scholarly journals The World as Quarks, Leptons and Bosons

1976 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 347 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Gell-Mann
Keyword(s):  
Gauge Theory ◽  
Gauge Theories ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Gauge Bosons ◽  
Yang Mills ◽  
Electromagnetic Interactions ◽  
The World

A descriptive review is given of gauge theories of weak, electromagnetic and strong interactions. The strong interactions are interpreted in terms of an unbroken Yang-Mills gauge theory based on SU(3) colour symmetry of quarks and gluons. The confinement mechanism of quarks, gluons and other nonsinglets is discussed. The unification of the weak and electromagnetic interactions through a broken Yang-Mills gauge theory is described. In total the basic constituents are then the quarks, leptons and gauge bosons.

The Standard Theory

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Iliopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Gauge Theory ◽  
Invariant Theory ◽  
Standard Theory ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Gauge Invariant ◽  
Electromagnetic Interactions ◽  
Protons And Neutrons ◽  
Free Particles ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Theory And Experiment

All ingredients of the previous chapters are combined in order to build a gauge invariant theory of the interactions among the elementary particles. We start with a unified model of the weak and the electromagnetic interactions. The gauge symmetry is spontaneously broken through the BEH mechanism and we identify the resulting BEH boson. Then we describe the theory known as quantum chromodynamics (QCD), a gauge theory of the strong interactions. We present the property of confinement which explains why the quarks and the gluons cannot be extracted out of the protons and neutrons to form free particles. The last section contains a comparison of the theoretical predictions based on this theory with the experimental results. The agreement between theory and experiment is spectacular.

A NEW THEORY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC, WEAK AND STRONG INTERACTIONS

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (03) ◽  
pp. 177-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
SOKRATES T. PANTELIDES
Keyword(s):  
Weak Interactions ◽  
Structure Constant ◽  
Fine Structure Constant ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Gauge Bosons ◽  
Lepton Pairs ◽  
Mixing Angle ◽  
Yang Mills ◽  
Photon Field ◽  
New Interpretation

The Higgs mechanism for imparting masses to gauge bosons and matter particles is obviated by showing that Yang–Mills gauge bosons have intrinsic nonzero masses (rest-frame energies) from self-interactions. Electroweak (EW) mixing is ruled out because it produces a photon field that is massive, carries EW charge, and does not satisfy Maxwell's equations. Other fundamental difficulties of the Standard Model are identified. A new gauge theory of electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions is derived from the Dirac equation with no other postulates and no free parameters. The three forces are intrinsically unified, the photon field is Maxwellian, weak interactions derive from spin (not isospin), and the weak and strong bosons are naturally massive and chiral. Charge is naturally quantized to integral values. Three generations of lepton pairs and elementary-hadron pairs, all with integral charges, are predicted, contradicting the phenomenology of fractional quark charges, but in full accord with experimental data on weak and strong processes and composite hadrons. Neutrinos are massive. The Dirac masses, the fine structure constant, neutrino oscillations and Cabibbo mixing are shown to have a common origin in the gravitational field. The new theory leads to a new interpretation of "negative energies" with cosmological implications. Finally, it is shown that key expressions of the EW formalism agree with those of the new theory and with experiments only if the mixing angle θ is given by sin 2 θ = 0.25, which accounts for the EW model's successes.

scholarly journals The Dyon Charge in Noncommutative Gauge Theories

2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Cieri ◽  
F. A. Schaposnik
Keyword(s):  
Gauge Theory ◽  
Cp Violation ◽  
Gauge Theories ◽  
Higgs Model ◽  
Ordinary Space ◽  
Yang Mills ◽  
Noncommutative Version ◽  
Noncommutative Gauge Theory ◽  
Noncommutative Gauge Theories

We construct a dyon solution for the noncommutative version of the Yang-Mills-Higgs model with a ϑ-term. Extending the Noether method to the case of a noncommutative gauge theory, we analyze the effect of CP violation induced both by the ϑ-term and by noncommutativity proving that the Witten effect formula for the dyon charge remains the same as in ordinary space.

scholarly journals NON-ABELIAN GAUGE THEORIES AS A CONSEQUENCE OF PERTURBATIVE QUANTUM GAUGE INVARIANCE

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 3421-3432 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. ASTE ◽  
G. SCHARF
Keyword(s):  
Gauge Theory ◽  
Gauge Invariance ◽  
Gauge Theories ◽  
Fundamental Concept ◽  
Abelian Gauge ◽  
Abelian Gauge Theory ◽  
Yang Mills ◽  
Vector Bosons ◽  
Perturbative Quantum

We show for the case of interacting massless vector bosons, how the structure of Yang–Mills theories emerges automatically from a more fundamental concept, namely perturbative quantum gauge invariance. It turns out that the coupling in a non-Abelian gauge theory is necessarily of Yang–Mills type plus divergence- and coboundary-couplings. The extension of the method to massive gauge theories is briefly discussed.

scholarly journals HOLOGRAPHIC FLAVOR IN THEORIES WITH EIGHT SUPERCHARGES

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (26) ◽  
pp. 4717-4796 ◽  
Author(s):  
DIEGO RODRÍGUEZ-GÓMEZ
Keyword(s):  
Gauge Theory ◽  
Phase Structure ◽  
Gauge Theories ◽  
Meson Spectrum ◽  
Yang Mills ◽  
Holographic Duals ◽  
Gauge Gravity ◽  
Gravity Duality ◽  
Gravity Duals

We review the holographic duals of gauge theories with eight supercharges obtained by adding very few flavors to pure supersymmetric Yang–Mills with 16 supercharges. Assuming a brane-probe limit, the gravity duals are engineered in terms of probe branes (the so-called flavor brane) in the background of the color branes. Both types of branes intersect on a given subspace in which the matter is confined. The gauge theory dual is thus the corresponding flavoring of the gauge theory with 16 supercharges. Those theories have in general a nontrivial phase structure; which is also captured in a beautiful way by the gravity dual. Along the lines of the gauge/gravity duality, we review also some of the results on the meson spectrum in the different phases of the theories.

