Evidence of a biomass hotspot for targeted fish species within Namena Marine Reserve, Fiji

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke T. Barrett ◽  
Arthur de Lima ◽  
Jordan S. Goetze
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Marine Reserve ◽  
Reef Fishes ◽  
Unexpected Finding ◽  
High Level ◽  
High Fish ◽  
Central Station ◽  
Video Transect ◽  
Very High ◽  
High Diversity

Namena is Fiji’s oldest and second largest no-take marine reserve, and has relatively high abundance and biomass of targeted fishes within its boundaries due to a high level of protection since its creation in 1997 (formalised in 2005). Following anecdotal reports of exceptionally high fish abundance at the Grand Central Station dive site within Namena, we conducted a 500-m meandering diver-operated video transect along the main reef formation, to obtain abundance, length and biomass estimates for fish species targeted by local fishers. Our census revealed extremely high diversity, abundance and biomass (11436kgha−1) of targeted fishes. While demersal reef fishes were present at higher densities than on typical fished reefs in the region, they were dwarfed by aggregations of reef-associated pelagics, namely the barracuda Sphyraena forsteri (5540kgha−1) and the trevally Caranx sexfasciatus (4448kgha−1). These estimates are comparable to those of historically unfished or ‘pristine’ locations, an unexpected finding given the historical fishing pressure within the reserve before its establishment and ongoing pressure in surrounding fished areas. This finding presents Grand Central Station as a useful reference site for ecologists and managers, and highlights the ability of protected coral reefs to support or attract very high densities of fish.

scholarly journals Ashgillian graptolite fauna of the Yangtze region and the biogeographical distribution of diversity in the latest Ordovician

2003 ◽  
Vol 174 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Chen ◽  
Michael J. Melchin ◽  
Jun-xuan Fan ◽  
Charles E. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Endemic Species ◽  
Middle Latitude ◽  
Biogeographical Distribution ◽  
Diversity Gradient ◽  
Extinction Event ◽  
Endemic Genera ◽  
High Level ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Very High ◽  
High Diversity

Abstract Ashgillian graptolites have been described and recorded globally from 15 different paleoplates. The most diverse graptolite faunas are from the Yangtze region, South China, including 28 genera and 96 species. Among them, 25 genera and 73 species belong to the DDO fauna (Dicranograptidae – Diplograptidae – Orthograptidae fauna), and only three genera but 23 species belong to the N fauna (Normalograptidae fauna). Among the Yangtze graptolite fauna there are six endemic genera and 51 endemic species, which represent 21% and 52%, respectively, of the Ashgillian fauna in the region. This is an unusually high level of endemism. Endemic species are present in both the endemic and the cosmopolitan genera. A late Ashgillian stepwise extinction event has recently been recognized, based on graptolite diversity changes and graphic correlation. This begins with a major extinction from the Diceratograptus mirus Subzone to the middle Normalograptus extraordinarius-N. ojsuensis Zone, and ends with a minor extinction prior to the end of the Normalograptus persculptus Zone. Graptolite faunal replacement of the DDO fauna by the N fauna occurred throughout this interval. A comparison of Ashgillian graptolite diversity between the Yangtze region and other regions indicates that two different biogeographical realms existed in mid-Ashgillian time. A moderate-diversity graptolite fauna is present in the low-middle latitude realm, which includes South Scotland, Kazakhstan, Kolyma, Nevada, Yukon, Canadian Arctic, SE Australia. The Yangtze region was located in this realm, but was characterized by a very high-diversity fauna. Some other localities, including eastern Avalonia (Wales and England), the Argentina Precordillera, and Bohemia, which mainly represent the mid- to high-latitude realm, contain the lower-diversity mid-Ashgillian assemblages. This biogeographical distribution suggests a latitudinal diversity gradient, which may be controlled mainly by water temperature. This climate gradient becomes much less evident by late Hirnantian time in which most parts of the world have a relatively low diversity fauna totally dominated by normalograptid species, many of which appear to have been eurytopic. Throughout the Ashgillian, however, the Yangtze platform shows a high diversity and long persistence of DDO taxa the mass extinction interval. This may be a consequence of the semi-restricted nature of the basin in which conditions relatively favorable to graptolite survival and speciation existed throughout all or most of the Hirnantian.

scholarly journals KARAKTERISTIK STRUKTUR KOMUNITAS IKAN KARANG TARGET DAN INDIKATOR DI PERAIRAN TAMAN NASIONAL KOMODO

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Ayuningtyas Indrawati ◽  
Isa Nagib Edrus ◽  
Tri Aryono Hadi
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
National Park ◽  
Coral Cover ◽  
Reef Fishes ◽  
Distribution Area ◽  
Target Fish ◽  
Future Potential ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Density And Biomass ◽  
Very High

