Diurnal and acclimatory responses of violaxanthin and lutein epoxide in the Australian mistletoe Amyema miquelii

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shizue Matsubara ◽  
Adam M. Gilmore ◽  
C. Barry Osmond
Keyword(s):  
Energy Dissipation ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Xanthophyll Cycle ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Shade Acclimation ◽  
Chlorophylls A And B ◽  
Sun And Shade ◽  
Sun Leaves ◽  
Β Carotene

This study investigated the chloroplast pigment content of the Australian mistletoe Amyema miquelii (Lehm. ex Miq.) Tiegh. over diurnal periods in sun- and shade-acclimated leaves. Amyema miquelii exhibited the typical higher plant complement of neoxanthin, the xanthophyll cycle pigments, lutein, chlorophylls a and b and β carotene. Substantial levels of lutein epoxide were also present. Interestingly, diurnal light exposure elicited a decrease in lutein epoxide that paralleled the decrease in violaxanthin. Compared with shade-acclimated leaves, sun leaves exhibited reduced lutein epoxide and violaxanthin levels and higher chlorophyll a/b ratios. It is clear that the pools of violaxanthin and lutein epoxide respond in parallel to both diurnal light changes and sun–shade acclimation, although there seemed to be some differences in the recovery characteristics. These results raise a question as to whether lutein and lutein epoxide cycling may provide an auxiliary means of energy dissipation for some species.

Interactions between Photosynthetic Pigments Bound to Lipid and Protein Particles. Spectroscopic Properties

1979 ◽  
Vol 34 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 582-587
Author(s):  
Framçoise Techy ◽  
Monique Dinant ◽  
Jacques Aghion
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Photosynthetic Pigments ◽  
Relative Concentration ◽  
Spectroscopic Properties ◽  
Chlorophyll B ◽  
Pheophytin A ◽  
Chlorophylls A And B ◽  
Protein Particles ◽  
Β Carotene

Abstract The spectroscopic (visible) properties of pigment-bearing lipid and protein particles extract­ ed from milk show that: 1) chlorophylls a and b bound to separate particles can form aggregates provided their relative concentration is high enough. Neither pheophytin a nor β-carotene, in the same conditions, form observable aggregates. 2) Chlorophylls a and b can co-aggregate when they are bound to the same particles. Pheophytin a as well as β-carotene seem to prevent the aggregation of chlorophyll a. β-carotene has no effect on the aggregation of chlorophyll b.

Partition of Phylloquinone Kx between Digitonin Particles and Chlorophyll-Proteins of Chloroplast Membranes from Nicotiana tabacum

1981 ◽  
Vol 36 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 276-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Interschick-Niebler ◽  
H. K. Lichtenthaler
Keyword(s):  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
Photosystem Ii ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Sodium Dodecylsulfate ◽  
Total Chlorophyll ◽  
Photosynthetic Membrane ◽  
Chlorophylls A And B ◽  
Β Carotene

The partition of phylloquinone (vitamin K1), of chlorophylls a and b and of the two main carotenoids, β-carotene and lutein, in subthylakoid particles (digitonin treatment) and chlorophyll protein complexes (sodium dodecylsulfate polyamide-gel electrophoresis) isolated from tobacco chloroplasts (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is described. 1. The “light particle” fractions (S 90 000, S 150 000) of digitonin fragmented chloroplasts are enriched in CP I and contain a higher proportion of phylloquinone, chorophyll a and β-carotene as compared to whole chloroplasts. This is visualized by high values for the ratio a/b (6 -8) and for β-carotene/lutein (1.7) as well as about 3 mol of K1 per 100 mol of total chlorophyll. The “heavy digitonin particle” fraction (10 000 x g sediment), in turn, contains a higher proportion of chlorophyll b and lutein, but a lower level of phylloquinone than whole chloroplasts. 2. The chlorophyll a-protein CP I of pigmentsystem I, isolated by preparative gel electrophoresis using 0.5% and 4% SDS, is characterized by a stable level of phylloquinone (1 mol K1 per 100 mol of total chlorophyll), high chlorophyll a/b ratios (7 -10) and high values for β-carotene/lutein (~ 6.0). The light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein LHCP of photosystem II (chlorophyll a/b = 1.1 - 1.5, β-carotene/lutein = < 0.1) contains either low amounts of phylloquinone (0.5% SDS) or only trace amounts of K1 (4% SDS). The free pigment fraction (FP) contains at 0.5% SDS 57% of the total phylloquinone of thylakoid membranes. At 4% SDS the K1 amount in the free pigment fraction increases to 84%. 3. The phylloquinone partition studies in digitonin particles and SDS chlorophyll proteins indicate that there exist at least two localization sites for phylloquinone K1 in the photosynthetic membrane. The CP I complex and a second site, presumably near photosystem II (CPa?)

