Are economic instruments the saviour for biodiversity on private land?

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 223 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Gibbons ◽  
S. V Briggs ◽  
J. M. Shields
Keyword(s):  
Threatened Species ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Public Land ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Private Land ◽  
Economic Instruments ◽  
Species Lists ◽  
Drought Relief ◽  
Head Of Government

IT is the year 2020. Farmers have broken the record for the number of threatened species recorded on private property in a single year. Five species of woodland bird are removed from threatened species lists. The area of private land managed for biodiversity now exceeds the area of public land managed for biodiversity. Farm income from biodiversity is greater than wheat. The Biodiversity Growers Association calls for the environment levy on Australian taxpayers to be increased. Drought relief payments are at an all time low. Retiring head of government conservation agency described as "visionary" by farmers' representatives.

scholarly journals On Inequality of Rights in Agricultural Land Privatization

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.38) ◽  
pp. 342
Author(s):  
Victor Aleksandrovich Mayboroda1
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Public Land ◽  
Economic Regulation ◽  
Private Land ◽  
Current Application ◽  
Land Privatization ◽  
Agricultural Use

The article examines the institution of agricultural land privatization. Considering the dynamics of modern legislation, considerable attention is paid to the historical overview of the development of regulatory developments in this institution. Currently, due to uncertain meaning of the term "privatization", the author emphasized its semantic content in regulating land relations in general and in connection with the turnover of agricultural land, in particular through the application of content analysis methods in normative materials. In addition, the land purchase was compared with certain provisions of foreign legal systems. The study has led to conclusions regarding the need for formation of independent law enforcement practices for privatization of agricultural land for agricultural use. The author suggests using this term if there is a regional norm on privatization. At the same time, if the regional legislation establishes the date for privatization commencement beyond an obvious planning horizon and does not allow the use of this particular institution, the author offers to transform public property into private using the institution to purchase land granted on a lease basis. The current application of the institute of public land privatization for agricultural use lacks the opposition of semantic burden of privatization to other forms of transformation of public possession into private property. The absence of such opposition in a law enforcement practice provides an opportunity for confusion of privatization and land purchase when considering specific disputes. Today, those participating in privatization, i.e. persons who can potentially purchase publicly owned lands, are in unequal conditions with regard to other methods of acquiring public lands, including through purchase in case of a bona fide rent. The study itself aims to understand the results of public land transformation into private land based on a priori provision on the need to form a competitive environment for the existence of various forms of ownership through economic regulation methods, avoiding the provision of legal advantages to individual forms of ownership.   

Legitimation of Private Property in the Means of Production in Ukraine

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 64-87
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Reznik ◽  
Oleksandr Reznik
Keyword(s):  
Private Property ◽  
Psychological Adaptation ◽  
Social Recognition ◽  
Private Enterprises ◽  
Private Land ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Basic Hypothesis ◽  
Ideological Attitudes ◽  
Means Of Production

This article explores the sources of legitimacy of private property in the means of production in Ukraine. The conceptualization of legitimacy of private property was made by analyzing theoretical approaches to the study of the foundations of private property relations in Western countries. The application of these approaches tests economic utilitarian, psychological, and sociocultural explanations of legitimacy of large and small private enterprises and private land in the process of activation of post-communist transition of Ukrainian society. The basic hypothesis was that the process of legitimation of private property in the means of production proceeds by uniting utilitarian and psychological adaptation with sociocultural agreement of ideological attitudes. This hypothesis was verified with the help of created legitimacy indices by comparison of linear regressions and data of the Institute of Sociology of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) of Ukraine for 2013 and 2017. The results indicate that the hypothesis has been held true only concerning legitimacy of small private enterprises. They have acquired a moderate extent of legitimacy owing to the fact that besides the factors of adaptation, social recognition has increased at the expense of people who support the multiparty system and the liberal and mixed methods of regulation of the economy. In contrast, the existence of large private enterprises and private land has not acquired the corresponding sociocultural foundation.

