scholarly journals Structure and Properties of Surface Layers: X-ray Diffraction Studies

1988 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 261 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Delhez ◽  
ThH de Keijser ◽  
EJ Mittemeijer ◽  
BJ Thijsse ◽  
MA Hollanders ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Analysis ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Diffusion Processes ◽  
Bulk Material ◽  
Effective Diffusion ◽  
Solid Material ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
X Ray

Because X-rays are strongly absorbed on propagation through solid material, X-ray diffraction analysis can be fruitfully applied in the study of surface layers. After a brief discussion of some aspects of X-ray diffraction analysis of surface layers, attention is focussed on investigations of stress development and interdiffusion in surface layers. The behaviour of surface layers depends largely on their state of (residual) macro- and microstress. The development and possible relaxation of macrostress in surface layers can originate from the thermally imposed difference in shrink or expansion between layer and substrate, from developing concentration profiles and from structural changes, in particular phase transformations. Diffusion processes in multilayers, composed of alternately stacked sublayers of elements A and B, are highly affected by the multitude of interfaces and therefore differ from those in bulk material. The effective diffusion coefficients can be determined from the decrease of the intensity of the reflections corresponding to the composition-modulation period [so-called (000) satellites], and the change of the integrated intensities of reflections from produced or retained crystalline components. Examples of interdiffusion in an amorphous multilayer (in conjunction with structural relaxation) and in a crystalline multilayer (leading to amorphisation) are presented.

Study of Structural Changes in LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 Cathode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries by X-Ray Diffraction Analysis in the In Situ Mode

2019 ◽  
Vol 92 (7) ◽  
pp. 1013-1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Novikov ◽  
A. E. Kim ◽  
K. A. Pushnitsa ◽  
Wang Quingsheng ◽  
M. Yu. Maksimov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cathode Material ◽  
Diffraction Analysis ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray

Small-angle scattering of X-rays in a conventional Bragg–Brentano diffractometer for quantitative analysis

1995 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 170-172
Author(s):  
Stefano Battaglia
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Diffraction Analysis ◽  
Small Angle ◽  
Carbonate Rocks ◽  
International Standards ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Orientation Effects ◽  
Angle Scattering

A technique is presented utilizing an unmodified commercial X-ray diffractometer, equipped with a Bragg–Brentano geometry, for reducing preferred orientation effects in measured intensities during quantitative diffraction analysis. The diffractometer setup examined makes possible data acquisition with Θ fixed at 1° and 2Θ scanning the Bragg line. The results obtained with this technique are shown in the quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis of three international standards of carbonate rocks (401,402,403).

Experimental Method of Determination of Structural Correlations in Surface Layers of Oxide Glass

1990 ◽  
Vol 216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zenon BochyŃski
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Lattice Models ◽  
Molecular Size ◽  
Oxide Glass ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Real ◽  
Inorganic Glasses

ABSTRACTA new method of X-ray diffraction analysis of structural inhomogeneities in the quartz/Si02/n based inorganic glasses is presented. The method enables the determination of structural changes occuring in the real nodal lattice in the regions of 10…20 Å or more as well as substructural changes in the regions 5…15 Å comparable to the molecular size of SiO2…SiO4. In consequence these changes can be correlated with approximate nodal lattice models of different degree of ordering. The applied method provided the possibility of constructing structural models of nodal lattices describing the surface and inner layers of the real glasses, changes in the local inhomogeneities as well as boundaries in water-gel associates.

Diffusion and Structural Changes in High-Speed Steels Alloyed with Boron

2009 ◽  
Vol 283-286 ◽  
pp. 279-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander S. Chaus
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Diffusion Processes ◽  
Final Heat Treatment ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Eutectic Carbides ◽  
Structure And Phase Transformations ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Quenching And Tempering

The structure and phase composition of high-speed steels of different grades additionally alloyed with boron after casting, annealing, and subsequent final heat treatment (quenching and tempering) have been studied focusing on diffusion processes. In order to investigate kinetics of both the structure and phase transformations in eutectic carbides upon heat treatments, different techniques of optical microscopy, electron microscopy (both scanning and transmission ones), X-ray diffraction, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis have been used.

On a New Method Based on X-Ray Diffraction to Identify Stress-Strain Laws on Surface-Treated Materials

2006 ◽  
Vol 514-516 ◽  
pp. 1623-1627
Author(s):  
António Castanhola Batista ◽  
Joao P. Nobre ◽  
A. Morão Dias
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Material ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Depth Gradient ◽  
Stress Determination ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Intermediate Layers ◽  
Peak Broadening ◽  
Small X

A characterisation technique based on the stress determination by X-ray diffraction has been developed. It enables the identification of elastoplastic stress-strain laws on materials presenting an in-depth gradient of mechanical properties on its cross section. This technique is especially suitable to the characterisation of surfaces due to the small X-rays penetration depth. The method was applied in the characterisation of a carbonitrided and shot-peened steel, allowing to evaluate the stress-strain laws of the material at the surface, the intermediate layers and the bulk material. In addition, the in-depth evolution of microhardness, residual stresses, diffraction peak broadening and retained austenite contents were analysed. This allowed to understand the results of the proposed technique.

Analysis of stresses and crystal structure in the surface layer of hexagonal polycrystalline materials: a new methodology based on grazing incidence diffraction

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianna Marciszko ◽  
Andrzej Baczmański ◽  
Chedly Braham ◽  
Mirosław Wróbel ◽  
Wilfrid Seiler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Stress Gradient ◽  
Grazing Incidence ◽  
Lattice Parameter ◽  
Polycrystalline Materials ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Good Agreement

The multireflection grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (MGIXD) method is commonly used to determine a stress gradient in thin surface layers (about 1–20 µm for metals). In this article, the development of MGIXD to enable the determination not only of stresses but also of thec/aratio and thea0strain-free lattice parameter in hexagonal polycrystalline materials is presented and tested. The new procedure was applied for the results of measurements performed using a laboratory X-ray diffractometer and synchrotron radiation. The evolution of stresses and lattice parameters with depth was determined for Ti and Ti-alloy samples subjected to different mechanical surface treatments. A very good agreement of the results obtained using three different wavelengths of synchrotron radiation as well as classical X-rays (CuKα radiation) was found.

Effect of Austenitising Temperature on Structural Changes in Modified High-Speed Steel of AISI M2 Type

2012 ◽  
Vol 326-328 ◽  
pp. 348-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander S. Chaus ◽  
Matej Beznák ◽  
M. Bohačík ◽  
Ján Porubský ◽  
P. Úradník
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Diffusion Processes ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Phase Changes ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Eutectic Carbides ◽  
Electron Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Powder Addition

The transformation of the solidification microstructure and the phase changes in AISI M2 grade high-speed steel modified with powder addition of TiB2have been studied focusing on the effect of austenitising temperatures. In order to investigate kinetics of both the microstructure and phase transformations in eutectic carbides, primarily M2C carbide decomposition, upon heat treatments with respect to diffusion processes, different techniques of electron scanning microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry have been used.

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