Acute Cardio-respiratory responses of Spangled Perch, Leiopotherapon unicolor (Gunther 1859), to Sublethal concentrations of Zinc, Temephos and 2,4-D

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 767 ◽  
Author(s):  
PC Gehrke
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Ventilation Rate ◽  
Cholinesterase Inhibition ◽  
Gill Epithelium ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations ◽  
Respiratory Responses

Spangled perch, Leiopotherapon unicolor, were exposed to concentrations of 5.0, 10 or 20 mg 1-1 zinc, 0.1, 1.0 or 10 mg 1-1 temephos or 0.1, 1.0 or 10 mg 1-1 2,4-D at 25�C for 2 h, during which time ventilation rate, heart rate and oxygen consumption were continuously monitored. Fish exposed to 10 and 20 mg 1-1 zinc demonstrated a significant increase in ventilation rate; those exposed to 20 mg 1-1 also developed a significant bradycardia. Exposure to 10 mg 1-1 temephos caused an immediate reduction in ventilation rate and oxygen consumption, and also reduced heart rate during the second hour of exposure. Fish exposed to 10 mg 1-1 temephos died within 12 h. Responses of fish to 2,4-D gave no indication of toxic effects on the cardio-respiratory system. Cardio-respiratory responses to zinc are attributed to damage caused to the gill epithelium, which results in impaired gas exchange and lowered oxygen tension in arterial blood. Effects of exposure to temephos correspond to cholinesterase inhibition in nerves supplying the respiratory musculature and the heart.

scholarly journals Coca chewing for exercise: hormonal and metabolic responses of nonhabitual chewers

1996 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 1901-1907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Favier ◽  
Esperanza Caceres ◽  
Laurent Guillon ◽  
Brigitte Sempore ◽  
Michel Sauvain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Respiratory Gas Exchange ◽  
Gum Chewing ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Exercise Induced

Favier, Roland, Esperanza Caceres, Laurent Guillon, Brigitte Sempore, Michel Sauvain, Harry Koubi, and Hilde Spielvogel. Coca chewing for exercise: hormonal and metabolic responses of nonhabitual chewers. J. Appl. Physiol. 81(5): 1901–1907, 1996.—To determine the effects of acute coca use on the hormonal and metabolic responses to exercise, 12 healthy nonhabitual coca users were submitted twice to steady-state exercise (∼75% maximal O2 uptake). On one occasion, they were asked to chew 15 g of coca leaves 1 h before exercise, whereas on the other occasion, exercise was performed after 1 h of chewing a sugar-free chewing gum. Plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine, insulin, glucagon, and metabolites (glucose, lactate, glycerol, and free fatty acids) were determined at rest before and after coca chewing and during the 5th, 15th, 30th, and 60th min of exercise. Simultaneously to these determinations, cardiorespiratory variables (heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, oxygen uptake, and respiratory gas exchange ratio) were also measured. At rest, coca chewing had no effect on plasma hormonal and metabolic levels except for a significantly reduced insulin concentration. During exercise, the oxygen uptake, heart rate, and respiratory gas exchange ratio were significantly increased in the coca-chewing trial compared with the control (gum-chewing) test. The exercise-induced drop in plasma glucose and insulin was prevented by prior coca chewing. These results contrast with previous data obtained in chronic coca users who display during prolonged submaximal exercise an exaggerated plasma sympathetic response, an enhanced availability and utilization of fat (R. Favier, E. Caceres, H. Koubi, B. Sempore, M. Sauvain, and H. Spielvogel. J. Appl. Physiol. 80: 650–655, 1996). We conclude that, whereas coca chewing might affect glucose homeostasis during exercise, none of the physiological data provided by this study would suggest that acute coca chewing in nonhabitual users could enhance tolerance to exercise.