Chlorophyll and Carotenoid Composition in Leaves of Euonymus kiautschovicus Acclimated to Different Degrees of Light Stress in the Field

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 649 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Demmig-Adams ◽  
WW Iii Adams
Keyword(s):  
Energy Dissipation ◽  
Xanthophyll Cycle ◽  
Light Stress ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Thermal Dissipation ◽  
Light Collection ◽  
Light Harvesting Complexes ◽  
Carotenoid Composition ◽  
Actual Degree ◽  
Β Carotene

The response of carotenoid and chlorophyll composition to the actual degree of excess light experienced in the natural environment was examined in differently angled leaves of the sclerophyllous shrub Euonymus kiautschovicus. Increasing light stress caused a greater conversion of the xanthophyll cycle to zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin as well as thermal dissipation of a greater fraction of the absorbed light. Increasing light stress was also associated with increasing chlorophyll alb ratios and increases in the pool size of the xanthophyll cycle. The response of all other carotenoids to light stress was less pronounced than that of the xanthophyll cycle pool. While the ratio of β-carotene or lutein to chlorophyll increased with increasing light stress, the ratio of neoxanthin to chlorophyll remained constant. Only the (taxonomically restricted) carotenoids lactucaxanthin and �-carotene decreased relative to chlorophyll with increasing light stress. These findings are consistent with an increased emphasis on energy dissipation over light collection with increasing light stress, afforded presumably by a decreased ratio of major, peripheral (bulk chlorophyll-binding) to minor, proximal (xanthophyll cycle-rich) light-harvesting complexes of photosystem II. These responses to light stress within a single species could not be extrapolated to comparisons among different groups of species.

scholarly journals BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF APIUM GRAVEOLENS VAR. RAPACEUM (MILL.) GAUD

2019 ◽  
pp. 91-95
Author(s):  
M. I. Ivanova ◽  
K. L. Alekseeva ◽  
V. N. Zelenkov ◽  
A. V. Kornev ◽  
A. I. Kashleva
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Apium Graveolens ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Root Crops ◽  
Chlorophylls A And B ◽  
Russian Scientific Research Institute ◽  
Β Carotene

Celeriac (Apium graveolens L., Apiaceae), originating from the Mediterranean basin, is a two-yearold species grown worldwide. The article presents the content of chlorophylls a and b, β-carotene and anthocyanin in various celery root varieties, and an assessment of their resistance to septoriosis and the yield of root crops. The studies were carried out on the basis of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Vegetable Growing, a branch of the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center (Moscow Region, Ramensky District) in 2014-2016. The total content of anthocyanins in the leaves in varieties with anthocyanin coloring on the leaf stem is on average 1.32 mg / 100 g, in the varieties with a green stem, 0.90 mg / 100 g, β-carotene – 1.82 and 1.67 mg / 100 g, chlorophyll a – 86.5 and 81.4 mg / 100 g, chlorophyll b – 43.1 and 44.9 mg / 100 g wet weight, respectively. Linear correlation analysis allowed to establish a reliable (at 5% significance level) positive relationship between the yield of root crops and the total content of anthocyanins in celery leaves (r = 0.53), the total content of anthocyanins and chlorophyll a in leaves (r = 0.55), a negative relationship between the degree of development septoria and root mass (r = -0.62), as well as the yield of root crops (r = -0.71), between the chlorophyll a content in the leaves and the degree of septoria development (r = -0.54). The revealed variability in chlorophyll, β-carotene, the total content of anthocyanins reflects genetic heterogeneity among the studied celery varieties and plant responses to the environment. For breeding for resistance to septoria and crop yields of root crops, varieties of celeriac Kornevoy Gribovskiy, Maxim, Kupidon were selected.

