scholarly journals Properties of the Lunar Surface as Revealed by Thermal Radiation

1963 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Muncey
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Thermal Radiation ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Microwave Radiation ◽  
Lunar Surface ◽  
Fine Dust ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Microwave Techniques

Thermal radiation from the moon has been previously measured by both optical and microwave techniques, and this has led several workers to estimate the thermal properties of the lunar surface. Using the assumption that the thermal properties are proportional to the temperature, the uniform surface corresponding to the observed optical values is calculated. Possible mixed surfaces are also evaluated. These are examined to estimate the likely variation in microwave radiation, and by comparison with observed results it is shown that the most probable surface consists partly of rock or gravel overlain by a thin layer of fine dust, and partly of areas with dust extending to beyond the depth from which the microwave radiation emanates.

scholarly journals A Study of Lunar Microwave Radiation Based on Satellite Observations

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hu Yang ◽  
Martin Burgdorf
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Microwave Radiation ◽  
Lunar Surface ◽  
Microwave Remote Sensing ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Lunar Phase ◽  
Phase Lag ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Microwave Sounding

In recent years, the study of microwave radiation from the Moon’s surface has been of interest to the astronomy and remote sensing communities. Due to the stable geophysical properties of the Moon’s surface, microwave lunar radiation is highly predictable and can be accurately modeled, given sufficient observations from reliable instruments. Specifically, for microwave remote sensing study, if International System of Unit (SI) traceable observations of the Moon are available, the Moon can thus be used as an SI traceable calibration reference for microwave instruments to evaluate their calibration accuracies and assess their long-term calibration stabilities. Major challenges of using the Moon as a radiometric source standard for microwave sensors include the uncertainties in antenna pattern measurements, the reliability of measurements of brightness temperature (Tb) in the microwave spectrum of the lunar surface, and knowledge of the lunar phase lag because of penetration depths at different detection frequencies. Most microwave-sounding instruments can collect lunar radiation data from space-view observations during so-called lunar intrusion events that usually occur several days each month. Addressed in this work based on Moon observations from the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit/Microwave Humidity Sounder are two major issues in lunar calibration: the lunar surface microwave Tb spectrum and phase lag. The scientific objective of this study is to present our most recent progress on the study of lunar microwave radiation based on satellite observations. Reported here are the lunar microwave Tb spectrum and phase lag from 23 to 183 GHz based on observations of microwave-sounding instruments onboard different satellite platforms. For current Moon microwave radiation research, this study can help toward better understanding lunar microwave radiation features over a wide spectrum range, laying a solid foundation for future lunar microwave calibration efforts.

A Photographic Map of the Moon

1962 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 113-115
Author(s):  
D. W. G. Arthur ◽  
E. A. Whitaker
Keyword(s):  
Lunar Surface ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Map Projection

The cartography of the lunar surface can be split into two operations which can be carried on quite independently. The first, which is also the most laborious, is the interpretation of the lunar photographs into the symbolism of the map, with the addition of fine details from telescopic sketches. An example of this kind of work is contained in Johann Krieger'sMond Atlaswhich consists of photographic enlargements in which Krieger has sharpened up the detail to accord with his telescopic impressions. Krieger did not go on either to convert the photographic picture into the line symbolism of a map, or to place this picture on any definite map projection.

Future lunar missions and investigation of dusty plasma processes on the Moon

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
SERGEY I. POPEL ◽  
LEV M. ZELENYI
Keyword(s):  
Dusty Plasma ◽  
Lunar Surface ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Charged Dust ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Plasma System ◽  
Lunar Dust ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dusty Plasma System

AbstractFrom the Apollo era of exploration, it was discovered that sunlight was scattered at the terminators giving rise to “horizon glow” and “streamers” above the lunar surface. Subsequent investigations have shown that the sunlight was most likely scattered by electrostatically charged dust grains originating from the surface. A renaissance is being observed currently in investigations of the Moon. The Luna-Glob and Luna-Resource missions (the latter jointly with India) are being prepared in Russia. Some of these missions will include investigations of lunar dust. Here we discuss the future experimental investigations of lunar dust within the missions of Luna-Glob and Luna-Resource. We consider the dusty plasma system over the lunar surface and determine the maximum height of dust rise. We describe mechanisms of formation of the dusty plasma system over the Moon and its main properties, determine distributions of electrons and dust over the lunar surface, and show a possibility of rising dust particles over the surface of the illuminated part of the Moon in the entire range of lunar latitudes. Finally, we discuss the effect of condensation of micrometeoriod substance during the expansion of the impact plume and show that this effect is important from the viewpoint of explanation of dust particle rise to high altitudes in addition to the dusty plasma effects.

