

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 1829-1841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guochun Wu ◽  
Sha Li ◽  
Xiaochuan Li ◽  
Yunhong Liu ◽  
Shuangshuang Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Alternative Oxidase ◽  
Physcomitrella Patens ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Respiratory Pathway ◽  
Functional Link ◽  
Salt Stress Condition ◽  
Plant Salt Tolerance

Abstract Alternative oxidase (AOX) has been reported to be involved in mitochondrial function and redox homeostasis, thus playing an essential role in plant growth as well as stress responses. However, its biological functions in nonseed plants have not been well characterized. Here, we report that AOX participates in plant salt tolerance regulation in moss Physcomitrella patens (P. patens). AOX is highly conserved and localizes to mitochondria in P. patens. We observed that PpAOX rescued the impaired cyanide (CN)-resistant alternative (Alt) respiratory pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) aox1a mutant. PpAOX transcription and Alt respiration were induced upon salt stress in P. patens. Using homologous recombination, we generated PpAOX-overexpressing lines (PpAOX OX). PpAOX OX plants exhibited higher Alt respiration and lower total reactive oxygen species accumulation under salt stress condition. Strikingly, we observed that PpAOX OX plants displayed decreased salt tolerance. Overexpression of PpAOX disturbed redox homeostasis in chloroplasts. Meanwhile, chloroplast structure was adversely affected in PpAOX OX plants in contrast to wild-type (WT) P. patens. We found that photosynthetic activity in PpAOX OX plants was also lower compared with that in WT. Together, our work revealed that AOX participates in plant salt tolerance in P. patens and there is a functional link between mitochondria and chloroplast under challenging conditions.

scholarly journals Overexpression of a Novel ROP Gene from the Banana (MaROP5g) Confers Increased Salt Stress Tolerance

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 3108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongxia Miao ◽  
Peiguang Sun ◽  
Juhua Liu ◽  
Jingyi Wang ◽  
Biyu Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Ion Distribution ◽  
Membrane Injury ◽  
Primary Roots

Rho-like GTPases from plants (ROPs) are plant-specific molecular switches that are crucial for plant survival when subjected to abiotic stress. We identified and characterized 17 novel ROP proteins from Musa acuminata (MaROPs) using genomic techniques. The identified MaROPs fell into three of the four previously described ROP groups (Groups II–IV), with MaROPs in each group having similar genetic structures and conserved motifs. Our transcriptomic analysis showed that the two banana genotypes tested, Fen Jiao and BaXi Jiao, had similar responses to abiotic stress: Six genes (MaROP-3b, -5a, -5c, -5f, -5g, and -6) were highly expressed in response to cold, salt, and drought stress conditions in both genotypes. Of these, MaROP5g was most highly expressed in response to salt stress. Co-localization experiments showed that the MaROP5g protein was localized at the plasma membrane. When subjected to salt stress, transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing MaROP5g had longer primary roots and increased survival rates compared to wild-type A. thaliana. The increased salt tolerance conferred by MaROP5g might be related to reduced membrane injury and the increased cytosolic K+/Na+ ratio and Ca2+ concentration in the transgenic plants as compared to wild-type. The increased expression of salt overly sensitive (SOS)-pathway genes and calcium-signaling pathway genes in MaROP5g-overexpressing A. thaliana reflected the enhanced tolerance to salt stress by the transgenic lines in comparison to wild-type. Collectively, our results suggested that abiotic stress tolerance in banana plants might be regulated by multiple MaROPs, and that MaROP5g might enhance salt tolerance by increasing root length, improving membrane injury and ion distribution.

scholarly journals Overexpression of Tamarix hispida ThTrx5 Confers Salt Tolerance to Arabidopsis by Activating Stress Response Signals

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 1165
Author(s):  
Jiayu Luan ◽  
Jingxiang Dong ◽  
Xin Song ◽  
Jing Jiang ◽  
Huiyu Li
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Nacl Stress ◽  
Tamarix Hispida ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
Transcriptome Comparison ◽  
Plant Salt Tolerance ◽  
Cellular Water

Salt stress inhibits normal plant growth and development by disrupting cellular water absorption and metabolism. Therefore, understanding plant salt tolerance mechanisms should provide a theoretical basis for developing salt-resistant varieties. Here, we cloned ThTrx5 from Tamarix hispida, a salt-resistant woody shrub, and generated ThTrx5-overexpressing transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines. Under NaCl stress, the germination rate of overexpressing ThTrx5 lines was significantly increased relative to that of the nontransgenic line; under salt stress, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione levels and root length and fresh weight values of transgenic ThTrx5 plants were significantly greater than corresponding values for wild-type plants. Moreover, with regard to the transcriptome, comparison of differential gene expression of transgenic versus nontransgenic lines at 0 h and 3 h of salt stress exposure revealed 500 and 194 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), respectively, that were mainly functionally linked to catalytic activity and binding process. Pull-down experiments showed that ThTrx bound 2-Cys peroxiredoxin BAS1-like protein that influences stress response-associated redox, hormone signal transduction, and transcription factor functions. Therefore, this work provides important insights into ThTrx5 mechanisms that promote salt tolerance in plants.