scholarly journals Antioxidant Properties of Fruit and Vegetable Whey Beverages and Fruit and Vegetable Mousses

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 3126
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Purkiewicz ◽  
Renata Pietrzak-Fiećko
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Chlorophyll B ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Chlorophylls A And B ◽  
Whey Beverages ◽  
Β Carotene

The study assesses the antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, total flavonoids content and lipophilic pigments (β-carotene, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b) content in homemade and marketed fruit and vegetable whey beverages and fruit and vegetable mousses. All of the tests were performed using spectrophotometric methods. The highest polyphenol content was found in the homemade green whey beverage W1G (541.95 mg/100 g) and the lowest in the market green whey beverage W2G (46.18 mg/100 g). In the fruit and vegetable mousses under study, the highest content of polyphenolic compounds was determined in the red mousse R3 (76.41 mg/100 g). The highest content of flavonoids was observed in the homemade orange whey beverage W1O (63.06 mg/100 g) and in the green mousse G2 (69.80 mg/100 g). The values of the antioxidant activity of whey beverages and mousses varied depending on the composition. The highest content of β-carotene was identified in homemade orange whey beverage (4.36 mg/100 g) and in orange mousses (in range 1.10–2.24 mg/100 g), while chlorophylls a and b—in homemade green whey beverage W1G (3.00 mg/100 g and 1.31 mg/100 g respectively) and in green mousses (chlorophyll a in range 0.54 to 1.42 mg/100 g and chlorophyll b in range 0.13 to 0.32 mg/100 g).

scholarly journals Die unterschiedliche Synthese der lipophilen Plastidenchinone in Sonnen- und Schattenblättern von Fagus silvatica L. / The Unequal Synthesis of the Lipophilic Plastidquinones in Sun- and Shade Leaves of Fagus silvatica L.

1971 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 832-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. K. Lichtenthaler
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Vitamin K ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Redox Systems ◽  
Sun And Shade Leaves ◽  
Fagus Silvatica ◽  
Sun And Shade ◽  
Shade Leaves ◽  
Sun Leaves

