Colonizing Cane Toads cause population declines in native predators: reliable anecdotal information and management implications

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Burnett
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Habitat Management ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
Cane Toad ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Predator Species ◽  
Continental Scale ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

This paper presents compelling, anecdotal evidence of severe population declines in five predator species, Dasyurus hallucatus, Varanus gouldii, V. mertensi, V. panoptes, and V. timorensis similis, in almost immediate response to Cane Toad colonization of their habitat in three widely distributed areas of northern Queensland. Furthermore, risk assessment of all quoll and monitor taxa whose distributions overlap the potential distribution of the Cane Toad in Australia (Sutherst et al. 1996), indicates that at the continental scale, three of the four quoll taxa and eight of the 20 monitor species examined are at high risk of severe population declines following Cane Toad colonization. One quoll taxon and seven monitor species are at moderate risk and five monitor species are at low risk. The definition of the threat which Cane Toads pose to native predators has received very little research attention, and fundamental questions including; which predator species are most at risk (testing of the risk assessment hypotheses presented here), the extent of these risks (is there a need to manage Cane Toad impacts upon predators?), and the contexts of intraspecific variation in relative extinction risk (for example, interactions of extinction risk with predator and Cane Toad population demography, climate, landscape, and land use), need to be assessed. Assuming that Cane Toads are found to have an impact across a range of taxa and landscapes (which I propose to be likely), management of the impact of this species on predators can be approached from two not necessarily exclusive directions; management of Cane Toad populations and management of predator populations, through both population and habitat management. At this stage, however, management from either viewpoint is constrained by a lack of published information relevant to autecology and fine scale distribution of predators.

scholarly journals Validation of technological process of preparation hymoding cream with hyaluronic acid

2021 ◽  
pp. 27-35
Author(s):  
Т. Г. Ярних ◽  
Г. М. Мельник ◽  
О. А. Рухмакова
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Technological Process ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Documentary Evidence ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Critical Control Points ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

To date, in the mass production of medicines both in pharmaceutical companies and in pharmacies, more and more attention is paid to the practice of process validation. Validation is a key condition for the implementation of Good Manufacturing (GMP) and Pharmacy (GPP) practices, the standards of which are mandatory for medicines worldwide and in Ukraine. The aim of the work – validation of the technological process of preparation extemporaneous hymoding cream with hyaluronic acid in order to obtain documentary evidence of effective reproduction of the preparation of this medicine. The study design is based on research on the development of dosage form technology, analysis of the impact of critical manufacturing points and evaluation of their impact on the final quality of the cream, taking into account the requirements of GPP. The object of validation is the technological process of preparation hymoding cream with hyaluronic acid. The validation procedure was performed on 3 experimental batches of the medicine. In order to check and optimize the selected technological process of preparation hymoding cream in pharmacies, its validation was carried out. According to the calculated quantities of the components of the studied cream, as well as the identified critical parameters, three batches of the medicine of 100.00 g were developed. On the series of cream, the optimization of technological parameters, testing of critical parameters for all planned stages of production with the definition of eligibility criteria and validation scheme was carried out. Acceptance criteria for all critical parameters were determined during the optimization of technology on batches of the studied medicine. The general risk assessment was carried out at the stage of pharmaceutical development according to the procedure «identification – analysis – risk assessment» to determine the scheme of validation work on batches of the medicine. During the technological process, critical indicators were checked and appropriate forms were filled out. A study on the validation of the technological process of preparation hymoding cream with hyaluronic acid in pharmacies was performed. Documentary evidence of effective reproduction of the manufacture of this medicine has been obtained. A comprehensive analysis of the developed manufacturing process makes it possible to identify critical control points that minimize the occurrence of possible risks in the manufacture of the investigated medicine. According to the results of the research, it can be concluded that the developed cream with hyaluronic acid meets the requirements of State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine in all quality indicators, which allows to recommend it for use in dermatology.

scholarly journals Very high extinction risk for Welwitschia mirabilis in the northern Namib Desert

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierluigi Bombi ◽  
Daniele Salvi ◽  
Titus Shuuya ◽  
Leonardo Vignoli ◽  
Theo Wassenaar
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Namib Desert ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Area Of Occupancy ◽  
Welwitschia Mirabilis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Very High ◽  
Iucn Criteria

AbstractOne of the most recognisable icon of the Namib Desert is the endemic gymnosperm Welwitschia mirabilis. Recent studies indicated that climate change may seriously affect populations in the northern Namibia subrange (Kunene region) but their extinction risk has not yet been assessed. In this study, we apply IUCN criteria to define the extinction risk of welwitschia populations in northern Namibia and assign them to a red list category. We collected field data in the field to estimate relevant parameters for this assessment. We observed 1330 plants clustered in 12 small and isolated stands. The extent of occurrence has a surface of 214.2 km2 (i.e. < 5000 km2) and the area of occupancy a surface of 56.0 km2 (i.e. < 500 km2). The quality of habitat is expected to face a reduction of 69.47 % (i.e. > 50 %) as a consequence of climate change predicted in the area. These data indicate a very high extinction risk for welwitschia in northern Kunene and classify these populations as endangered (EN) according to IUCN criteria. Similar assessments for other subranges are prevented by the lack of relevant data, an issue that deserves further research attention. Our results advocate the necessity of a management plan for the species, including measures for mitigating the impact of climate change on isolated populations across its fragmented range.

