scholarly journals The Incidence of Meteor Particles Upon the Earth

1957 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 397 ◽  
Author(s):  
AA Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Particle Mass ◽  
Incident Flux ◽  
Meteor Flux ◽  
Observational Material ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Sporadic Meteors ◽  
Meteor Particle ◽  
Whole Earth

Radio echo rates for both shower and sporadic meteors, measured at Adelaide with the 27 Mcls C.W. equipment, are applied to the calculation of the incident flux of meteors above limiting brightnesses in the range MR < + 7�5. On the hypothesis of a strongly velocity-dependent ionizing probability, reached after a critical evaluation of the observational material, the meteor flux above prescribed limiting meteor particle masses, and the space densities of meteor particles, are also calculated. These fluxes and densities agree reasonably well with independent evaluations from visual meteor rates. The amount of meteoric matter falling on the whole Earth per day within particle mass limits 10?1 to 10?4 g, for sporadic meteors and some showers, is also estimated.

scholarly journals Analysis of modern observations of meteor showers based on PTM methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 2103 (1) ◽  
pp. 012024
Author(s):  
A A Sharafutdinova ◽  
A O Andreev ◽  
Y A Nefedyev ◽  
R Hudec ◽  
N Y Demina
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Density ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Meteor Shower ◽  
New Method ◽  
Radar Observations ◽  
Tomography Method ◽  
Celestial Sphere ◽  
First Time ◽  
Sporadic Meteors ◽  
Meteor Particle

Abstract The work is focused on the analysis of modern observations of meteoroids included in the data bank formed by both professional researchers and amateur astronomers. Based on the modern physical theory of meteoroids (PTM), a new method for analyzing measurements developed, which provides the accuracy comparable with the results of radar observations. Due to the fact that the accuracy of the new method for analyzing meteoroids observations has increased significantly, it became possible to process observations of the Perseid and Leonid showers over a period of 120 years. The use of PTM made it possible for the first time to explain the distribution of meteor echo signals observed at an altitude of 2 MHz, at which the upper part of this distribution refers to an altitude of 140 km. In the process of work, a database of orbital characteristics of meteoroids was created. A method has been developed for modeling the probability of hitting a certain area of a meteor particle with a mass greater than a certain specified value and determining the density of a meteor shower from radio observations as well as a new “tomography” method for calculating the density distribution of sporadic meteors in the sky using radar observations of meteors at the same station with a goniometer. The method allows calculating the density of a meteor shower on the celestial sphere with an angular resolution of 2°. The use of these methods served as a proof that the distribution density of meteoroid showers on the celestial sphere has two planes of symmetry: the first coincides with the plane of the ecliptic, passing through the poles of the Earth, the other one is perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic.

Measurements of the variation with depth of the main geomagnetic field

1951 ◽  
Vol 244 (878) ◽  
pp. 113-151 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Geomagnetic Field ◽  
Fundamental Property ◽  
Main Field ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Core Theory ◽  
Whole Earth

The main geomagnetic field is attributable either to some deep-seated phenomena within the earth or to a fundamental property of rotating matter in which the source of the field would be distributed throughout the whole earth. The two types of explanation predict a different variation of the components of the main field with depth within the crust and can be tested by direct measurement in suitable localities. Measurements in five mines in northern England are presented and discussed, and they provide evidence in favour of the core theory.

Ethics in the Marketplace: Gerrard Winstanley's London Bankruptcy, 1643

1989 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Alsop
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
English Civil War ◽  
English Revolution ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Gerrard Winstanley ◽  
Whole Earth

One of the casualties of the economic malaise occasioned by the English Civil War was the business career of an obscure thirty-four-year-old junior freeman of the London Merchant Taylors' Company. Had circumstances been otherwise, Gerrard Winstanley would never have gone on to become the eventual leader and spokesman of the Diggers or to develop some of the most innovative and challenging socioeconomic theories of the seventeenth century. Winstanley's bankruptcy of 1643 did not, of course, create by itself one of the foremost radicals of the English Revolution. But scholars are agreed that the failure provoked a significant break in the continuity of Winstanley's life that forced him to change his livelihood and to transport himself from London to Cobham in Surrey, the location of his Digger radicalism. Furthermore, Winstanley never forgot the experience. Throughout his writings of the later 1640s, the bitter contempt and frustration engendered by his financial failings were obvious. They also colored his perceptions of England's current character and its errors. His portrayal of all commerce as dishonest and corrupt is one of the most striking features of his writings:For matter of buying and selling, the earth stinks with such unrighteousnesse, that for my part, though I was bred a tradesmen, yet it is so hard a thing to pick out a poor living, that a man shall sooner be cheated of his bread, then get bread by trading among men, if by plain dealing he put trust in any.And truly the whole earth of trading, is generally become the neat art of thieving and oppressing fellow-creatures, and so laies burdens, upon the Creation, but when the earth becomes a common treasury this burden will be taken off.

