Aquatic hyphomycetes from different substrates: substrate preference and seasonal occurrence

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 491 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Thomas ◽  
GA Chilvers ◽  
RH Norris
Keyword(s):  
Riparian Vegetation ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Aquatic Hyphomycetes ◽  
Substrate Availability ◽  
Fungal Flora ◽  
Substrate Preferences ◽  
Eucalyptus Viminalis ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Species Being

Aquatic hyphomycetes occurring in an Australian upland stream (Lees Creek) were sampled from naturally submerged substrates derived from the riparian vegetation. Substrates sampled were bark and phyllodes of Acacia melanoxylon; bark, leaves and twigs of Eucalyptus viminalis; leaves of Pomaderris aspera; fronds of a fern, Blechnum nudum; and leaves of a sedge, Cyperus sp. A total of 47 species of hyphomycetes was detected overall, with maximum subsets of 34 species being recorded from eucalypt twigs and sedge leaves and the minimum number of 28 species being recorded from eucalypt leaves. The fungi showed significant substrate preferences, although no species was confined to a single substrate. Possible reasons for substrate preferences are advanced. The patterns of occurrence of the various fungal species were sufficiently distinct that most substrates could be predicted with a high degree of success from a knowledge of the fungal flora sampled from them. Patterns of occurrence varied with season, probably influenced by changing substrate availability and water temperature.

scholarly journals Ophiocordyceps salganeicola, a parasite of social cockroaches in Japan and insights into the evolution of other closely-related Blattodea-associated lineages

IMA Fungus ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
João P. M. Araújo ◽  
Mitsuru G. Moriguchi ◽  
Shigeru Uchiyama ◽  
Noriko Kinjo ◽  
Yu Matsuura
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Similarity ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Ryukyu Archipelago ◽  
Phylogenetic Placement ◽  
The Social ◽  
Host Jump ◽  
High Degree ◽  
A New Species

AbstractThe entomopathogenic genus Ophiocordyceps includes a highly diverse group of fungal species, predominantly parasitizing insects in the orders Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera. However, other insect orders are also parasitized by these fungi, for example the Blattodea (termites and cockroaches). Despite their ubiquity in nearly all environments insects occur, blattodeans are rarely found infected by filamentous fungi and thus, their ecology and evolutionary history remain obscure. In this study, we propose a new species of Ophiocordyceps infecting the social cockroaches Salganea esakii and S. taiwanensis, based on 16 years of collections and field observations in Japan, especially in the Ryukyu Archipelago. We found a high degree of genetic similarity between specimens from different islands, infecting these two Salganea species and that this relationship is ancient, likely not originating from a recent host jump. Furthermore, we found that Ophiocordyceps lineages infecting cockroaches evolved around the same time, at least twice, one from beetles and the other from termites. We have also investigated the evolutionary relationships between Ophiocordyceps and termites and present the phylogenetic placement of O. cf. blattae. Our analyses also show that O. sinensis could have originated from an ancestor infecting termite, instead of beetle larvae as previously proposed.

scholarly journals Morpho-molecular identification and first report of Fusarium equiseti in causing chilli wilt from Kashmir (Northern Himalayas)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ammarah Hami ◽  
Rovidha S. Rasool ◽  
Nisar A. Khan ◽  
Sheikh Mansoor ◽  
Mudasir A. Mir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Kashmir Valley ◽  
Fusarium Equiseti ◽  
Infected Root ◽  
Fusarium Sp ◽  
High Degree

