scholarly journals The costs of single species programmes and the budget constraint

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 108
Author(s):  
Emma Moran ◽  
Ross Cullen ◽  
Kenneth F. D. Hughey
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Threatened Species ◽  
Annual Cost ◽  
Conservation Management ◽  
Species Conservation ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Budget Constraint ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Threatened Status

Despite the scarcity of funding for species conservation programmes, estimation of the cost of threatened species programmes occurs in only a few countries. This paper examines the reasons for the lack of species programme cost estimates and the likely impacts of this on conservation management. We report methodology used to estimate cost for eleven New Zealand species programmes and their estimated costs over a ten year period. Differences between species in the costs of the programmes and the breakdown of the costs are highlighted. The estimated costs are compared with expected levels of expenditure on each species to illustrate the existence of a budget constraint for threatened species. The likely effects of cost of species conservation exceeding expenditures on species conservation are examined. Annual cost data is used together with information on rate of conservation progress to estimate time and total cost for each species to reach Not Threatened status.

Archival DNA reveals cryptic biodiversity within the Spotted Shag (Phalacrocorax punctatus) from New Zealand

The Condor ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas J Rawlence ◽  
Matt J Rayner ◽  
Tim G Lovegrove ◽  
Debbie Stoddart ◽  
Melanie Vermeulen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Conservation Management ◽  
Species Conservation ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Mitochondrial Control Region ◽  
Phylogenetic Structure ◽  
Management Guidelines ◽  
Conservation Concern ◽  
Cryptic Biodiversity ◽  
Archival Dna

Abstract Genetic data are increasingly being used to prioritize species conservation in a fiscally constrained age of seemingly boundless conservation crises. Such data can also reveal previously cryptic biodiversity requiring further revision of conservation management guidelines. Using a combination of mitochondrial (control region) and nuclear (beta fibrinogen intron 7) DNA, and morphology, we reveal that the endemic New Zealand Spotted Shag (Phalacrocorax punctatus) complex exhibits phylogenetic structure that is decoupled from previously recorded qualitative morphological variation. Crucially, the most genetically distinct populations within P. punctatus are from northern New Zealand; recent surveys show that these populations, which house important genetic diversity within Spotted Shags, are in danger of being extirpated. In contrast, we find the previously phenotypically differentiated nominate (P. punctatus punctatus) and Blue (P. punctatus oliveri) Shag subspecies show no genetic and morphological separation, and are of least conservation concern.

Phylogeny, systematics and rarity assessment of New Zealand endemic Saphydrus beetles and related enigmatic larvae (Coleoptera : Hydrophilidae : Cylominae)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Seidel ◽  
Yûsuke N. Minoshima ◽  
Richard A. B. Leschen ◽  
Martin Fikácek
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Primary Reason ◽  
Altitudinal Distribution ◽  
Population Number ◽  
Threatened Status ◽  
Over Time

The New Zealand endemic beetle genus Saphydrus Sharp, 1884 (Coleoptera:Hydrophilidae:Cylominae) is studied in order to understand its phylogenetic position, species-level systematics, biology and distribution, and to reveal reasons for its rarity. The first complete genus-level phylogeny of Cylominae based on two mitochondrial (cox1, 16S) and two nuclear genes (18S, 28S) covering 18 of 19 genera of the subfamily reveals Saphydrus as an isolated lineage situated in a clade with Cylorygmus (South America), Relictorygmus (South Africa) and Eurygmus (Australia). DNA is used to associate two larval morphotypes with Saphydrus: one of them represents the larvae of S. suffusus Sharp, 1884; the other, characterised by unique characters of the head and prothorax morphology, is revealed as sister but not closely related to Saphydrus. It is described here as Enigmahydrus, gen. nov. with a single species, E. larvalis, sp. nov., whose adult stage remains unknown. Saphydrus includes five species, two of which (S. moeldnerae, sp. nov. and S. tanemahuta, sp. nov.) are described as new. Larvae of Enigmahydrus larvalis and Saphydrus suffusus are described and illustrated in detail based on DNA-identified specimens. Candidate larvae for Saphydrus obesus Sharp, 1884 and S. tanemahuta are illustrated and diagnosed. Specimen data are used to evaluate the range, altitudinal distribution, seasonality and population dynamics over time for all species. Strongly seasonal occurrence of adults combined with other factors (winter occurrence in S. obesus, occurrence at high altitudes in S. tanemahuta) is hypothesised as the primary reason of the rarity for Saphydrus species. By contrast, Enigmahydrus larvalis underwent a strong decline in population number and size since the 1970s and is currently known from a single, locally limited population; we propose the ‘nationally threatened’ status for this species. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:28D87163-29E8-418C-9380-262D3038023A

