Environmental effects on stunting and the expression of a tiller inhibition (tin) gene in wheat

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian L. Duggan ◽  
Richard A. Richards ◽  
Hiroshi Tsuyuzaki
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Dark Period ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Daily Minimum Temperature ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Reduced Rate ◽  
Autumn And Winter

A recessive gene (tin) that inhibits tillering in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and that may be important in the redirection of assimilate from unproductive to productive tillers, has been reported. However, this gene has also been associated with a fatal condition known as ‘stunting’. The severity of this phenomenon has been shown to increase when plants are grown under long photoperiods and at low temperatures. The objectives of this study were to observe how the expression of the tin gene varied in different genetic backgrounds, in addition to obtaining a better understanding of environmental factors that may affect both tillering and stunting in lines with the tin gene. Plants were grown outdoors in Canberra, Australia, at various times throughout the year, as well as under controlled conditions where photoperiod, temperature and light intensity were varied. The inhibition of tillers resulting from the presence of the tin gene was most extreme in summer, autumn and spring (up to 90% reduction in tillering). However, when sown in late autumn and winter, tillering was reduced by between 30–50% for the tin lines compared with their near-isogenic parents. Reduced tillering in the tin lines was due to an earlier cessation of tillering rather than a reduced rate. Stunting was frequently observed in some lines more than others when plants were grown under long days and when temperatures were low. The daily minimum temperature, rather than the average daily temperature, was associated with stunting. The duration of the dark period also influenced stunting, with a longer dark period reducing the incidence of stunting from almost 100% to 0%. In all experiments where irradiance was increased, stunting also increased. In addition, elevated CO2 also increased growth characteristics associated with stunting. It is concluded that stunting is associated with a high assimilate supply to the main stem shoot apex before the time of floral initiation. This is caused by an inhibition of tillering and a high photothermal quotient. Leaf length was found to be a good indicator of stunting severity, with stunted plants producing shorter leaves than those plants which failed to stunt. Measurements of leaf length indicated that stunting is induced when the second leaf is expanding.

INHERITANCE OF ALUMINUM TOLERANCE IN WHEAT

1978 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. N. Lafever ◽  
L. G. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Gene Selection ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Aluminum Tolerance ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Genetic Differences ◽  
Soft Red Winter Wheat ◽  
Nutrient Culture ◽  
Selection For

Aluminum tolerant and aluminum sensitive wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) cultivars representing different parental backgrounds were used to study the inheritance of response to aluminium. F1, F2, F3, and backcross generations from crosses of four soft red winter wheat cultivars were grown in nutrient solutions containing 8 ppm aluminum. There appeared to be no genetic differences between the two sensitive parents (Redcoat and Arthur) for aluminum response. The two tolerant parents (Seneca and Thorne) also exhibited no apparent genetic differences for aluminum response but were decidedly superior to the sensitive parents in the presence of aluminum. F1, F2, and backcross data from sensitive/tolerant crosses indicated that sensitivity was conditioned by a single recessive gene. Selection for aluminum sensitive plants in the F2 was effective, based upon their F3 family means. Selection for intermediate or tolerant plants was less effective, indicating that the inheritance was more complex than a single gene. Leaf length and roots/plant were found to be inferior to root length as measures of aluminum tolerance. These nutrient culture results were consistent with the occurrence of sensitive and intermediate lines and the absence of highly tolerant lines from breeding populations selected on limed soils.

