scholarly journals Measurements of Counter?Gradient Heat Flows in the Atmosphere

1956 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 133 ◽  
Author(s):  
AF Bunker
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Heat Flow ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Temperature Fluctuations ◽  
Temperature Gradients ◽  
Correct Order ◽  
Maximum Heat ◽  
Heat Flows ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
The Individual

Heat flows and temperature gradients were measured in a stable atmosphere heated by the water during a United States east coast to Bermuda aeroplane flight. The flux was computed from , where w' and T' are the vertical velocities and temperature deviations of the individual gusts. It is found that the heat flow is directed up the gradient as predicted by Priestley (1954). The expression for the maximum heat flow to be expected derived by Priestley in terms of the standard deviation of the temperature fluctuations and the temperature gradient gives the correct order of magnitude for the observed flow.

scholarly journals Tópicos do Método da Razão de Bowen

UNICIÊNCIAS ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-68
Author(s):  
Osvaldo Alves Pereira ◽  
Victor Hugo de Moraes Danelichen ◽  
Noel Flávio Costa Ferreira ◽  
Eduardo Nogueira dos Santos ◽  
Jonathan Willian Zangeski Novais ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flow ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Physical State ◽  
Natural Process ◽  
Temperature Gradients ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Flowing Water ◽  
Evaporation Process ◽  
Heat Flows ◽  
Mathematical Foundations

Este trabalho teve como objetivo mostrar a dedução física e matemática do método de Bowen na conversão de fluxo de calor latente em unidade de volume de água. A evapotranspiração é o processo natural de fluxo de água para atmosfera. Dentre as técnicas meteorológicas existentes, o método de Bowen consiste na razão entre os fluxos de calor latente (energia destinada para mudança de estado físico da água) e sensível (energia destinada para mudança de temperatura) emitidos por uma superfície durante o processo de evaporação e transpiração das plantas, em função dos gradientes da pressão de vapor e da temperatura observados sobre a superfície. Além disso, o método está fundamentado no princípio de conservação de energia, com fundamentos matemáticos relativamente simples e com modesto aparato instrumental.   Palavras-chaves: Fluxo de calor; micrometeorologia; perda de água; atmosfera.   Abstract This work aimed to show the physical and mathematical deduction of the Bowen method in the conversion of latent heat flow into a unit of water volume. Evapotranspiration is the natural process of flowing water into the atmosphere. Among the existing meteorological techniques, the Bowen method consists of the ratio between the latent heat flows (energy destined to change the physical state of the water) and sensitive (energy destined to change the temperature) emitted by a surface during the evaporation process and plant transpiration, depending on the vapor pressure and temperature gradients observed on the surface. In addition, the method is based on the principle of energy conservation, with relatively simple mathematical foundations and with modest instrumental apparatus.   Keywords: Heat flow; micrometeorology; loss of water; atmosphere.

The flow of heat through the floor of the Atlantic Ocean

1954 ◽  
Vol 222 (1150) ◽  
pp. 408-429 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flow ◽  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
North Atlantic Ocean ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Unexpected Result ◽  
Heat Flows ◽  
The North ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual

The measurement of the temperature gradient and thermal conductivity in the sediments beneath the floor of the North Atlantic Ocean is described. Measurements were made at five stations. The mean heat flow and conductivity were found to be 0·98 × 10 -6 cal/cm 2 s and 25 × 10 -4 cal/cm °Cs. The heat flows at the individual stations range from 0·58 to 1·42 × 10 -6 cal/cm 2 s. The high heat flow is an unexpected result, and it is difficult to find a source for so much heat.

scholarly journals Cavitation Nuclei Population and Event Rates

1998 ◽  
Vol 120 (4) ◽  
pp. 728-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenhuan Liu ◽  
Christopher E. Brennen
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Bubble Growth ◽  
Event Rate ◽  
Correct Order ◽  
Cavitation Inception ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Cavitation Nuclei ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Event Rates ◽  
Oncoming Stream

To model the processes of cavitation inception, noise and damage, it is necessary to generate a model of the cavitation event rate which can then be coupled with the consequences of the individual events to produce a complete synthesis of the phenomenon. In this paper we describe recent efforts to connect the observed event rates to the measured distributions of cavitation nuclei in the oncoming stream. Comparisons are made between the observed event rates and event rates calculated from measured nuclei distributions using an algorithm which includes the dynamics of the nuclei motion and growth. Various complications are explored including the effect of the boundary layer, the relative motion between the nucleus and the liquid, the observable bubble size effect, and the effect of bubble growth on neighboring nuclei. All of these are seen to have important influences on the event rate, and therefore, on cavitation inception and other macroscopic consequences. We demonstrate that it is possible to predict the correct order of magnitude of the event rate when an attempt is made to model the important flow complications.