DIFFEOMORPHICALLY NONEQUIVALENT CLASSES OF SOLUTIONS IN GAUGE THEORIES ON GROUP MANIFOLDS

1988 ◽  
Vol 03 (10) ◽  
pp. 2303-2313
Author(s):  
C. ABECASIS ◽  
A. FOUSSATS ◽  
O. ZANDRON
Keyword(s):  
Supersymmetric Gauge Theory ◽  
Gauge Theory ◽  
Gauge Theories ◽  
Poincare Group ◽  
Yang Mills ◽  
Group Manifold ◽  
Theory Of Gravity ◽  
Supersymmetric Gauge ◽  
Geometrical Formulation ◽  
Gauge Theory Of Gravity

For the Poincare group manifold we prove that there are solutions for the pseudo-connection one-forms (Yang-Mills potentials) which are not diffeomorphically equivalent to those initially proposed by Ne’eman and Regge in their gauge theory of gravity and supergravity on a (super) group manifold. This is done by imposing the factorization conditions to the geometrical formulation of supersymmetric gauge theory.

scholarly journals Scattering amplitudes and the double copy in topologically massive theories

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Moynihan
Keyword(s):  
Gauge Theory ◽  
Scattering Amplitudes ◽  
Gauge Theories ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Landau Gauge ◽  
Massive Gravity ◽  
Gauge Bosons ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Double Copy

Abstract Using the principles of the modern scattering amplitudes programme, we develop a formalism for constructing the amplitudes of three-dimensional topologically massive gauge theories and gravity. Inspired by recent developments in four dimensions, we construct the three-dimensional equivalent of x-variables, first defined in [1], for conserved matter currents coupled to topologically massive gauge bosons or gravitons. Using these, we bootstrap various matter-coupled gauge-theory and gravitational scattering amplitudes, and conjecture that topologically massive gauge theory and topologically massive gravity are related by the double copy. To motivate this idea further, we show explicitly that the Landau gauge propagator on the gauge theory side double copies to the de Donder gauge propagator on the gravity side.

scholarly journals GAUGE THEORY DEFORMATIONS AND NOVEL YANG–MILLS CHERN–SIMONS FIELD THEORIES WITH TORSION

2004 ◽  
Vol 01 (04) ◽  
pp. 493-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEPHEN C. ANCO
Keyword(s):  
Gauge Theory ◽  
Gauge Field ◽  
Covariant Derivative ◽  
Gauge Theories ◽  
Field Theories ◽  
Deformation Method ◽  
Yang Mills ◽  
The Past ◽  
Nonlinear Gauge ◽  
Chern Simons

A basic problem of classical field theory, which has attracted growing attention over the past decade, is to find and classify all nonlinear deformations of linear abelian gauge theories. The physical interest in studying deformations is to address uniqueness of known nonlinear interactions of gauge fields and to look systematically for theoretical possibilities for new interactions. Mathematically, the study of deformations aims to understand the rigidity of the nonlinear structure of gauge field theories and to uncover new types of nonlinear geometrical structures. The first part of this paper summarizes and significantly elaborates a field-theoretic deformation method developed in earlier work. Some key contributions presented here are, firstly, that the determining equations for deformation terms are shown to have an elegant formulation using Lie derivatives in the jet space associated with the gauge field variables. Secondly, the obstructions (integrability conditions) that must be satisfied by lowest-order deformations terms for existence of a deformation to higher orders are explicitly identified. Most importantly, a universal geometrical structure common to a large class of nonlinear gauge theory examples is uncovered. This structure is derived geometrically from the deformed gauge symmetry and is characterized by a covariant derivative operator plus a nonlinear field strength, related through the curvature of the covariant derivative. The scope of these results encompasses Yang–Mills theory, Freedman–Townsend theory, and Einstein gravity theory, in addition to their many interesting types of novel generalizations that have been found in the past several years. The second part of the paper presents a new geometrical type of Yang–Mills generalization in three dimensions motivated from considering torsion in the context of nonlinear sigma models with Lie group targets (chiral theories). The generalization is derived by a deformation analysis of linear abelian Yang–Mills Chern–Simons gauge theory. Torsion is introduced geometrically through a duality with chiral models obtained from the chiral field form of self-dual (2+2) dimensional Yang–Mills theory under reduction to (2+1) dimensions. Field-theoretic and geometric features of the resulting nonlinear gauge theories with torsion are discussed.

scholarly journals Casimir effect and Stefan–Boltzmann law in Yang–Mills theory at finite temperature

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (23) ◽  
pp. 1950128 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Santos ◽  
Faqir C. Khanna
Keyword(s):  
Gauge Theory ◽  
Finite Temperature ◽  
Lagrangian Density ◽  
Casimir Effect ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Nuclear Forces ◽  
Abelian Gauge ◽  
Yang Mills ◽  
Thermo Field Dynamics ◽  
Boltzmann Law

A non-Abelian gauge theory describes the strong interactions among particles with the commutator of generators are nonzero. An [Formula: see text] gauge theory describes the interactions that lead to nuclear forces among particles. The Lagrangian density refers to fermions with color and flavor and the gauge field quanta implying gluons. The gauge theory is treated at finite temperature using the Thermo Field Dynamics (TFD). Using self-interaction of gluons, the Stefan–Boltzmann law and the Casimir effect are calculated at finite temperature. An appendix is attached to give a response of a massless quarks in gauge theory.

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