How to include the impact of climate change in the extinction risk assessment of policy plant species?

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 43-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Attorre ◽  
Thomas Abeli ◽  
Gianluigi Bacchetta ◽  
Alessio Farcomeni ◽  
Giuseppe Fenu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Impact Of Climate Change ◽  
Extinction Risk Assessment ◽  
The Impact

Impact of a toxic invasive species on freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus johnstoni) populations in upstream escarpments

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam R. C. Britton ◽  
Erin K. Britton ◽  
Clive R. McMahon
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Survey Methods ◽  
Cane Toad ◽  
Predator Species ◽  
Bite Marks ◽  
Crocodylus Johnstoni ◽  
Freshwater Crocodile ◽  
Conservation Concern ◽  
Local Extirpation ◽  
The Impact

Context Spread of the invasive cane toad (Rhinella marina) across northern Australia is of concern. Predator species, including the freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus johnstoni), are susceptible to cane toad toxins when ingested. Upstream populations of freshwater crocodiles are smaller than downstream counterparts because of limited resources. We measured the impact of cane toad arrival on densities of these upstream populations. Aims Our aim was to determine whether the influx of cane toads had a negative impact on populations of upstream ‘stunted’ freshwater crocodiles. Methods Population surveys for crocodiles were conducted in three upstream creek systems, using day- and night-based survey methods, before the arrival of cane toads in the area. These surveys were repeated under similar conditions following the arrival of cane toads, to compare the distribution and densities of freshwater crocodiles and, hence, measure the impact of cane toads. Key results There were significant declines in crocodile density at two survey sites following the arrival of cane toads, and we found dead crocodiles and cane toad carcasses with crocodile bite marks. The third site showed no change in density. There was a decline in mean density across all sites from 3.0 crocodiles km–1 to 1.1 crocodiles km–1 following the arrival of cane toads. Conclusions There was an overall decrease in crocodile densities and a reduction in distribution following the arrival of cane toads into the survey area. Dead crocodiles and evidence of their having eaten cane toads strongly suggest that these declines were caused directly by the arrival of cane toads into the area. One site showed no apparent change other than an increase in wariness, which may reflect the distribution of available feeding and shelter resources among the three sites. Implications These results suggest that upstream freshwater crocodile populations are highly susceptible to cane toad toxins, and that impacts on their population can include local extirpation. Considering their morphological and possibly genetic distinctiveness, the loss of these unique populations is of conservation concern.

Spatial distribution and habitat preferences of co-occurring vertebrate species: Case study of an endangered frog and an introduced toad in Fiji.

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nunia Thomas ◽  
Clare Morrison ◽  
Linto Winder ◽  
Craig Morley
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Habitat Management ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Habitat Associations ◽  
Ecological Data ◽  
Cane Toad ◽  
Habitat Types ◽  
Point Counts ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

Wildlife management, particularly the conservation of threatened species, often involves habitat management and an understanding of species preferences. Much ecological data used to establish rare and endangered species distributions and/or habitat associations exists in the form of point counts which often violates the assumptions of commonly used statistical techniques. In this study, the spatial distribution and habitat preferences of an endangered, endemic frog (Platymantis vitianus — Fiji ground frog) and an introduced toad (Rhinella marina — cane toad) were observed and mapped on a 60 ha island using a grid of 232 sampling points with 50 × 20 m spacing. The Spatial Analysis by Distance Indices (SADIE) analytical tool demonstrated that despite the wide range of habitats present on Viwa Island, both ground frogs and cane toads displayed clear and defined macrohabitat preferences. Whilst both species showed a strong preference for Inocarpus fagifer forests, there was little overlap in other habitat types with the ground frogs preferring more densely vegetated forest habitats and cane toads preferring more open habitat types close to both permanent and temporary water sources. Within the I. fagifer forests, there was no evidence of overlap in the distributions of the two species. The spatial pattern evident indicates that cane toad and ground frog populations co-exist, probably due to similar habitat preferences. However, a more detailed study on the interactions between the two species within their natural environment is needed to determine the nature and magnitude of the impact of the cane toad on the ground frog.

scholarly journals RISK-ORIENTED APPROACH TO LABOR PROTECTION AT GRAIN PROCESS ENTERPRISES

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-10
Author(s):  
O. FESENKO ◽  
V. LYSYUK ◽  
Z. SAKHAROVA
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Labor Protection ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Operational Risks ◽  
Iso 31000 ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Oriented Approach