Chondrilla juncea L. in Australia. I. Some factors affecting flowering

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 457 ◽  
Author(s):  
EG Cuthbertson
Keyword(s):  
Dark Period ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Photoperiodic Response ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Chondrilla Juncea

The interaction between day length and vernalization, and the influence of growth temperature on flowering, in Chondrilla juncea L. (skeleton weed) have been studied. Bolting and floral initiation in unvernalized plants were suppressed in a 9-hr photoperiod. Increasing the photoperiod beyond 12 hr resulted in progressively earlier bolting and floral initiation, the critical day length being slightly less than 12 hr. Interrupting a 16-hr dark period by 1 hr of low-intensity light near its centre caused some plants to flower. Prior vernalization further accelerated bolting and flowering and reduced the dependence on day length. Vernalization, however, was not an obligate requirement. Post-bolting development was favoured by high temperatures. It was concluded that flowering in skeleton weed occurred in two stages. The first or photo-inductive phase was controlled by at least two partial processes. These were vernalization and a photoperiodic response in which the length of the dark period was the critical factor. The relationship of the flowering processes to the distribution of skeleton weed in Australia is discussed briefly.

scholarly journals A recessive gene controlling male sterility sensitive to short daylength/low temperature in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 943-950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-dong Chen ◽  
Dong-fa Sun ◽  
De-fu Rong ◽  
Jun-hua Peng ◽  
Cheng-dao Li
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Male Sterility ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L

A gene for resistance to a necrosis-inducing isolate of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis located on 5BL of Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring

Genome ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 598-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. Stock ◽  
A. L. Brûlé-Babel ◽  
G. A. Penner
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Chinese Spring ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Tan Spot ◽  
Monosomic Analysis ◽  
Chromosome Location ◽  
Pyrenophora Tritici Repentis ◽  
Chromosome Arm

Several sources of high-level resistance to tan spot caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis have been identified in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). This study was conducted to determine the number and chromosome location of a gene(s) in the cultivar Chinese Spring (CS) that confers resistance to a tan necrosis inducing isolate (nec+chl−) of P. tritici-repentis, 86-124, and insensitivity to Ptr necrosis toxin. Reciprocal crosses were made between CS (resistant–insensitive) and 'Kenya Farmer' (KF) (susceptible–sensitive). Analysis of the CS/KF F1and F2 populations and F2-derived F3 families identified a single nuclear recessive gene governing resistance to isolate 86-124 and Ptr necrosis toxin. Evaluation of the CS(KF) substitution series, F2 monosomic analysis, and screening of a series of 19 CS compensating nullitetrasomic and two ditelosomic lines (2AS and 5BL) indicated that the resistance gene was located on chromosome arm 5BL. No linkage exists between Lr18 and the tan necrosis resistance gene on chromosome arm 5BL. It is proposed that the gene for resistance to the tan necrosis inducing isolate 86-124 (nec+chl−) of P. tritici-repentis and Ptr necrosis toxin be named tsn1. Key words : wheat, Triticum aestivum L., tan spot resistance, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechs., chromosome location, Ptr necrosis toxin.

REACTION OF WHEAT TO COMMON ROOT ROT: LINKAGE OF A MAJOR GENE, Crr, WITH THE CENTROMERE OF CHROMOSOME 5B

1982 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruby I. Larson ◽  
T. G. Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Recombination Frequency ◽  
Major Gene ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Common Root ◽  
Telocentric Chromosome ◽  
Chromosome 5B ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Moderate Resistance

'Cadet' (C), a cultivar of Triticum aestivum L., carries the major recessive gene, Crr, for moderate resistance to common root incited by Cochliobolus sativus (Ito and Kurib.) Drechs. ex Dastur, on the long arm of chromosome 5B. The highly susceptible cultivar, 'Rescue' (R), has the dominant, epistatic allele, crr. The crossover distance from the centromere to this gene was estimated in the genetic background of both Cadet and Rescue. The ditelosomic for the long arm of each of the lines Ct"5BL (Crr) and Rt"5BL (crr) was crossed by the corresponding reciprocal chromosome 5B substitutions, C-R5B (crr) and R-C5B (Crr). The F1's, heterozygous for both the telocentric and the alleles, were then backcrossed by the appropriate recessive lines, Cadet and R-C5B. Each backcross plant was tested for its reaction to root rot and examined cytologically for the presence of a telocentric chromosome. The recombination frequency of the centromere, marked by the presence or absence of the telocentric, with alleles at the Crr locus was 42.9 ± 3.4% in the Cadet background. In the Rescue background, the recombination frequency was 36.1 ± 3.3%. The difference is attributed to a generally lower chiasma frequency in Rescue than in Cadet.