Perairan karang Taman Nasional Komodo merupakan wilayah penangkapan ikan dan daerah tujuan wisata laut. Kondisi tutupan karang pada umumnya sudah di bawah 50%, namun dampak yang akan muncul terhadap ikan karang belum diteliti dan hal ini dibutuhkan bagi pengelolaan kawasan tersebut. Tujuan penelitian adalah mendapatkan karakteristik struktur komunitas ikan karang, meliputi komposisi, sebaran, kepadatan stok, dan biomassa ikan. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Juni 2019 dengan mengunakan metode sensus bawah air pada transek garis permanen untuk masing-masing stasiun penelitian. Sensus visual mendapatkan 128 spesies ikan target dari 21 suku dan 30 spesies ikan indikator dari suku Chaetodontidae. Rata-rata kepadatan stok ikan target dan ikan indikator adalah masing-masing 182 ± 67 individu/350m2 dan 35 ± 15 individu/350m2. Ukuran panjang ikan terbanyak antara 15 cm – 30 cm. Biomassa ikan target sebesar 1.174 ± 617 kg/hektar. Ikan karang target dan ikan indikator yang memiliki sebaran luas masing-masing 13 spesies dan 2 spesies . Komposisi kehadiran jenis ikan target di lokasi penelitian hanya 3% yang berdistribusi sangat tinggi, 7% berdistribusi tinggi, 18% berdistribusi sedang, 21% berdistribusi rendah dan 51% berdistribusi sangat rendah. Sementara jenis-jenis ikan indikator yang intensitas distribusinya sangat tinggi dan tinggi hanya 7%, dan lainnya tergolong sedang (23%), rendah (40%) sampai sangat rendah (23%). Kondisi sebaran spesies diduga menyebabkan keanekaragaman ikan karang pada keseluruhan lokasi penelitian terhitung tinggi, tetapi rendah untuk masing-masing lokasi penelitian. Semua lokasi di dalam kawasan taman nasional maupun diluar taman diperlukan pemantauan dengan porsi yang sama dan dilakukan secara berkala.Coral Reef Waters of Komodo National Park are fishing grounds and marine tourism destinations. The last condition of coral cover percentages of the regions have sustained below of 50%, however, their future potential impacts on fishes have not been studied and these will be needed in other to manage the regions. The study aimed to update reef fishes data in terms of some features of a community reef fish structure including composition, distribution, density, and biomass. A study was carried out in June, 2019 by using an underwater census visual at a permanent transect belt in the respective study sites. A total of 128 target fish species were recorded belonging to 21 families and 30 indicator fish species of Cahetodontidae were succesfully identified. The density mean of target and indicator fishes are 182 ± 67 individual/350m2 and 35 ± 15 individual/350m2, respectively. Most of fish sizes ranged from 15 cm to 30 cm. The biomass mean of target fishes are 1,174 ± 617 kg/hectare. Only for 13 species of target fishes that have high distribution in overall the study sites and 2 species of indicator fishes, as well. Composition present of target reef fishes in the distribution area given were in levels of 3% very high, 7% high, 18% fair, 21% low,and 51% veri low. Meanwhile, those for indicator fishes were in levels of 7% very high and high, 23% fair, 40% low, and 23% veri low. There was mayor significant diversity of reef fishes for overall study sites, however those was minor for respective study sites.The whole locations weather in-side or out-side of Komodo National Park need the equal portion for priodical monitoring.

التغير المناخي واثره في المقنن المائي لمحصول العنب في محافظة ديالى

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (34) ◽  
pp. 391-422
Author(s):  
اشواق حسن حميد صالح
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Solar Brightness ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Climate Station ◽  
The Times ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High

Climate change and its impact on water resources is the problem of the times. Therefore, this study is concerned with the subject of climate change and its impact on the water ration of the grape harvest in Diyala Governorate. The study was based on the data of the Khanaqin climate station for the period 1973-2017, (1986-2017) due to lack of data at governorate level. The general trend of the elements of the climate and its effect on the water formula was extracted. The equation of change was extracted for the duration of the study. The statistical analysis was also used between the elements of the climate (actual brightness, normal temperature, micro and maximum degrees Celsius, wind speed m / s, relative humidity% The results of the statistical analysis confirm that the water ration for the study area is based mainly on the X7 evaporation / netting variable, which is affected by a set of independent variables X1 Solar Brightness X4 X5 Extreme Temperature Wind Speed ​​3X Minimal Temperature and Very High Level .