Islands as refuges for threatened species: multispecies translocation and evidence of species interactions four decades on

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bertram Ostendorf ◽  
Wayne S. J. Boardman ◽  
David A. Taggart
Keyword(s):  
Threatened Species ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Ecosystem Engineer ◽  
Species Conservation ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Interspecies Interactions ◽  
Significant Preference ◽  
Extinction Rates

Australia has one of the worst mammal extinction rates in the world, with translocations to refuge locations increasingly being advocated to help address problems of species decline. Offshore islands can function as these refuges, removing species from threatening processes and providing a source of animals for reintroduction. Historically, the focus of many island translocations in Australia has been the conservation of a single species, with data on long-term translocation success and population dynamics after release generally lacking. Here we examine the results of a multispecies translocation onto Wedge Island, off the South Australian coast 30–40 years ago. Fewer than a dozen individuals of three species – southern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons), black-footed rock-wallaby (Petrogale lateralis pearsonii), and brush-tailed bettong (Bettongia penicillata) – were released. All three species have shown substantial population increase and wombat activity across the island has increased exponentially with >700 burrows detected. Substantial levels of co-use of wombat burrows by rock-wallabies and bettongs were observed, providing clear evidence for interspecies interactions. Rock-wallabies showed a significant preference for wombat-active burrows (45% co-used), whereas bettongs showed a significant preference for wombat-inactive burrows (10% used). This study suggests that islands have significant potential for long-term threatened species conservation and that translocation of an ecosystem engineer may increase habitat complexity and help improve habitat suitability for multiple species and thus increase the overall conservation benefit.

The Optimum Timing and Maximum Impact of Full Rehabilitation of New Zealand Housing Stock

1998 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 1295-1311 ◽  
Author(s):  
I M Johnstone
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Housing Stock ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Empirical Estimates ◽  
Stable Housing ◽  
New Construction ◽  
The Cost

The author develops a simulation model to estimate the optimum timing and maximum impact of full rehabilitation of New Zealand housing stock. The model is based on the theories of classical population dynamics. Data used in the model include empirical estimates of the mortality of New Zealand housing stock, assumed schedules of depreciation of dwelling services, and assumed schedules of annual maintenance costs. The dwelling service years provided by dwellings serve as a proxy for benefits of rents or imputed rents (excluding rent for land). The cost to construct one dwelling and fractions thereof serve as a proxy for costs of maintenance, rehabilitation, replacement, and new construction. Optimum timing of rehabilitation can increase the quantity of benefits provided by the housing stock per unit total cost but a reduction in the growth rate of new dwellings has a greater impact in achieving the same objective. A stationary and stable housing stock can provide 45% more dwelling services per unit total cost than a housing stock which doubles in size every 35 years.

scholarly journals Varied success from the landscape-scale management of kiwi Apteryx spp. in five sanctuaries in New Zealand

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
HUGH A. ROBERTSON ◽  
PIM J. M. de MONCHY
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Conservation Management ◽  
Species Conservation ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Landscape Scale ◽  
Population Modelling ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Operating Budget ◽  
Mammalian Predators ◽  
Forest Conditions

SummaryIn late 2000, five sanctuaries were established on the mainland of New Zealand for the express purpose of protecting populations of five kiwi Apteryx spp. taxa belonging to three species. Conservation management was undertaken at a landscape scale (10,000–20,000 ha) in each sanctuary to improve recruitment of kiwi. This was done by controlling introduced mammalian predators (especially stoats Mustela erminea), and/or by removing eggs and chicks from predation risk, and returning subadults when they were big enough to cope with stoats. Population modelling of the first five years of the sanctuary programme indicated that kiwi numbers in all five sanctuaries would increase as a result of the management. Calculated population increases varied from 0.6% per year at Okarito to 11.3% per year at Moehau, even though predator trapping was more intense at Okarito. The variation from site to site was explained by the widely different inherent productivity of the various kiwi taxa; widely different rates of adult mortality due to the presence or absence of dogs Canis familiaris and ferrets M. furo, the main predators of long-lived adult kiwi; and, local forest conditions affecting predator-prey cycles, and the density of stoats. As a result of this analysis, the management in four of the five sanctuaries has since been modified to try to achieve better overall gains for kiwi within the same operating budget.