Physiological variability in neonatal armadillo quadruplets: within- and between-litter differences

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (11) ◽  
pp. 1733-1740 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Bagatto ◽  
D.A. Crossley ◽  
W.W. Burggren
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Ventilation Rate ◽  
Dasypus Novemcinctus ◽  
Genetic Components ◽  
Physiological Variability ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Physiological Characters

The role of genetics on neonatal physiological variability was examined in the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus). Since armadillos give birth to only monozygous quadruplets, the genetic variation within litters is essentially zero. Quadruplets born in captivity were isolated and weighed within 8 h of birth. Oxygen consumption (V.(O2)) was measured in resting neonates by flow-through respirometry, heart rate obtained from an electrocardiogram and ventilation was measured by impedance techniques. Following the measurements, neonates were returned to the mother. Measurements were repeated at 4 and 8 days after birth. Mean heart rate significantly increased from 132 beats min(−1) on the day of birth to 169 beats min(−1) on day 8. Mean ventilation rate significantly decreased from 81 breaths min(−1) on the day of birth to 54 breaths min(−1) on day 8. During this same developmental period, mean mass significantly increased from 100 g to 129 g, and mean mass-specific oxygen consumption significantly decreased from 32.2 ml O(2)kg(−1)min(−1) to 28.6 ml O(2)kg(−1) min(−1). For all variables measured, within-litter variability was always significantly less than between-litter variability, confirming a ‘sibling effect’ that we attribute to the genetic components determining physiological characters.

scholarly journals Responses to Acute Aquatic Hypoxia in Larvae of the Frog Rana Berlandieri

1983 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARTIN E. FEDER
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Total Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Loss ◽  
Anuran Larvae ◽  
Ventilation Frequency ◽  
Gill Ventilation ◽  
Rana Berlandieri

The oxygen consumption of larvae of the frog Rana berlandieri Baird was reduced during exposure to aquatic hypoxia at 25°C, and under severe hypoxia the larvae lost oxygen to the water. The larvae responded to aquatic hypoxia by increasing aerial oxygen consumption and lung ventilatory frequency, and also by altering their heart rate and gill ventilation frequency. Under severe or prolonged aquatic hypoxia without access to air, Rana larvae accumulated lactate. When prevented from breathing air, the larvae were unable to compensate fully by increasing their aquatic oxygen consumption. Body size or the interaction of body size and oxygen partial pressure significantly affected the aerial oxygen consumption, the total oxygen consumption and gill ventilation frequency, but did not affect other aspects of larval gas exchange. Anuran larvae resemble air-breathing fishes in some responses to aquatic hypoxia (e.g. increased dependence upon aerial oxygen uptake and changes in ventilatory frequencies), but are unusual in some ways (e.g. oxygen loss to the water). The interactions of body size and hypoxia are not sufficient to explain why so many anuran larvae without lungs are small.

Some physiological responses of man to workload and environment

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Suggs ◽  
W. E. Splinter
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Oxygen Consumption Rate ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Mechanical Efficiency ◽  
Prediction Equation ◽  
Ventilation Rate ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
High Workload

The heart rate, ventilation rate, oxygen consumption rate, and mechanical efficiency responses of a subject to a series of temperatures, relative humidities, and workloads were observed. A quadratic prediction equation of each of the responses as steady-state functions of the independent variables was derived. Each of the equations represents a four-dimensional hypersurface. For the heart rate, ventilation rate, and oxygen consumption rate the hypersurfaces are quite similar, the responses increasing rapidly with respect to workload and about one-third as rapidly with respect to temperature. The effect of relative humidity was present primarily as interactions. Mechanical efficiency was represented by a more complex hypersurface. In three dimensions, with relative humidity as a parameter, the response was a saddle-shaped surface with the highest efficiency at a condition of low temperature, high workload. At constant environment, the heart rate responses of 19 subjects to workloads was observed and found to be linear with a normal distribution of slopes. Submitted on May 2, 1960

scholarly journals Effects of environmental hypoxia and hypercarbia on ventilation and gas exchange in Testudines

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Trevizan-Baú ◽  
Augusto S. Abe ◽  
Wilfried Klein
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Breathing Pattern ◽  
Trachemys Scripta ◽  
System A ◽  
Ventilatory Pattern ◽  
Ventilatory Parameters