scholarly journals Variability in salinity stress tolerance of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) varieties using in vitro screening

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hussein Abdullah Ahmed Ahmed ◽  
Nilüfer Koçak Şahin ◽  
Güray Akdoğan ◽  
Cennet Yaman ◽  
Deniz Köm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
In Vitro Screening ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Potato Varieties ◽  
Salinity Stress Tolerance

ABSTRACT Salinity is one of the abiotic stresses that lead to an imbalance in the physiological processes of the plants and also affects potato growth and productivity in maınly semi-arid and growing areas. The accumulation of Na+ and Cl- ions in the cells is very toxic can influence all mechanisms and the enzymatic actions of the plants. In vitro screening of plant genotypes for osmotic stress represents a valuable tool as an alternative to field trials and can be applied based on osmotic stress tolerance. The main goal of this study was to reveal variability in salinity stress tolerance of potato varieties using in vitro screening. Stem cuttings consisting of a single node of different varieties were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl) (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM). The differences among the plantlet length, number of branches, number of nodes, number of the leaflet, leaflet width, leaflet length, root length, number of the root, fresh plantlet weight, dry plantlet weight of all varieties were negatively influenced by all NaCl concentrations tested. Microtuberization and stolon growth of the varieties were also completely inhibited at high concentrations (100-150 mM). The Principal components analysis (PCA) was applied to the data matrix (15 morphological characteristics x 12 potato varieties) of the potato varieties. Also, a hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was used to identify the possible nearest and similarity of all morphological characteristics analyzed of the potato varieties. In grouping potato varieties, HCA and PCA results were found to be similar. We can speculate about the responses of morphological similarities of the potato varieties against salt stress. We concluded that Innovator and Kennebec are respectively the most salt-tolerant varieties. Hermes was moderately salt-tolerant and microtuberization capacity of Slaney was also high under salt stress conditions.

scholarly journals A PIP-mediated osmotic stress signaling cascade plays a positive role in the salt tolerance of sugarcane

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanchen Tang ◽  
Qing Yu ◽  
Zhu Li ◽  
Feng Liu ◽  
Weihua Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Hybridization Experiment ◽  
Signaling Cascade ◽  
Stress Signaling ◽  
Ion Leakage ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Expression Levels

Abstract Background Plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs) are plant channel proteins involved in water deficit and salinity tolerance. PIPs play a major role in plant cell water balance and responses to salt stress. Although sugarcane is prone to high salt stress, there is no report on PIPs in sugarcane. Results In the present study, eight PIP family genes, termed ScPIP1–1, ScPIP1–2, ScPIP1–3, ScPIP1–4, ScPIP2–1, ScPIP2–2, ScPIP2–4 and ScPIP2–5, were obtained based on the sugarcane transcriptome database. Then, ScPIP2–1 in sugarcane was cloned and characterized. Confocal microscopy observation indicated that ScPIP2–1 was located in the plasma membrane and cytoplasm. A yeast two-hybridization experiment revealed that ScPIP2–1 does not have transcriptional activity. Real time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis showed that ScPIP2–1 was mainly expressed in the leaf, root and bud, and its expression levels in both below- and aboveground tissues of ROC22 were up-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA), polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 and sodium chloride (NaCl) stresses. The chlorophyll content and ion leakage measurement suggested that ScPIP2–1 played a significant role in salt stress resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana through the transient expression test. Overexpression of ScPIP2–1 in Arabidopsis thaliana proved that this gene enhanced the salt tolerance of transgenic plants at the phenotypic (healthier state, more stable relative water content and longer root length), physiologic (more stable ion leakage, lower malondialdehyde content, higher proline content and superoxide dismutase activity) and molecular levels (higher expression levels of AtKIN2, AtP5CS1, AtP5CS2, AtDREB2, AtRD29A, AtNHX1, AtSOS1 and AtHKT1 genes and a lower expression level of the AtTRX5 gene). Conclusions This study revealed that the ScPIP2–1-mediated osmotic stress signaling cascade played a positive role in plant response to salt stress.

scholarly journals Foliar Application of 24-Epibrassinolide Improved Salt Stress Tolerance of Perennial Ryegrass

HortScience ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 1518-1523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanshan Sun ◽  
Mengying An ◽  
Liebao Han ◽  
Shuxia Yin
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Salt Stress Tolerance ◽  
Salt Stress Condition ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Antioxidant Defense Systems

