Photoprotection in chilling-sensitive and -resistant plants illuminated at a chilling temperature: role of the xanthophyll cycle in the protection against lumen acidification

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Cheng Xu ◽  
Liangbi Li ◽  
Tingyun Kuang
Keyword(s):  
Xanthophyll Cycle ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Reaction Centers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Chilling Temperature ◽  
Chilling Sensitivity ◽  
Mechanistic Basis

The role of the xanthophyll cycle in the protection against photoinhibition of photosystem II (PSII) induced by chilling in moderate light was investigated in leaves of eight species or varieties of higher plants differing widely in chilling sensitivity. The extent of photoinhibition measured as the increase in the slowly reversible fluorescence quenching (qI) was found not to correlate with the overall amount of zeaxanthin formed during photo-inhibitory treatment. On the other hand, a strong, positive correlation existed between qI and the rate difference between the development of the rapidly relaxing, DpH-dependent quenching component (qf) and the formation of zeaxanthin (DR) across all examined species or varieties. There was also found to be a weaker, negative correlation between qI and the rate of zeaxanthin formation. Ascorbate feeding markedly increased the resistance to chilling-induced photoinhibition mainly by increasing the rate of zeaxanthin formation and therefore by decreasing DR. The possible implications of the present findings in explaining the mechanistic basis for the reversible, sustained photo-inhibition are discussed. It is suggested that the xanthophyll cycle may play a critical role in the protection of the thylakoid lumen against over-acidification and the resulting photoinhibition of PSII reaction centers.

Verb paradigm in Tomo Kan Dogon: interconnections of polypredicative constructions, grammaticalization, and tonology

2021 ◽  
pp. 252-268
Author(s):  
V. V. Dyachkov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
The Other ◽  
Anal Ysis ◽  
Syntactic Position ◽  
The Family ◽  
Similar Range ◽  
Tonal Contour ◽  
Relationship Of

The paper deals with the grammaticalization problems in Tomo Kan (Dogon family, Niger-Congo) and, in particular, with the diachronic relationship of polypredicative constructions and TAM markers. Dogon languages are characterized by TAM systems that seem to be dia-chronically unstable since markers with a similar range of meanings go back to different lexi-cal sources in different languages of the family. TAM markers are apparently associated with polypredicative constructions, which are very common in Dogon and preserve some of their morphosyntactic properties. At the same time, Dogon languages are characterized by complex tonal changes triggered not only by phonological context but also by the syntactic position of constituents. These tonal changes, frequently referred to as tonosyntax, accompany the formation of polypredicative constructions and other syntactic phenomena. A thorough inves-tigation of Tomo Kan TAM markers shows their tonosyntactic properties to resemble those of polypredicative constructions. Moreover, assuming that tonosyntax of polypredicative con-structions triggers certain tonal contour overlays, one can account for tonal alternations ob-served in TAM forms which would have been left otherwise unexplained. However, the anal-ysis also reveals that at least two classes of TAM forms must be distinguished in Tomo Kan: one of them inherits the tonosyntax of polypredicative constructions while the other does not. A hypothesis is put forward that the latter class has a different source of grammaticalization and is probably associated with verb stem incorporation rather than with polypredication. Methodologically, the paper shows a critical role of tonology in the analysis of grammaticalization processes in tonal languages.

Introduction: Religion and the Novel

2019 ◽  
pp. 3-33
Author(s):  
Christina Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Postcolonial Studies ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Postcolonial Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Religion And Literature ◽  
Religious Other ◽  
Role Of Religion ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter introduces the topic of religion and literature, theorises the novel as a secular genre, and develops a concept of religion as the other in the Arabic novel. It begins with a discussion of the relationship between religion and literature, identifying imagination, metaphorical language and mythos as areas of overlap, before turning to the question of religion and the Arabic novel as a modern form which eschews faith and dogma but is nevertheless packed with religious themes, images, characters, language and intertextuality. This is accounted for by the form’s secularism, which is theorised in terms of Charles Taylor’s conditions of belief. Literary secularism is not static and stable however, thus religion emerges as the other in the Egyptian novel, with all the ambivalence which alterity characteristically entails. This religious other calls into question postcolonial studies’ over-valorisation of the East/West binary insofar as it has obscured the critical role of religion in Arab postcolonial literature and identity.

scholarly journals Trends in the Internet of Things (IoT) and Influence on the Industries’ Progress

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-187
Author(s):  
Vahid Zeynvand Lorestani
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Considerable Influence ◽  
Top Managers ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Internet Of Things

This research aims to investigate the critical role of the Internet of Things in the future of industries’ progress. For this purpose, a survey of 250 top managers across 13 industries has conducted. The objective was to find their view of point about what short and mega trends, in which sector will have the most considerable influence in the five years as well as 30 years ahead. Moreover, various technologies are also identified that will have the most importance in the future according to the majority of the respondents, such as Internet of things, Automation and Artificial Intelligence, and, on the other hand, the segments that capital expenditure is currently being directed towards, such as Energy Efficiency and Personalisation of Services.