Relations between carbon removal rates, biofilm size and density of a novel anaerobic reactor: the inverse turbulent bed

2000 ◽  
Vol 41 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 253-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Buffière ◽  
R. Moletta
Keyword(s):  
Removal Rate ◽  
Removal Rates ◽  
Carbon Removal ◽  
Biofilm Growth ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Biomass Activity ◽  
High Turbulence ◽  
The One ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High

An anaerobic inverse turbulent bed, in which the biogas only ensures fluidisation of floating carrier particles, was investigated for carbon removal kinetics and for biofilm growth and detachment. The range of operation of the reactor was kept within 5 and 30 kgCOD· m−3· d−1, with Hydraulic Retention Times between 0.28 and 1 day. The carbon removal efficiency remained between 70 and 85%. Biofilm size were rather low (between 5 and 30 μm) while biofilm density reached very high values (over 80 kgVS· m−3). The biofilm size and density varied with increasing carbon removal rates with opposite trends; as biofilm size increases, its density decreases. On the one hand, biomass activity within the reactor was kept at a high level, (between 0.23 and 0.75 kgTOC· kgVS· d−1, i.e. between 0.6 and 1.85 kgCOD·kgVS · d−1).This result indicates that high turbulence and shear may favour growth of thin, dense and active biofilms. It is thus an interesting tool for biomass control. On the other hand, volatile solid detachment increases quasi linearly with carbon removal rate and the total amount of solid in the reactor levels off at high OLR. This means that detachment could be a limit of the process at higher organic loading rates.

A Tight Connection Among Wealth, Income, Sustainability, and Accounting in an Ultra-Simplified Setting

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin L. Weitzman
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Theoretical Relationship ◽  
Level Of Abstraction ◽  
Tight Connection ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High

In theory, and under some very strong assumptions, there exists a tight quantitative relationship among the following four fundamental economic concepts: (1) ‘wealth’; (2) ‘income’; (3) ‘sustainability’; (4) ‘accounting’. These four basic concepts are placed in quotation marks here because a necessary first step will be to carefully and rigorously define what exactly is meant by each. This chapter reviews what is known about this important fourfold quantitative relationship in an ultra-simplified setting. It identifies some basic applications of this simplified economic theory of wealth and income (and sustainability and accounting). While the contents of this chapter are expressed at a very high level of abstraction and require many restrictive assumptions, the fundamental fourfold relationship it sharply highlights should be useful for conceptualizing, at least in principle, what is ‘wealth’ and what is its theoretical relationship to ‘income’, ‘sustainability’, and ‘accounting’.

Management of pregnancy when maternal blood has a very high level of fetal haemoglobin

1994 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 432-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaspal S. Kaeda ◽  
Keshava Prasad ◽  
Richard J. Howard ◽  
Atul Mehta ◽  
Thomas Vulliamy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Blood ◽  
Fetal Haemoglobin ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High

Mutations Causing Constitutive Invertase Synthesis in Yeast: Genetic Interactions with snf Mutations

Genetics ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-253
Author(s):  
Lenore Neigeborn ◽  
Marian Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Region ◽  
Constitutive Expression ◽  
Genetic Interactions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Recessive Mutations ◽  
Constitutive Mutation ◽  
Complementation Groups ◽  
High Level ◽  
Yeast Genetic ◽  
Very High

ABSTRACT We have selected 210 mutants able to grow on sucrose in the presence of 2-deoxyglucose. We identified recessive mutations in three major complementation groups that cause constitutive (glucose-insensitive) secreted invertase synthesis. Two groups comprise alleles of the previously identified HXK2 and REG1 genes, and the third group was designated cid1 (constitutive invertase derepression). The effect of cid1 on SUC2 expression is mediated by the SUC2 upstream regulatory region, as judged by the constitutive expression of a SUC2-LEU2-lacZ fusion in which the LEU2 promoter is under control of SUC2 upstream sequences. A cid1 mutation also causes glucose-insensitive expression of maltase. The previously isolated constitutive mutation ssn6 is epistatic to cid1, reg1 and hxk2 for very high level constitutive invertase expression. Mutations in SNF genes that prevent derepression of invertase are epistatic to cid1, reg1 and hxk2; we have previously shown that ssn6 has different epistasis relationships with snf mutations. The constitutive mutation tup1 was found to resemble ssn6 in its genetic interactions with snf mutations. These findings suggest that CID1, REG1 and HXK2 are functionally distinct from SSN6 and TUP1.

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