AbstractChilli (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the most significant vegetable and spice crop. Wilt caused by Fusarium Sp. has emerged as a serious problem in chilli production. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region is widely used as a DNA barcoding marker to characterize the diversity and composition of Fusarium communities. ITS regions are heavily used in both molecular methods and ecological studies of fungi, because of its high degree of interspecific variability, conserved primer sites and multiple copy nature in the genome. In the present study we focused on morphological and molecular characterization of pathogen causing chilli wilt. Chilli plants were collected from four districts of Kashmir valley of Himalayan region. Pathogens were isolated from infected root and stem of the plants. Isolated pathogens were subjected to DNA extraction and PCR amplification. The amplified product was sequenced and three different wilt causing fungal isolates were obtained which are reported in the current investigation. In addition to Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani, a new fungal species was found in association with the chilli wilt in Kashmir valley viz., Fusarium equiseti that has never been reported before from this region. The studies were confirmed by pathogenicity test and re-confirmation by DNA barcoding.

scholarly journals Alternaria spp. IN FOODS: MYCOTOXINS, CELLULAR DAMAGE AND POSSIBLE HEALTH RISK

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (30) ◽  
pp. 19-26
Author(s):  
F. P. de ANDRADE JUNIOR ◽  
T. W. B. ALVES ◽  
M. H. P. de LIRA ◽  
M. E. da S. MENEZES ◽  
I. O. LIMA
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Food Contamination ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Cellular Damage ◽  
Food Storage ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Teratogenic Action ◽  
Species Being

The genus Alternaria is composed of filamentous, dematiaceous, saprophytic and pathogenic fungal species, being responsible for great economic losses during the harvest and food storage. The present study aimed to do a bibliographical survey about the main foods contaminated by Alternaria spp. as well as discuss possible health risks arising from cell damage caused by mycotoxins. It is a literature narrative type review, carried out using Medline/Pubmed, Lilacs, Scielo and Science Direct databases, utilizing documents published between years 2000 and 2017 approaching food contamination by Alternaria spp. A wide diversity of foods contaminated by species of the genus Alternaria was found in literature, with a greater emphasis on cereals, fruits and vegetables. This possible contamination may favor the development of mycotoxins that in their great majority present genotoxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, cytotoxic and teratogenic action. However, due to a large variety of contaminated foods, that is a necessity to adapt Brazilian legislation regarding parameters that impose limits on the amount of mycotoxins produced by Alternaria spp. since the national legislation does not encompass limits for all types of toxins that this genus is capable of producing.

Fungal richness does not buffer the effects of streams salinization on litter decomposition

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Janine Pereira da Silva ◽  
Aingeru Martínez ◽  
Ana Lúcia Gonçalves ◽  
Felix Bärlocher ◽  
Cristina Canhoto
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Litter Decomposition ◽  
Fungal Biomass ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Aquatic Hyphomycetes ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Stream Functioning ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Sporulation Rate ◽  
The Impact

Freshwater salinization is a world-wide phenomenon threatening stream communities and ecosystem functioning. In these systems, litter decomposition is a main ecosystem-level process where fungi (aquatic hyphomycetes) play a central role linking basal resource and higher levels of food-web. The current study evaluated the impact of aquatic hyphomycete richness on leaf litter decomposition when subjected to salinization. In a microcosm study, we analysed leaf mass loss, fungal biomass, respiration and sporulation rate by fungal assemblages at three levels of species richness (1, 4, 8 species) and three levels of salinity (0, 8, 16 g NaCl L‑1). Mass loss and sporulation rate were depressed at 8 and 16 g NaCl L‑1, while fungal biomass and respiration were only negatively affected at 16 g L‑1. A richness effect was only observed on sporulation rates, with the maximum values found in assemblages of 4 species. In all cases, the negative effects of high levels of salinization on the four tested variables superimposed the potential buffer capacity of fungal richness. The study suggests functional redundancy among the fungal species even at elevated salt stress conditions which may guarantee stream functioning at extreme levels of salinity. Nonetheless, it also points to the possible importance of salt induced changes on fungal diversity and identity in salinized streams able to induce bottom-up effects in the food webs.