Factor XII Contact Activation

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (08) ◽  
pp. 814-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clément Naudin ◽  
Elena Burillo ◽  
Stefan Blankenberg ◽  
Lynn Butler ◽  
Thomas Renné
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Factor Xii ◽  
Contact Activation ◽  
Kinin System ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Charged Surfaces ◽  
Mechanistic Basis ◽  
Kallikrein Kinin System

AbstractContact activation is the surface-induced conversion of factor XII (FXII) zymogen to the serine protease FXIIa. Blood-circulating FXII binds to negatively charged surfaces and this contact to surfaces triggers a conformational change in the zymogen inducing autoactivation. Several surfaces that have the capacity for initiating FXII contact activation have been identified, including misfolded protein aggregates, collagen, nucleic acids, and platelet and microbial polyphosphate. Activated FXII initiates the proinflammatory kallikrein-kinin system and the intrinsic coagulation pathway, leading to formation of bradykinin and thrombin, respectively. FXII contact activation is well characterized in vitro and provides the mechanistic basis for the diagnostic clotting assay, activated partial thromboplastin time. However, only in the past decade has the critical role of FXII contact activation in pathological thrombosis been appreciated. While defective FXII contact activation provides thromboprotection, excess activation underlies the swelling disorder hereditary angioedema type III. This review provides an overview of the molecular basis of FXII contact activation and FXII contact activation–associated disease states.

scholarly journals Structural and Functional Determinants of Conserved Lipid Interaction Domains of Inward Rectifying Kir6.2 Channels

2002 ◽  
Vol 119 (6) ◽  
pp. 581-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine A. Cukras ◽  
Iana Jeliazkova ◽  
Colin G. Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Katp Channels ◽  
Pleckstrin Homology Domain ◽  
Membrane Association ◽  
Kir Channel ◽  
M1 Receptor ◽  
Interaction Domains ◽  
Mechanistic Basis ◽  
Α Helix

All members of the inward rectifiier K+ (Kir) channel family are activated by phosphoinositides and other amphiphilic lipids. To further elucidate the mechanistic basis, we examined the membrane association of Kir6.2 fragments of KATP channels, and the effects of site-directed mutations of these fragments and full-length Kir6.2 on membrane association and KATP channel activity, respectively. GFP-tagged Kir6.2 COOH terminus and GFP-tagged pleckstrin homology domain from phospholipase C δ1 both associate with isolated membranes, and association of each is specifically reduced by muscarinic m1 receptor–mediated phospholipid depletion. Kir COOH termini are predicted to contain multiple β-strands and a conserved α-helix (residues ∼306–311 in Kir6.2). Systematic mutagenesis of D307-F315 reveals a critical role of E308, I309, W311 and F315, consistent with residues lying on one side of a α-helix. Together with systematic mutation of conserved charges, the results define critical determinants of a conserved domain that underlies phospholipid interaction in Kir channels.

Bias for the Left Visual Field in Rapid Serial Visual Presentation: Effects of Additional Salient Cues Suggest a Critical Role of Attention

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamila Śmigasiewicz ◽  
Dariusz Asanowicz ◽  
Nicole Westphal ◽  
Rolf Verleger
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Left Visual Field ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early Posterior Negativity ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right

Everyday experience suggests that people are equally aware of stimuli in both hemifields. However, when two streams of stimuli are rapidly presented left and right, the second target (T2) is better identified in the left hemifield than in the right hemifield. This left visual field (LVF) advantage may result from differences between hemifields in attracting attention. Therefore, we introduced a visual cue shortly before T2 onset to draw attention to one stream. Thus, to identify T2, attention was correctly positioned with valid cues but had to be redirected to the other stream with invalid ones. If the LVF advantage is caused by differences between hemifields in attracting attention, invalid cues should increase, and valid cues should reduce the LVF advantage as compared with neutral cues. This prediction was confirmed. ERP analysis revealed that cues evoked an early posterior negativity, confirming that attention was attracted by the cue. This negativity was earlier with cues in the LVF, which suggests that responses to salient events are faster in the right hemisphere than in the left hemisphere. Valid cues speeded up, and invalid cues delayed T2-evoked N2pc; in addition, valid cues enlarged T2-evoked P3. After N2pc, right-side T2 evoked more sustained contralateral negativity than left T2, least long-lasting after valid cues. Difficulties in identifying invalidly cued right T2 were reflected in prematurely ending P3 waveforms. Overall, these data provide evidence that the LVF advantage is because of different abilities of the hemispheres in shifting attention to relevant events in their contralateral hemifield.