Gardening as More than Urban Agriculture: Perspectives from Smaller Midwestern Cities on Urban Gardening Policies and Practices

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Christopher Strunk ◽  
Ursula Lang
Keyword(s):  
Urban Agriculture ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Community Gardens ◽  
Public Land ◽  
Vacant Lots ◽  
Urban Gardening ◽  
Privately Owned ◽  
Policies And Practices

For the most part, research and policymaking on urban gardening have focused on community gardens, whether in parks, vacant lots, or other public land. This emphasis, while important for many Midwestern cities, can obscure the significance of privately owned land such as front yard and back yard and their crucial connections with gardening on public land. In this case study, we examine how policies and practices related to gardening and the management of green space in two Midwestern cities exceed narrow visions of urban agriculture. The article explores the cultivation of vacant lot gardens and private yards as two modes of property in similar Midwestern contexts and argues that the management of green space is about more than urban agriculture. Instead, we show how urban gardening occurs across public/private property distinctions and involves a broader set of actors than those typically included in sustainability policies. Gardening also provides a key set of connections through which neighbors understand and practice sustainability in Midwestern cities.

Using evidence of decline and extinction risk to identify priority regions, habitats and threats for plant conservation in Australia

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (7) ◽  
pp. 541 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Silcock ◽  
R. J. Fensham
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Threatened Species ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Plant Conservation ◽  
State Legislation ◽  
Risk Of Extinction ◽  
The Status ◽  
Species Lists ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Efficient Recovery

Threatened species lists are used at global, national and regional scales to identify species at risk of extinction. Many species are listed due to restricted population size or geographic distribution, and decline is often inferred rather than quantified. Vascular plants comprise over 70% of nationally listed threatened species, but there is an incomplete picture of which species are most at risk of extinction, where these occur and the factors behind their declines. We compiled published information and the best available field knowledge including 125 expert interviews to identify declining and at risk species. The candidate list comprised 1135 taxa, which were mostly listed as Critically Endangered or Endangered under Federal and/or State legislation, but included 80 that are currently unlisted but considered to be highly threatened. In total, 418 taxa were assessed as having a documented, suspected or projected continuing decline. These were ranked based on extinction risk and magnitude of continuing decline, which suggest that 296 are at risk of extinction under current management regimes, including 55 at high risk of extinction. Declining and imperilled taxa are concentrated in a relatively small number of regions and habitats, and six threatening processes are driving the majority of declines. Field surveys and robust, repeatable monitoring are required to better inform population trends and extinction risk, as well as inform the status of almost 200 taxa that are potentially imperilled but poorly known. Identification of declining taxa can identify key issues for flora conservation across a continent, and allow for targeted and efficient recovery efforts.

The State—Local Regulatory Nexus in US Growth Management: Claims of Property and Participation in the Localist Resistance

1994 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
T A Clark
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Regional Growth ◽  
Growth Management ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Private Land ◽  
Local Participation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Starting Point

Influenced possibly more by volume than substance, some scholars have concluded that significant progress is being realized in state-level land-use regulation in the United States. In truth, more time must pass before a definitive evaluation of the more comprehensive efforts can be made. In this critical paper I examine the statewide growth-management legislation of the four states having tripartite (local—regional—state) administrative hierarchies: Florida, Vermont, Maine, and Georgia. There and elsewhere, numerous structural compromises have won adoption. Bold declarations of regulatory intent are found here often to be wrapped around ambiguous and easily subverted administrative mechanisms and standards. With prima facie evidence of significant structural shortcomings in hand, I then restore focus on the founding debates in search of a synthesis that might be more supportive of regional growth management. Using the theory of local autonomy as a starting point, I disentangle the normative foundations of the Liberal ethic of local participation and ‘control’, and of private rights in property. The centralization of growth management is seen by its proponents as a means to regionalize the ‘public interest’ in land use, positing a new and more expansive norm defining the public's interest in private property. Opponents, on the other hand, resist the public encumbrance of private land, and find in centralization a regionalized ‘public’ desirous of greater control and less amenable to private influence. In these opposing views, however, lies the possibility of less conflicted, more efficacious regional growth-management enactments. Centralization, I conclude, can actually deepen the capacity for ‘local’ participation yet at the same time extend its domain to matters of regional concern. The result can improve the capability of the local state to manage spillovers, achieve more sustainable patterns of growth, and facilitate more satisfactory templates of private investment and equity accumulation.

scholarly journals What Role Do Threatened Species Lists Play in New Zealand Conservation?