In-Line Inspection of Engine Valve Seats Using a Non-Contact Range Sensor

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijay Srivatsan ◽  
Bartosz Powałka ◽  
Reuven Katz ◽  
John Agapiou
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Cone Angle ◽  
Valve Seat ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Engine Valve ◽  
Coordinate Measurement ◽  
Range Sensor ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Analyze Data

This paper presents a methodology for the inspection of geometric features on an internal combustion engine valve seat. Inspection of valve seat geometry using a high-precision non-contact range sensor is investigated. A method that can extract the cone angle, the valve seat length and the roundness of the cone surface has been presented. In-line implementation requires a methodology to analyze data from a minimum number of parallel cross sectional profiles of the valve seat. An in-line valve seat inspection prototype machine with two axes of motion that utilizes the method presented in this paper is presented. Validation of the method on several valve seat samples shows a high degree of repeatability, and the results are comparable to coordinate measurement machine measurements of the same samples.

scholarly journals Determining Diversity of Freshwater Fungi on Decaying Leaves: Comparison of Traditional and Molecular Approaches

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 2548-2554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliya G. Nikolcheva ◽  
Amanda M. Cockshutt ◽  
Felix Bärlocher
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Fungal Biomass ◽  
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Rflp Analysis ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Aquatic Hyphomycetes ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Community Evenness

ABSTRACT Traditional microscope-based estimates of species richness of aquatic hyphomycetes depend upon the ability of the species in the community to sporulate. Molecular techniques which detect DNA from all stages of the life cycle could potentially circumvent the problems associated with traditional methods. Leaf disks from red maple, alder, linden, beech, and oak as well as birch wood sticks were submerged in a stream in southeastern Canada for 7, 14, and 28 days. Fungal biomass, estimated by the amount of ergosterol present, increased with time on all substrates. Alder, linden, and maple leaves were colonized earlier and accumulated the highest fungal biomass. Counts and identifications of released conidia suggested that fungal species richness increased, while community evenness decreased, with time (up to 11 species on day 28). Conidia of Articulospora tetracladia dominated. Modifications of two molecular methods—denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis—suggested that both species richness and community evenness decreased with time. The dominant ribotype matched that of A. tetracladia. Species richness estimates based on DGGE were consistently higher than those based on T-RFLP analysis and exceeded those based on spore identification on days 7 and 14. Since traditional and molecular techniques assess different aspects of the fungal organism, both are essential for a balanced view of fungal succession on leaves decaying in streams.

LARVAE AND PUPAE OF SOME EASTERN NORTH AMERICAN TABANIDAE (DIPTERA)

1969 ◽  
Vol 101 (S63) ◽  
pp. 5-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Teskey
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Inadequate Knowledge ◽  
Phylogenetic Implications ◽  
The Family ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Species Being ◽  
Considerable Support ◽  
Wetland Habitats

AbstractBionomic and phylogenetic research on the Tabanidae is hampered by an inadequate knowledge of their immature stages, the larvae and (or) pupae of only 154 of the approximately 2000 world species being known. The present study is an attempt to partially rectify this situation in North America where it is almost as acute as elsewhere.By means of hand-searching or using a specially designed sieve and multiple Berlese funnel, larvae were obtained from 219 wetland habitats of various types in Ontario, New York, Pennsylvania, Vermont, and New Jersey. Many of the larvae were then reared to the adult stage to provide conclusive species identification. During the rearings larval and pupal exuviae were retained and preserved. These together with accurately associated whole preserved larvae and the immatures of several species obtained from other sources were the basis for detailed general descriptions of tabanid larvae and pupae, keys and diagnostic descriptions of these stages as well as descriptive comments on the habitats of the 36 species of Chrysops, 1 Merycomyia, 19 Tabanus, 7 Atylotus, and 18 Hybomitra which are included in the paper. The larvae and pupae of 43 species are described for the first time.In discussing the phylogenetic implications of these larvae and pupae several evolutionary trends and the high degree of concordance between these stages and the adults is pointed out, which lends considerable support to the present classification based solely on adults. The non-alignment of the immatures of some species suggests their improper placement. However, this cannot be proved until the immature stages of many more species covering a broader spectrum of the family are known.Parasitism involving Carinosillus tabanivorus (Hall) (Tachinidae), Villa lateralis Say (Bombyliidae), Diglochis occidentalis Ashm. (Pteromalidae), and Trichopria sp. (Diapriidae) accounted for approximately two per cent of the mortality of reared specimens.