scholarly journals VCP/p97 controls signals of the ERK1/2 pathway transmitted via the Shoc2 scaffolding complex: novel insights into IBMPFD pathology

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (14) ◽  
pp. 1655-1663 ◽  
Author(s):  
HyeIn Jang ◽  
Eun Ryoung Jang ◽  
Patricia G. Wilson ◽  
Daniel Anderson ◽  
Emilia Galperin
Keyword(s):  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Frontotemporal Dementia ◽  
Inclusion Body ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Germline Mutations ◽  
Aaa Atpase ◽  
Ubiquitin System ◽  
Signaling Axis ◽  
Mechanistic Basis

Valosin-containing protein (VCP), also named p97, is an essential hexameric AAA+ ATPase with diverse functions in the ubiquitin system. Here we demonstrate that VCP is critical in controlling signals transmitted via the essential Shoc2-ERK1/2 signaling axis. The ATPase activity of VCP modulates the stoichiometry of HUWE1 in the Shoc2 complex as well as HUWE1-mediated allosteric ubiquitination of the Shoc2 scaffold and the RAF-1 kinase. Abrogated ATPase activity leads to augmented ubiquitination of Shoc2/RAF-1 and altered phosphorylation of RAF-1. We found that in fibroblasts from patients with inclusion body myopathy with Paget’s disease of bone and frontotemporal dementia (IBMPFD) that harbor germline mutations in VCP, the levels of Shoc2 ubiquitination and ERK1/2 phosphorylation are imbalanced. This study provides a mechanistic basis for the critical role of VCP in the regulation of the ERK1/2 pathway and reveals a previously unrecognized function of the ERK1/2 pathway in the pathogenesis of IBMPFD.

scholarly journals Evaluation of texture in jelly gums incorporating berries and aromatic plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 450-461
Author(s):  
Raquel P. F. Guiné ◽  
Paula M. R. Correia ◽  
Cátia Reis ◽  
Sofia G. Florença
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Textural Properties ◽  
The Other ◽  
Strong Correlations ◽  
Aromatic Plants ◽  
Compression Properties ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Berry Fruits

AbstractIn the confectionery market, jelly gums are one of the most relevant sectors, being frequently consumed by many people, from children to adults. The present work intended to evaluate the textural properties in newly developed jelly gums made with berry fruits and herbs, given the critical role of texture in products with a gel-like structure. Four types of gums were developed (Strawberry & Anise, Strawberry & Mint, Raspberry & Mint, Blueberry & Mint) and their texture was evaluated through two types of tests (compression with a 75 mm probe and puncture with a 2 mm probe) allowing to calculate several textural properties. The results showed some differences between the two faces of the jelly gums analysed, i.e. on the top and on the bottom. As for the compression test, the Strawberry & Anise gums were among the softer (25.6 N) and with lower resilience (36.3%) and chewiness (16.9 N), despite being more adhesive (−0.5 N s). As for the puncture test, the sample Strawberry & Mint had the highest adhesiveness (−2.0 N s) but the lowest stickiness (−0.38 N). Additionally, very strong correlations were encountered between some of the properties studied (r = 0.861 or r = 0.822), and the factor analysis allowed defining three factors, the first clearly associated with the puncture properties while the other two were related to the compression properties. This work allowed concluding that the jelly gums presented different textural properties, particularly when assessed through different types of measurements. Hence, the use of different types of tests for texture analysis is recommended, since the results are complementary. This is relevant when developing food products intended for industrial production and commercialization.

The Critical Role of Market Segmentation

2011 ◽  
pp. 162-177
Author(s):  
Thierry Rayna ◽  
Ludmila Striukova ◽  
Samuel Landau
Keyword(s):  
Market Segmentation ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
The Other ◽  
Digital Audio ◽  
Market Segment ◽  
Crucial Importance ◽  
First Mover ◽  
Do So

The aim of this research is the investigate the role played by market segmentation, in general, and by the choice of initial market segment, in particular, in the ability of a product to cross the chasm. To do so, a theoretical framework, enabling to explain the ability of some firms to cross this chasm, while many others remain unsuccessful is developed. The key result of this research is that the choice of initial market segment has crucial importance as adoption in this segment can lead to a cascade of adoption in the other segments. To illustrate this proposition, three cases studies of an historical leader (Sony), a first mover (Archos) and a newcomer (Apple) in the market for digital audio players are presented.

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