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Ocock
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Threatened Species ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Conservation Priorities ◽  
Species List ◽  
Threat Status ◽  
Species Lists ◽  
Edge List ◽  
Effective Conservation

Threatened species' lists have been consistently reviewed as easily misused, inappropriately applied, counterproductive, and reflecting changes in knowledge more often than changes in threat status (Burgman, 2002; de Grammont and Cuaron, 2006; Possingham et al., 2002; Seminoff and Shanker, 2008). However, with limited resources to deal with endangered species, effective conservation decision-making needs a means of determining where priorities lie. The EDGE list of the world's most ?Evolutionary Distinct? and ?Globally Endangered? amphibians ranks New Zealand's endemic Archey's Frog Leiopelma archeyi at the top of its list (www.edgeofexistence.org/ amphibians/top_100.php). What role should this ranking or any other threatened species list play in determining conservation priorities in New Zealand?

scholarly journals Features Of The Legal Regime Of National Parks Under The Legislation Of The Republic Of Poland

2019 ◽  
pp. 119-132
Author(s):  
N.R. Kobetska
Keyword(s):  
Nature Conservation ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
National Parks ◽  
National Park ◽  
Private Property ◽  
State Ownership ◽  
Private Land ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Problematic Issue ◽  
The Republic

The article presents an analysis of one of the oldest and most important forms of nature conservation - National Parks, and their regulation in the legislation of the Republic of Poland. The material is based on the systematic interpretation of the Law of the Republic of Poland «On Nature Conservation», the analysis of scientific literature and the identification of some problematic issues of implementation of the prescriptions of the legislation in practice. Much attention is paid to the theoretical characteristics of National Parks, their place among other forms of nature conservation in Poland, the functions they perform. The issues of creation of the National Park, the regime of management of its territory, organization and zoning of the National Park have been consistently revealed. It also analyzes the bans fixed within the National Park and ensures its protection against external adverse effects. Problematic issues are raised related to the removal of land and real estate from private owners, the achievement of a compromise between private economic interests and public environmental interests. A comparison of the basics of functioning of National Parks in Poland and Ukraine is also partly presented. The author focuses on the differences in the legal regime of national nature parks under the legislation of Ukraine and Poland. The Polish legislation does not distinguish as an independent recreational function and does not allocate separate recreational functions within the national park. At the same time, the organization of tourist routes and the provision of conditions for visiting the park is one of the tasks and a significant source of revenue for the national parks of Poland, and the number of visitors many times exceeds their number in the territories of the national parks of Ukraine. In the territory of the national parks of Poland (as in Ukraine) a combination of exclusive state ownership (in Ukraine - the property of the Ukrainian people) and private property is possible. At the same time, as in Ukraine, the most problematic issue is the acquisition of ownership of real estate (including private land) when creating or expanding the territory of national parks.

Policies for establishing hybrid poplar plantations on private and public lands in western Canada for bioethanol feedstock: A forest-level financial analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashan Shooshtarian ◽  
Jay Anthony Anderson ◽  
Glen W. Armstrong ◽  
Martin K. Luckert
Keyword(s):  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Hybrid Poplar ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Public Land ◽  
Private Land ◽  
Private Lands ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Level Model ◽  
Poplar Plantations

A forest-level model is developed that estimates how policies towards hybrid poplar plantations on private and public land impact harvest levels and values for producing biofuel feedstock. We simulate three policy changes: 1) permitting an increase in harvest levels on public land as a result of establishing hybrid poplar plantations on private land; 2) permitting the establishment of hybrid poplar plantations on public land; and 3) including forest carbon emission offsets in the net benefits realized by the forest operator. We are interested in whether the increase in harvest created by the policies might be enough to supply a biorefinery, and how the value of the operation changes. Our results suggest that jointly managing public and private lands under sustained yield can increase harvest by between 7% and 93%, and increase the value of the operation by between 39% and 263%. Results also suggest that hybrid poplar plantations could enable a leaseholder of one million hectares of public forestland to initiate an allowable cut effect and thereby increase harvest enough to supply a new biorefinery, in addition to its existing pulp mill. Carbon offsets further increase the value of the forest, although harvest begins to decline at high carbon prices.

Land, Landowners, and Tenants

2020 ◽  
pp. 138-196
Author(s):  
Micaela Langellotti
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
Public Land ◽  
Private Land ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Village

This chapter investigates the village agricultural economy, and the evidence for landowning in the early Roman period is interpreted against the generally accepted framework of land tenure in Roman Egypt. The first part of the chapter investigates the location, distribution, and management of the different categories of land. In light of the land-related contracts that were registered at the record-office, a second section discusses the identity and social status of the holders of public land and owners and tenants of private land, their social and economic relations, and how these affected the general social structure of the village. The last part of the chapter examines the role of viticulture, oil production, and pastoralism.

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