‘A Routh O’ Auld Nick-Nackets’ – the antiquarian collection of John Rae

2015 ◽  
Vol 36-37 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-183
Author(s):  
Paul Taylor
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Moral Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Representative Case ◽  
National Museums ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The University

John Rae, a Scottish antiquarian collector and spirit merchant, played a highly prominent role in the local natural history societies and exhibitions of nineteenth-century Aberdeen. While he modestly described his collection of archaeological lithics and other artefacts, principally drawn from Aberdeenshire but including some items from as far afield as the United States, as a mere ‘routh o’ auld nick-nackets' (abundance of old knick-knacks), a contemporary singled it out as ‘the best known in private hands' (Daily Free Press 4/5/91). After Rae's death, Glasgow Museums, National Museums Scotland, the University of Aberdeen Museum and the Pitt Rivers Museum in Oxford, as well as numerous individual private collectors, purchased items from the collection. Making use of historical and archive materials to explore the individual biography of Rae and his collection, this article examines how Rae's collecting and other antiquarian activities represent and mirror wider developments in both the ‘amateur’ antiquarianism carried out by Rae and his fellow collectors for reasons of self-improvement and moral education, and the ‘professional’ antiquarianism of the museums which purchased his artefacts. Considered in its wider nineteenth-century context, this is a representative case study of the early development of archaeology in the wider intellectual, scientific and social context of the era.

Chlorinated Organics in Nearshore Waters and Tributaries of the St. Clair River

1986 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 344-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry G. Oliver ◽  
Klaus L.E. Kaiser
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Large Volume ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Chemical Company ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
The Individual

Abstract The concent rat ions of hexachloroethane (HCE), hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD), pentachlorobenzene (QCB), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and octachlorostyrene (OCS) in large volume water samples show that the major sources of these chemicals to the St. Clair River are Dow Chemical Company effluents and, to a lesser degree, Sarnia’s Township ditch which drains one of Dow’s waste disposal sites. Tributaries entering the river on both sides of the Canada/United States border contain measurable concentrations of these chemicals indicating low level contamination throughout the area. The degree of water/suspended sediment partitioning of the chemicals (Kp) was studied. Kp values for the individual chemicals changed in a manner consistent with changes in their physical-chemical properties.

Nearshore wave energy resource characterization along the East Coast of the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 1212-1224
Author(s):  
Seongho Ahn ◽  
Vincent S. Neary ◽  
Mohammad Nabi Allahdadi ◽  
Ruoying He
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Wave Energy ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
The United States

scholarly journals Italianness in the United States between migrants’ informal gardening practices and agricultural diplomacy (1880–1912)

Modern Italy ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Gilberto Mazzoli
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Environmental History ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Food Production ◽  
East Coast ◽  
The United States ◽  
Southern United States ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Us Cities ◽  
Political Radicalism

During the Age of Mass Migration more than four million Italians reached the United States. The experience of Italians in US cities has been widely explored: however, the study of how migrants adjusted in relation to nature and food production is a relatively recent concern. Due to a mixture of racism and fear of political radicalism, Italians were deemed to be undesirable immigrants in East Coast cities and American authorities had long perceived Italian immigrants as unclean, unhealthy and carriers of diseases. As a flipside to this narrative, Italians were also believed to possess a ‘natural’ talent for agriculture, which encouraged Italian diplomats and politicians to propose the establishment of agricultural colonies in the southern United States. In rural areas Italians could profit from their agricultural skills and finally turn into ‘desirable immigrants’. The aim of this paper is to explore this ‘emigrant colonialism’ through the lens of environmental history, comparing the Italian and US diplomatic and public discourses on the potential and limits of Italians’ agricultural skills.

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