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is a widely used turfgrass. In this study, the effect of exogenously applied 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) on salt stress tolerance of perennial ryegrass was investigated. The results indicated that pretreatment with four concentrations of EBR (0, 0.1, 10, 1000 nM) improved salt tolerance of perennial ryegrass. Exogenous EBR treatment decreased electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA), and H2O2 contents and enhanced the leaf relative water content (RWC), proline, soluble sugar, and soluble protein content under salt stress condition. Meanwhile, EBR reduced the accumulation of Na+ and increased K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ contents in leaves after salt treatment. Moreover, EBR pretreatment also increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity, as well as ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione contents. These results suggested that EBR improved salt tolerance by enhancing osmotic adjustment and antioxidant defense systems in perennial ryegrass.

scholarly journals Temporal salt stress-induced transcriptome alterations and regulatory mechanisms revealed by PacBio long-reads RNA sequencing in Gossypium hirsutum

BMC Genomics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Delong Wang ◽  
Xuke Lu ◽  
Xiugui Chen ◽  
Shuai Wang ◽  
Junjuan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Salt Stress Tolerance ◽  
Long Reads

Abstract Background Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is considered a fairly salt tolerant crop however, salinity can still cause significant economic losses by affecting the yield and deteriorating the fiber quality. We studied a salt-tolerant upland cotton cultivar under temporal salt stress to unfold the salt tolerance molecular mechanisms. Biochemical response to salt stress (400 mM) was measured at 0 h, 3 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h post stress intervals and single-molecule long-read sequencing technology from Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) combined with the unique molecular identifiers approach was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEG). Results Antioxidant enzymes including, catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) were found significantly induced under temporal salt stress, suggesting that reactive oxygen species scavenging antioxidant machinery is an essential component of salt tolerance mechanism in cotton. We identified a wealth of novel transcripts based on the PacBio long reads sequencing approach. Prolonged salt stress duration induces high number of DEGs. Significant numbers of DEGs were found under key terms related to stress pathways such as “response to oxidative stress”, “response to salt stress”, “response to water deprivation”, “cation transport”, “metal ion transport”, “superoxide dismutase”, and “reductase”. Key DEGs related to hormone (abscisic acid, ethylene and jasmonic acid) biosynthesis, ion homeostasis (CBL-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase genes, calcium-binding proteins, potassium transporter genes, potassium channel genes, sodium/hydrogen exchanger or antiporter genes), antioxidant activity (POD, SOD, CAT, glutathione reductase), transcription factors (myeloblastosis, WRKY, Apetala 2) and cell wall modification were found highly active in response to salt stress in cotton. Expression fold change of these DEGs showed both positive and negative responses, highlighting the complex nature of salt stress tolerance mechanisms in cotton. Conclusion Collectively, this study provides a good insight into the regulatory mechanism under salt stress in cotton and lays the foundation for further improvement of salt stress tolerance.

Physiological and metabolomic analysis of a knockout mutant suggests a critical role of MtP5CS3 gene in osmotic stress tolerance of Medicago truncatula

Euphytica ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 193 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minh Luan Nguyen ◽  
Goon-Bo Kim ◽  
Sun-Hee Hyun ◽  
Seok-Young Lee ◽  
Chae-Young Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Metabolomic Analysis ◽  
Knockout Mutant ◽  
Osmotic Stress Tolerance

Salt stress responses in a geographically diverse collection of Eutrema/Thellungiella spp. accessions

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Ping Lee ◽  
Christian Funk ◽  
Alexander Erban ◽  
Joachim Kopka ◽  
Karin I. Köhl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Complex Traits ◽  
Compatible Solutes ◽  
Thellungiella Salsuginea ◽  
Natural Genetic Variation ◽  
Eutrema Salsugineum ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Plant Salt Tolerance

Salinity strongly impairs plant growth and development. Natural genetic variation can be used to dissect complex traits such as plant salt tolerance. We used 16 accessions of the halophytic species Eutrema salsugineum (previously called Thellungiella salsuginea (Pallas) O.E.Schulz, Thellungiella halophila (C.A.Meyer) O.E. Schulz and Thellungiella botschantzevii D.A.German to investigate their natural variation in salinity tolerance. Although all accessions showed survival and growth up to 700 mM NaCl in hydroponic culture, their relative salt tolerance varied considerably. All accessions accumulated the compatible solutes proline, sucrose, glucose and fructose and the polyamines putrescine and spermine. Relative salt tolerance was not correlated with the content of any of the investigated solutes. We compared the metabolomes and transcriptomes of Arabidopsis thaliana (L. Heynh.) Col-0 and E. salsugineum Yukon under control and salt stress conditions. Higher content of several metabolites in Yukon compared with Col-0 under control conditions indicated metabolic pre-adaptation to salinity in the halophyte. Most metabolic salt responses in Yukon took place at 200 mM NaCl, whereas few additional changes were observed between 200 and 500 mM. The opposite trend was observed for the transcriptome, with only little overlap between salt-regulated genes in the two species. In addition, only about half of the salt-regulated Yukon unigenes had orthologues in Col-0.

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