scholarly journals 4. On the Secular Cooling of the Earth

1862 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 610-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Potential Energy ◽  
Chemical Affinity ◽  
Upper Crust ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Chemical Combination ◽  
Whole Earth

The fact that the temperature of the earth increases with the depth below the surface, implies a continual loss of heat from the interior by conduction outwards, through or into the upper crust. Since the upper crust does not become hotter from year to year, there must therefore be a secular loss of heat from the whole earth. It is possible that no cooling may result from this loss of heat, but only exhaustion of potential energy, which in this case could scarcely be other than chemical affinity between substances forming part of the earth's mass. But it is certain that either the earth is becoming, on the whole, cooler from age to age, or that the heat conducted out is generated in the interior by temporary dynamical action (such as chemical combination).

“Let the Waters Be Gathered Together, and Let the Dry Land Appear”: Sixteenth-Century Exegeses of Genesis 1.9–10 in Context

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-189
Author(s):  
Lindsay J. Starkey
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Natural Order ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Whole Earth

Building on both Christian scriptures and Aristotelian notions of the four elements, many patristic, medieval, and sixteenth-century Christians held that water could and perhaps should cover the whole earth. Christian and Jewish exegetes from Basil the Great and into the sixteenth century discussed the dry land’s existence in their commentaries on Genesis 1.9–10, arguing that its existence was either natural, preternatural, or a supernatural act of God. Analyzing patristic, medieval and sixteenth-century exegeses of these biblical verses, this article explores how these Christian and Jewish exegetes categorized water’s failure to flood the earth. It argues that the possibilities for characterizing water’s behavior expanded greatly in the sixteenth century. Whereas patristic and medieval authors tended to claim that the natural order God had established during the process of creation could account for water’s failure to submerge the earth, sixteenth-century exegetes offered a wide variety of categorizations, arguing that water’s behavior was natural, preternatural, supernatural, a wonder, or even a miracle. Drawing on contemporary scholarship on sixteenth-century cosmographical models, this paper argues that fifteenth- and sixteenth-century sea voyages and encounters with people living in the Southern Hemisphere might have led these sixteenth-century exegetes to reexamine the categories as they did.

scholarly journals Half-Earth or Whole Earth? Radical ideas for conservation, and their implications

Oryx ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bram Büscher ◽  
Robert Fletcher ◽  
Dan Brockington ◽  
Chris Sandbrook ◽  
William M. Adams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Radical Ideas ◽  
Whole Earth

AbstractWe question whether the increasingly popular, radical idea of turning half the Earth into a network of protected areas is either feasible or just. We argue that this Half-Earth plan would have widespread negative consequences for human populations and would not meet its conservation objectives. It offers no agenda for managing biodiversity within a human half of Earth. We call instead for alternative radical action that is both more effective and more equitable, focused directly on the main drivers of biodiversity loss by shifting the global economy from its current foundation in growth while simultaneously redressing inequality.

scholarly journals Optimal Satellite LEO Constellation Design Based on Global Coverage in One Revisit Time

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Peng Zong ◽  
Saeid Kohani
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Constellation Design ◽  
Continuous Coverage ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Real Time Data ◽  
Global Coverage ◽  
Fully Connected ◽  
Whole Earth

This paper presents a globe coverage of constellation satellite in one revisit and the regional coverage at defined latitude. This constellation seems to be very close to optimal under the maximum revisit time comparing to the results in other papers. They are produced easily by using tables and data achievements. These satellites are fully connected by crosslinks sweeping the Earth. This model is more optimal comparing to the conventional constellations that distribute satellites evenly in the space. Since satellites on the LEO orbit are side by side, in most cases, they can maintain communication continuously. This special feature allows all satellites in the constellation connecting ground at any time when a satellite is available to the stations. Length of the crosslink is allowed to reject location connection or real-time data transmission. For example, six satellites in the constellation cover the whole Earth within one revisit time and all the data are collected by two Earth stations for keeping continuous coverage. Thus, the adjacent satellites may be more efficient and provide more coverage.

3. On the Place of the Poles of the Atmosphere.

1857 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 101-105
Author(s):  
C. Piazzi Smyth
Keyword(s):  
Trade Winds ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Rotation Of The Earth ◽  
Whole Earth

This was merely a note on some of the recent discoveries and generalizations, by Lieut. Maury, U.S.N., on the motions of the atmosphere. It had been clearly proved by the extensive researches of Lieut. M., that the trade-winds when rising at the equator, do not, as previously held, return to their own poles, but cross over to the opposite ones; and thus traverse the extent of the whole earth from pole to pole, in a curvilinear direction, on account of the effect of the rotation of the earth.

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