A tiller inhibitor gene in wheat and its effect on plant growth

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 749 ◽  
Author(s):  
RA Richards
Keyword(s):  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Stem Density ◽  
Kernel Number ◽  
Reduced Height ◽  
Made In

A recessive gene that inhibits tillering was identified in a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from Israel. The locus for tiller inhibition, designated Tin, is linked to the locus for hairy glume (10 � 3 map units apart) and black awns, and hence is presumed to be on the distal end of chromosome IAS. Such a gene has been proposed as desirable for wheat in both low and high input environments. Serial sowings were made every 21 days between autumn and spring in buckets outdoors with lines differing in tillering. At a harvest at the 4.5 leaf stage, tillering was less in the low tillering lines than in the conventional lines in all sowings, but leaf area and weight per plant were unexpectedly higher. Stunting, which is a characteristic of low tillering lines when temperatures are low and daylength long, became apparent in one of the low tillering lines in sowings made in late winter and spring at a time when daylength was 11.5 h and increasing. In four populations segregating for the tillering trait, low tiller number was associated with a higher harvest index, reduced height, an increased duration of the flag leaf life and of grain filling, a lower leaf to stem weight ratio at maturity, higher specific leaf weight, higher stem density and a higher kernel number per unit stem weight. Traits likely to severely limit crop yield other than stunting were not found.

scholarly journals Effect of Carbonized Tangerines Prepared Using Plasma as Fertilizer: Case Study—Lettuce Farming

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 243
Author(s):  
Soo-Young Moon ◽  
Hyeon Soo Kim ◽  
Daehee Jang ◽  
Ji-Young Lee
Keyword(s):  
Good Alternative ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Untreated Plot ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Physical Changes ◽  
By Products

This study investigates the soil chemical changes and crop growth characteristics after treatment with carbonized tangerines prepared using plasma. To determine the effect of the carbonized tangerines on crop, four test plots were treated with chaff charcoal or different ratios of coco peat and carbonized tangerines. Lettuce was grown on the plots, and the chemical changes in soil and physical changes in the lettuce were observed. Chemical changes in the soil before and after the carbonized tangerine treatments were very similar to those before and after chaff charcoal treatment. Lettuce leaf length, width, weight, and count in carbonized tangerine-treated plots significantly increased than those in the untreated plot. Our results found that the carbonization of tangerines using plasma can be a good alternative for processing many by-products generated during cultivation. In addition, the possibility of using carbonized tangerines as biochar has been explored.

scholarly journals Inheritance of a Partial Chlorophyll Deficiency in Watermelon Activated by Low Temperatures at the Seedling Stage

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 1062-1063 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Provvidenti
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
Economic Gain ◽  
Chlorophyll Deficiency ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
Leaf Variegation ◽  
Backcross Populations ◽  
Cold Sensitive ◽  
Seedling Leaf

Seedlings of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai] are commonly affected by a partial chlorophyll deficiency that is activated by low temperatures (<20C), causing foliar symptoms and growth retardation. Cotyledons appear whitish-green, whereas the first leaves display a mosaic-like variegation consisting of scattered white flecks and patches. While this disorder is common in commercial watermelon cultivars, some land races from Zimbabwe appeared to be unaffected. From cross and backcross populations of the cold-sensitive cultivar New Hampshire Midget with the cold-resistant line PP261-1 (from PI 482261), the leaf variegation was determined to be conferred by a single recessive gene. The symbol slv (seedling leaf variegation) is assigned to this factor. The dominant allele at this same locus can be exploited for the development of new “cold-resistant” cultivars and F1 hybrids, thus providing economic gain due to earlier planting.

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