scholarly journals Evaluating riparian vegetation in semi-arid Mediterranean watercourses in the south-eastern Iberian Peninsula

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. JACOBA SALINAS ◽  
GABRIEL BLANCA ◽  
ANA T. ROMERO
Keyword(s):  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Riparian Vegetation ◽  
Vegetation Indices ◽  
The State ◽  
Degradation Index ◽  
Percentage Cover ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Semi Arid

Riparian vegetation is vulnerable to human impact worldwide, and this is especially so in arid areas, yet there have been few quantitative studies and this is especially so in Spain. The state of the riparian vegetation along three major rivers and seasonal watercourses of south-eastern Spain was evaluated during 1992–93, using the species composition and community structure in watercourses of different sizes under different management. Reaches of the watercourses were classified using five vegetation indices, namely percentage cover, species richness, degree of connectivity between patches of the plant communities, number of exotic species, and evidence of natural regeneration. With the integration of these into one index, the degradation state of the riparian vegetation in each reach was quantified. In addition, types of human activities exerting the greatest impact were noted, and a scale to evaluate the intensity of each impact was established. The indications are that agriculture has very substantially altered the natural vegetation, and this index has served to highlight the most altered zones, and thus those in most urgent need of restoration. Less-degraded zones could serve as models and sources of plant species for future restoration. The degradation index made it possible to establish quickly, easily, and with a high degree of accuracy, the state of conservation of the riparian vegetation in the study area.

Aquatic hyphomycete spora in 10 streams of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Bärlocher
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Aquatic Hyphomycetes ◽  
Species Number ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Rapid Loss

Aquatic hyphomycete communities of 10 soft-water streams in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick were investigated with a foam sampling technique. The number of identifiable species varied between 26 and 42. Alkalinity, conductance, pH, and content of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+ were measured in all streams. No significant correlation was found between number of fungal species and any of the chemical parameters. Combining the data with those of an earlier study revealed a significant, negative correlation between species number of a stream and its pH. The number of aquatic hyphomycetes appears to decline slowly, if at all, between 5 and 7. This is followed by a more rapid loss at values above 7.

scholarly journals Growth responses of aquatic hyphomycetes to different sources of carbon and nitrogen

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saraswati Bisht
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Aquatic Hyphomycetes ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Different Sources

Assessment of different sources of carbon and nitrogen in terms of dry weight biomass of four selected aquatic hyphomycetes viz; Flagellospora penicilloides Ingold, Pestalotiopsis submersus Sati and Tiwari, Tetrachaetum elegans Ingold and Tetracladium marchalianum De Wildeman was made for their nutritional requirements. Eight carbon sources and ten nitrogen sources were singly added to the basal media in order to provide 4g of carbon and 1g of nitrogen per litre of distilled water. Among carbon compounds glucose and sucrose were found to be most suitable sources of carbon for all the four fungal isolates, where as fructose proved good for T. marchalianum, P. submersus and F.penicilloides fairly. Cellulose was found a poor source of carbon for the growth of all these isolates. The inorganic sources of nitrogen were found as good nitrogen sources with preference for ammonium ions. Suitability of amino acids was found variable from species to species for nitrogen. T.elegans and T.marchalianum had their maximum growth in asparagines, whereas, P. submersus had their highest growth in proline. Cysteine was observed as a good source of nitrogen for almost all the fungal isolates used. Anova calculated for these observed data showed significant variations in the dry weight production of different fungal species grown in different sources of carbon and nitrogen(P<0.01).

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