BackgroundVentilatory parameters have been investigated in several species of Testudines, but few species have had their ventilatory pattern fully characterized by presenting all variables necessary to understand changes in breathing pattern seen under varying environmental conditions.MethodsWe measured ventilation and gas exchange at 25 °C in the semi-aquatic turtleTrachemys scriptaand the terrestrial tortoiseChelonoidis carbonariusunder normoxia, hypoxia, and hypercarbia and furthermore compiled respiratory data of testudine species from the literature to analyze the relative changes in each variable.ResultsDuring normoxia both species studied showed an episodic breathing pattern with two to three breaths per episode, but the non-ventilatory periods (TNVP) were three to four times longer inT. scriptathan inC. carbonarius. Hypoxia and hypercarbia significantly increased ventilation in both species and decreased TNVPand oxygen consumption inT. scriptabut not inC. carbonarius.DiscussionContrary to expectations, the breathing pattern inC. carbonariusdid show considerable non-ventilatory periods with more than one breath per breathing episode, and the breathing pattern inT. scriptawas found to diverge significantly from predictions based on mechanical analyses of the respiratory system. A quantitative analysis of the literature showed that relative changes in the ventilatory patterns of chelonians in response to hypoxia and hyperbarbia were qualitatively similar among species, although there were variations in the magnitude of change.

Effects of GABA receptor blockage on the respiratory response to hypoxia in sedated newborn piglets

1994 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 1006-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Huang ◽  
C. Suguihara ◽  
D. Hehre ◽  
J. Lin ◽  
E. Bancalari
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Receptor Blocker ◽  
Newborn Piglets ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Ventilatory Response To Hypoxia

Brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels increase during hypoxia, which may modulate the ventilatory response to hypoxia. To test the possibility that the depressed neonatal ventilatory response to hypoxia may be related to increased central nervous system GABA activity, 26 sedated spontaneously breathing newborn piglets (age 5 +/- 1 day, wt 1.7 +/- 0.4 kg) were studied. Minute ventilation (VE), oxygen consumption, heart rate, arterial blood pressure, and arterial blood gases were measured in room air and after 1, 5, and 10 min of hypoxia (inspired O2 fraction 0.10) before drug intervention. Immediately after these measurements, an infusion of saline or the GABA alpha-receptor blocker (bicuculline, 0.3 mg/kg iv) or beta-receptor blocker (CGP-35348, 100–300 mg/kg iv) was administered while animals were hypoxic. All measurements were repeated at 1, 5, and 10 min after initiation of the drug infusion. Basal VE was similar among groups. During hypoxia, VE increased significantly in the animals that received either a GABA alpha- or beta-receptor blocker but not in those receiving saline. Changes in arterial Po2, oxygen consumption, heart rate, and arterial blood pressure were similar among groups before and after saline or GABA antagonist infusion. These results suggest that the decrease in ventilation during the biphasic ventilatory response to hypoxia in the neonatal piglet is in part mediated through the depressant effect of GABA on the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Swimming and Diving in Tufted Ducks, Aythya Fuligula, with Particular Reference to Heart Rate and Gas Exchange

1983 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 311-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Woakes ◽  
P. J. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Dive Duration ◽  
Air Breathing

In six tufted ducks there was a linear relationship between heart rate and oxygen consumption when swimming at different velocities.Mean oxygen consumption at mean duration of voluntary dives was 3.5 times resting and not significantly different from that at maximum sustainable swimming speed. Contrary to an earlier report (Prange & Schmidt-Nielsen, 1970), leg beat frequency increased with increased swimming speed. Although heart rate at mean dive duration was 51 % higher than the resting value, it was a significant 59 beats min−1 lower than predicted from the heart rate/oxygen consumption relationship obtained during swimming. This relationship is, therefore, of no use for predicting oxygen consumption from heart rate during diving, nor incidentally during transient changes during air breathing. It is concluded that during voluntary diving in tufted ducks there is a balance between the cardiovascular responses to forced submersion (bradycardia, selective vasoconstriction) and to exercise in air (tachycardia and vasodilatation in active muscles), with the bias towards the latter.

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