scholarly journals Back to the Moon: The scientific rationale for resuming lunar surface exploration

2012 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.A. Crawford ◽  
M. Anand ◽  
C.S. Cockell ◽  
H. Falcke ◽  
D.A. Green ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lunar Surface ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Surface Exploration ◽  
Scientific Rationale

Conduction of heat in a solid with periodic boundary conditions, with an application to the surface temperature of the moon

1953 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Jaeger
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Condition ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Circular Cylinder ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Numerical Method ◽  
Periodic Boundary ◽  
Periodic Boundary Conditions ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Non Linear

The object of this note is to indicate a numerical method for finding periodic solutions of a number of important problems in conduction of heat in which the boundary conditions are periodic in the time and may be linear or non-linear. One example is that of a circular cylinder which is heated by friction along the generators through a rotating arc of its circumference, the remainder of the surface being kept at constant temperature; here the boundary conditions are linear but mixed. Another example, which will be discussed in detail below, is that of the variation of the surface temperature of the moon during a lunation; in this case the boundary condition is non-linear. In all cases the thermal properties of the solid will be assumed to be independent of temperature. Only the semi-infinite solid will be considered here, though the method applies equally well to other cases.

X-ray fluorescence observations of the moon by SMART-1/D-CIXS and the first detection of Ti Kα from the lunar surface

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 744-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.M. Swinyard ◽  
K.H. Joy ◽  
B.J. Kellett ◽  
I.A. Crawford ◽  
M. Grande ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lunar Surface ◽  
The Moon ◽  
X Ray

scholarly journals 2.2.4 Lunar Soil Movement Registered by the Apollo 17 Cosmic Dust Experiment

1976 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 233-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Otto E. Berg ◽  
Henry Wolf ◽  
John Rhee
Keyword(s):  
Lunar Surface ◽  
Lunar Soil ◽  
Cosmic Dust ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Normal Impact ◽  
Soil Movement ◽  
Impact Parameters

In December, 1973, a Lunar Ejecta and Meteorites (LEAM) experiment was placed in the Taurus-Littrow area of the moon by the Apollo 17 Astronauts. Objectives of the experiment were centered around measurements of impact parameters of cosmic dust on the lunar surface. During preliminary attempts to analyze the data it became evident that the events registered by the sensors could not be attributed to cosmic dust but could only be identified with the lunar surface and the local sun angle. The nature of these data coupled with post-flight studies of instrument characteristics, have led to a conclusion that the LEAM experiment is responding primarily to a flux of highly charged, slowly moving lunar surface fines. Undoubtedly concealed in these data is the normal impact activity from cosmic dust and probably lunar ejecta, as well. This paper is based on the recognition that the bulk of events registered by the LEAM experiment are not signatures of hypervelocity cosmic dust particles, as expected, but are induced signatures of electrostatically charged and transported lunar fines.

scholarly journals MINERAL MAPPING USING CHANDRAYAAN-1 HYPERSPECTRAL (HYSI) DATA FROM MARE VAPORUM

2018 ◽  
Vol XLII-5 ◽  
pp. 339-344
Author(s):  
S. B. Sayyad ◽  
Z. R. Mohammed ◽  
R. R. Deshmukh
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Analysis ◽  
Lunar Surface ◽  
Imaging Spectroscopy ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Remotely Sensed Data ◽  
Mineral Mapping ◽  
Crustal Composition ◽  
False Color ◽  
Color Composite ◽  
Surface Mineralogy

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The imaging spectroscopy offers an opportunity to map and discriminate different minerals on the lunar surface which further helps to understand the origin, evolution process, and the crustal composition on the surface of the moon. Compositional mapping of the lunar surface is considered as a standard approach for mineral mapping. This paper reports surface mineralogy of the lunar surface from Mare Vaporum using Chandrayaan-1 Hyperspectral remotely sensed data from HySi sensor. False color composite is created using different band shaping algorithms like band strength; band curve and band tilt parameters at crucial wavelength for spatial analysis. The Spectral analysis has been done by deriving reflectance spectra at varying locations from the area under study. The Study shows the mineral map with different categories of minerals which are high-Ca pyroxene and/or olivine and low Ca-pyroxene. However because of the limited spectral coverage of HySi, data at the longer wavelengths required to discriminate among different group of minerals.</p>

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