The article focuses on the introduction of a risk-oriented approach to labor protection at the enterprises of the grain processing industry. Such an approach is imperative in modern conditions in accordance with the Concept of reforming the system of labor protection management. This will involve the introduction of the proactive principle of “preventive actions” (prevention of hazardous events and situations) instead of the existing reactive principle of “corrective actions” (response to hazardous events and situations). A risk-oriented approach to occupational safety and health is the basis for the formation of a new national system for prevention of the operational risks. In the grain process enterprises, which have agreed their policy on labor protection with international standards, there has been an increase and improvement of the responsibility and competency of the ordinary employees and managers in the safety field, the risk of on-the-job injury has decreased. Improvement of the system of labor protection and risk management at enterprises should be carried out according to State Standard (DSTU) ISO 31000:2018 “Risk Management. Guidelines (ISO 31000:2018, IDT))”. The purpose of the standard is to reduce operational risks to an acceptable level. The main stages of the risk management process are presented. Identification of hazards, risk assessment, definition of security measures is a constituent and integral part of such a system. This is necessary to identify and understand the dangers that may arise in the course of an enterprise's activity, to assess the risk arising from a particular hazard, and to take measures to reduce the probability of occurrence of hazards. At the enterprises of the grain process industry, the identification of hazards consists in the definition of all objects, situations or actions (or their combination) that are inherent in an enterprise's activities and present a potential threat to the health and life of workers. At the same time, the different types of works and situations are considered in order to identify the dangers that are constantly present in normal working conditions, as well as the hazards, the impact of which is possible in case of deviation from normal working conditions and emergencies. Examples of possible hazardous factors at such enterprises are given. The adequacy of the existing security measures, the need for heir improvement or the introduction of other security measures are determined based on the results of the risk assessment.

PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN KERUGIAN NEGARA DALAM PENGELOLAAN KEUANGAN DAERAH

EDUKASI ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendra Karianga
Keyword(s):  
Financial Management ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Proceedings ◽  
Regional Finance ◽  
Regional Budget ◽  
State Finance ◽  
Budget Policy ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

Sources of revenue and expenditure of APBD (regional budget) can be allocated to finance the compulsory affairs and optional affairs in the form of programs and activities related to the improvement of public services, job creation, poverty alleviation, improvement of environmental quality, and regional economic growth. The implications of these policies is the need for funds to finance the implementation of the functions, that have become regional authority, is also increasing. In practice, regional financial management still poses a complicated issue because the regional head are reluctant to release pro-people regional budget policy, even implication of regional autonomy is likely to give birth to little kings in region causing losses to state finance and most end up in legal proceedings. This paper discusses the loss of state finance and forms of liability for losses to the state finance. The result of the study can be concluded firstly,  there are still many differences in giving meaning and definition of the loss of state finace and no standard definition of state losses, can cause difficulties. The difficulty there is in an effort to determine the amount of the state finance losses. The calculation of state/regions losses that occur today is simply assessing the suitability of the size of the budget and expenditure without considering profits earned by the community and the impact of the use of budget to the community. Secondly, the liability for losses to the state finance is the fulfillment of the consequences for a person to give or to do something in the regional financial management by giving birth to three forms of liability, namely the Criminal liability, Civil liability, and Administrative liability.Keywords: state finance losses, liability, regional finance.

Empowering Women Entrepreneurs Through Microfinance - A Case of Rural Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Saida Parvin
Keyword(s):  
Women's Empowerment ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Women’S Empowerment ◽  
Case Study Method ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Theoretical Contribution ◽  
Donor Agencies ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

Women’s empowerment has been at the centre of research focus for many decades. Extant literature examined the process, outcome and various challenges. Some claimed substantial success, while others contradicted with evidence of failure. But the success remains a matter of debate due to lack of empirical evidence of actual empowerment of women around the world. The current study aimed to address this gap by taking a case study method. The study critically evaluates 20 cases carefully sampled to include representatives from the entire country of Bangladesh. The study demonstrates popular beliefs about microfinance often misguide even the borrowers and they start living in a fabricated feeling of empowerment, facing real challenges to achieve true empowerment in their lives. The impact of this finding is twofold; firstly there is a theoretical contribution, where the definition of women’s empowerment is proposed to be revisited considering findings from these cases. And lastly, the policy makers at governmental and non-governmental organisations, and multinational donor agencies need to revise their assessment tools for funding.

Designing Risk Qualitative Assessment on Fiber Optic Instalation Project in Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Devi Pratami
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Analysis ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Quality And Safety ◽  
Project Implementation ◽  
Cost Impact ◽  
Implementation Assessment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Impact Cost

A project always has risks that can lead to project failure. In the project, a risk analysis is required to provide an evaluation for the project to proceed as planned. In the event of inadequate planning and ineffective control, it will result in irregularities identified as a risk to the project. This study aims to analyze the qualitative risk on Fiber Optic Installaion project in Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia. In addition, risk assessment is undertaken on project implementation. Assessment of risk using the impact and probability to measure the impact of risk occurrence. The impacts are more detailed by classified by time impact, cost impact, quality impact, safety and security impact, proximity. The result is there are 36 risk that may occur and mostly risks are associaated by quality and safety&security impact.

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