Future direction for the conservation of New Zealand?s biodiversity

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark N. H. Seabrook-Davison ◽  
Dianne H. Brunton ◽  
Weihong Ji
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Threatened Species ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Conservation Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Species Management ◽  
Future Direction ◽  
Biodiversity Changes

Recent analyses (Clout, 2001; Cullen et al. 2005; Hartley, 1997; Joseph et al. 2008; Joseph et al. 2009) of the management of New Zealand?s biodiversity have highlighted the challenge of allocating limited resources, especially the funding of threatened species. Our essay includes frequent citation of Joseph et al. (2008, 2009) as the Project Prioritization Protocol (PPP) modal proposed in their papers is co-written by Department of Conservation (DOC) staff, and may be the metric used in future allocation of resources to New Zealand?s threatened species. Limited resourcing of threatened species management and recovery is a worldwide problem, extensively documented in the conservation literature (Spring et al. 2007; Sutherland, 2009). Reviews of conservation management practices (Craig and Stewart, 1994; Sutherland, 2009; Sutherland et al. 2004; Ussher, 1999) have called for the justification of conservation research by quantifying biodiversity changes and testing solutions. Therefore it is appropriate that novel strategies such as those presented by Joseph et al. (2008, 2009) are available for assessment. Any suggestions for improvement must engage a full debate on the current demands on natural resources (Sarukhan and Whyte, 2005) and the emerging threats to biodiversity, such as climate change (Kostyack and Rohlf, 2008). Development and Implementation of management strategies for threatened species need to be cognizant of not only the ecological (Clark et al. 1994; Tear et al. 1993) needs of threatened species, but also cultural (Charnley, 2006; Craig and Stewart, 1994; McBride et al. 2007) and economic (Craig, 1998; Cullen et al. 2005; Moran, 2003; Perhans et al. 2008; Sinden, 2004) factors.

Estimation of the cost of MS in Europe: Extrapolations from a multinational cost study

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1054-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Sobocki ◽  
M. Pugliatti ◽  
K. Lauer ◽  
G. Kobelt
Keyword(s):  
Annual Cost ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Cost Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Total Annual Cost ◽  
Cost Study ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Prevalence Estimates ◽  
The Cost

The present study aims at estimating the total cost of MS in Europe based on actual cost data from nine countries and published epidemiological evidence. The epidemiological data are reported as 12 months prevalence estimates and cost data calculated as annual cost per patient at given levels of disease severity. Cost data are extrapolated to the rest of Europe based on a model, using economic indexes adjusting for price level differences in different sectors between countries. The aggregated annual cost estimates are presented in Euro for 2005. In 28 European countries with a population of 466 million, an estimated 380 000 individuals are affected by MS. The total annual cost of MS in Europe is estimated at 12.5 billion in year 2005, corresponding to a cost of 27 per European inhabitant. Direct costs represent slightly more than half of the total cost (6.0 billion). Informal care is estimated at 3.2 billion, and indirect costs due to morbidity at 3.2 billion. Thus, the largest component of costs is found outside the formal health care sector. Although our model appears to predict costs reasonably well, when comparing to previous national studies not included in the estimates, there are considerable uncertainties when extrapolating cost data across countries even within Europe. These weaknesses can only be overcome by collecting primary data. Multiple Sclerosis 2007; 13: 1054—1064. http://msj.sagepub.com

scholarly journals Quantifying the Cost of Drone-Related Threats in New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Shelley
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Annual Cost ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Terror Attack ◽  
Mass Shooting ◽  
Frame Work ◽  
Illegal Activities ◽  
The Cost

Abstract This article provides initial estimates of the most significant threats from drones in New Zealand. An economic approach is adopted with risks expressed as an expected annual cost, which is consistent with the adoption of a cost-benefit frame-work for policy development. It will be demonstrated that the expected annual cost of drone misuse are greater than that of a mass shooting, with the risks in the prison system alone exceeding the expected cost of a mass shooting. The expected annual cost of a terror attack exceeds that of the risks to the aviation industry. However current government proposals for registration of drones and licensing of pilots will do little to address the potential threats, which generally – though not exclusively – arise from individuals who have no intention of complying with the law. Indeed, it seems unlikely that the Ministry of Transport’s proposed policies will be effective in countering the most significant threats – those policies are likely to cost more than the risk that they might avert. Consequently there is a need to develop a strategy for countering the misuse of drones by those engaged in illegal activities.

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