The synthesis of plastidquinones was studied from leaf development until autumnal leaf degeneration in sun and shade leaves of Fagus silvatica and compared with chlorophyll and carotinoid synthesis.1. The lipoquinone content of Fagus chloroplasts increases steadily with increasing age of leaf tissue. This lipoquinone accumulation takes place in sun and shade leaves, it is however much more expressed in sun leaves. On a chlorophyll or a leaf square (100 cm2) basis the latter possess a several times (3 to 9 x) higher lipoquinone content than shade leaves.2. The augmentation of the plastidquinone level in both leaf types is mainly due to the synthesis of the reduced benzoquinone forms, plastohydroquinone 45 and the chromanol a-tocopherol. The larger part of the reduced lipoquinones represent excess amounts which are deposited extrathylakoidal in the osmiophilic plastoglobuli of the plastid stroma.3. The oxidized benzoquinones, plastoquinone 45 and α-tocoquinone, as well as the naphthoquinone vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) are present in much lower concentration. Their synthesis parallels that of chlorophylls and carotinoids. They are formed either not in excess (vitamin K1) or in very low excess amounts (α-tocoquinone, plastoquinone) . These oxidized quinone forms are in turn preferably located together with chlorophylls and carotinoids in the photochemically active thylakoids.4. The production of excess plastidquinones (mainly reduced benzoquinones) starts very early during leaf development. The main synthesis phase begins after the end of chlorophyll and thylakoid synthesis and continues in senescent Fagus leaves during the breakdown of chlorophyll and thylakoids until the early yellow stage of sun and shade leaves. In senescent leaves the level of the oxidized benzoquinones, plastoquinone and α-tocoquinone, increases slowly by oxidation of plastohydroquinone and α-tocopherol, respectively.5. The differences between sun and shade leaves in the total and relative amounts of the various lipid classes such as chlorophylls, carotinoids, benzoquinones and the naphthoquinone K1 (100 cm2 leaf square, dry weight or chlorophyll a as reference system) are not yet significant in May, several days after leaf unfolding, but get established thereafter.6. By August the benzoquinone content of sun leaves reaches even that of chlorophyll a, whereas in shade leaves the lipophilic benzoquinones make up only 20 to 30% of the chlorophyll a content. Shade leaves exhibit a benzoquinone level which is little lower than that of carotinoids. Sun leaves, in contrast, contain a benzoquinone content which is by ca. 4 times higher than the carotinoid content. The ratio benzoquinones to vitamin K1 amounts 60 - 70 in shade leaves and 100 - 120; n sun leaves. In addition the two lipophilic redox systems plastoquinone/plastohydroquinone 45 and α-tocoquinone/α-tocopherol are present in sun leaves to a higher extent in the reduced state (84% and 96%) than in shade leaves (60% and 90% respectively).7. From the results it is assumed, that the steady increase of the benzoquinone level with increasing age of plant tissue may be correlated with thylakoid turn-over. The possibility, that the enormous benzoquinone accumulation in sun leaves is mainly caused by higher light intensities in connection with a reduced protein synthesis is discussed.

Capacity for Energy Dissipation in the Pigment Bed in Leaves With Different Xanthophyll Cycle Pools

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 575 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Demmig-Adams ◽  
WW Iii Adams
Keyword(s):  
Energy Dissipation ◽  
Xanthophyll Cycle ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Full Sunlight ◽  
Growth Irradiance ◽  
Shade Tolerant Species ◽  
Monstera Deliciosa ◽  
Schefflera Arboricola ◽  
Sun Leaves ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacities

Photosynthetic capacities, xanthophyll cycle components, and the capacity for photoprotective dissipation of excess excitation in the chlorophyll pigment bed were compared in two groups of species acclimated to different growth irradiance. These were sun leaves of three species with moderately high maximal photosynthetic capacities, tulip, rose, and periwinkle (Vinca minor), and leaves which had developed under very low irradiance from three shade-tolerant species, Monstera deliciosa, Philodendron caudatum and Schefflera arboricola. All sun leaves possessed larger xanthophyll cycle pools and greater maximal zeaxanthin (and antheraxanthin) contents and also displayed a greater maximal capacity for photo-protective energy dissipation in the pigment bed than the leaves acclimated to very low irradiance. The sun leaves also maintained a considerably lower reduction state of photosystem II at full sunlight than the leaves acclimated to very low irradiance. Thus, during exposure to full sunlight, these sun leaves were able to dissipate a major portion of the absorbed light through the combination of photosynthesis and energy dissipation in the pigment bed. Under the same conditions, these two processes combined were able to dissipate only a small fraction of the absorbed light in the leaves acclimated to very low irradiance. Most of the above differences between sun-acclimated leaves and leaves acclimated to very low irradiance existed not only between species but also within a species. Acclimation of Monstera deliciosa to a high growth irradiance resulted in leaves with a larger xanthophyll cycle pool, a greater maximal zeaxanthin (and antheraxanthin) content, and a greater capacity for energy dissipation in the pigment bed.

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