The Nacteous (Mottled) Group of the Goldfish (Carassius auratus L.), with an Analysis of the Colours Seen in these Fish

1952 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 126 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Affleck
Keyword(s):  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Yellow Pigment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Red Pigment ◽  
Orange Pigment ◽  
Black Smoke ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Orange Yellow ◽  
Yellow Pigments ◽  
First Time

The colours of nacreous (mottled) fish are usually mottled but specimens do occur in which only one kind of the black, orange, or yellow chromatophores is present, while some lack pigments over most of the body. The colours appear metallic, pearl, or matt depending on the presence or absence of reflecting tissue in two definite layers. The hues seen in these fish are black, smoke, blue, orange, yellow, blood-red, and silver, which occur singly or in combinations. These hues are produced by black, orange, and yellow pigments in chromatophores, silver reflectillg tissue, and haemoglobin in the blood. The presence of a yellow pigment — a carotenoid — is reported for the first time. Although the colour red has been reported no red pigment has ever been described. An intense orange pigment will produce a red effect on a pale blood-red background. The nacreous (mottled) group of the goldfish is intermediate between the metallic (scaled) and matt (transparent) groups with regard to the amount of reflecting tissue. The colours of these fish may not be used as criteria of the groups.

Phytotherapy of ulcerative dermatitis induced by Aeromonas hydrophila infection in goldfish ( Carassius auratus )

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramasamy Harikrishnan ◽  
Chellam Balasundaram ◽  
Young-Gun Moon ◽  
Man-Chul Kim ◽  
Ju-Sang Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Curcuma Longa ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sublethal Dose ◽  
Ocimum Sanctum ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Successful Recovery

Goldfish ( Carassius auratus ) weighing 13 ± 2 g were administered intramuscularly a sublethal dose (1.8 × 10 3 cfu/ml) of Aeromonas hydrophila to induce ulcerative dermatitis. On day 3 and day 6 after infection the fish were dip-treated (for 5 min/day) with a tri-herbal concoction of Curcuma longa, Ocimum sanctum and Azadirachta indica (1%). The LD 50 value was recorded at a concentration of 2.3 × 10 4 between 30 and 36 days after infection. In the infected untreated group the cumulative mortality was higher, while in the early-treated group (day 3) there was no mortality. In the late-treated group (6th day) the mortality increased to 23.3% on day 36. In the infected group the size of ulcers progressively increased from 43.3% of the body length on day 18 to 86.7% on day 36. In the early-treated fish the size of ulcers was 23.3% of the body length on day 18; by day 36 after treatment the ulcer had completely healed. In contrast, there was only a moderate recovery in the late-treated group. From the results it can be concluded that early tri-herbal treatment ensures successful recovery from ulcerative dermatitis induced by A. hydrophila .

scholarly journals GABA Receptor Inhibition and Severe Hypoxia Induce a Paroxysmal Depolarization Shift in Goldfish Neurons

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Thomas Buck ◽  
Nariman Hossein-Javaheri
Keyword(s):  
Gaba Receptor ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Threshold Current ◽  
Protective Mechanisms ◽  
Gabaergic Neurotransmission ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Receptor Inhibition ◽  
Paroxysmal Depolarization Shift ◽  
Excitotoxic Cell Death ◽  
First Time

Mammalian neurons undergo rapid excitotoxic cell death when deprived of oxygen; however, the common goldfish (Carassius auratus) has the unique ability of surviving in oxygen-free waters. This organism utilizes γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) signaling to suppress excitatory glutamatergic activity during anoxic periods. Although GABAA receptor antagonists are not detrimental to the cell, co-inhibition of GABAA and GABAB receptors is detrimental by abolishing anoxia-induced neuro-protective mechanisms. In this article we show that blocking anoxic GABAergic neurotransmission induces seizure-like activity (SLA) analogous to a paroxysmal depolarization shift (PDS), with an elevation in action potential (AP) threshold and threshold current. The observed PDS was attributed to an increase in excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP) currents that are normally attenuated with decreasing oxygen levels. Furthermore, for the first time, we show that in addition to PDS, some neurons undergo depolarization block and do not generate AP despite a supra threshold membrane potential. In conclusion, our results indicate that with anoxia and absence of GABA receptor activity, telencephalic neurons of Carassius auratus manifest a paroxysmal depolarization shift, a key feature of epileptic discharge.

The distribution and tissue retention of mercury-203 in the goldfish (Carassius auratus)

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin Weisbart
Keyword(s):  
Gall Bladder ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Head Kidney ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
The Body ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Intestinal Tissue ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Constant Rate

Goldfish injected intraperitoneally with 203Hg(NO3)2 lost mercury at an apparent constant rate resulting in a biological half-life of 568 h. Correlated with this loss was a linear increase in the amount of mercury in the water.The mercury-203 content in the tissues displayed four different responses.(1) Gall bladder, gonad, and spleen tissues showed no significant regressions.(2) Eye, kidney, and intestinal tissue manifested significant losses of mercury, but the rate of loss was not significantly different from that of the body as a whole.(3) Gill, heart, skin, and swim bladder tissues lost mercury at rates faster than the body as a whole.(4) Brain, liver, muscle, and head kidney tissues showed no significant losses of mercury.

scholarly journals Trypetheliaceae of Bolivia: an updated checklist with descriptions of twenty-four new species

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 661-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam FLAKUS ◽  
Martin KUKWA ◽  
André APTROOT
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Outer Layer ◽  
Red Pigment ◽  
Orange Pigment ◽  
Present Treatment ◽  
First Time

AbstractThe present treatment shows that the lichen family Trypetheliaceae is an important component of lowland and montane tropical forests in Bolivia. A total of 75 species are currently recognized in Bolivia, of which 24 are new to science and a further 37 are reported for the first time from the country. The following species are described: Architrypethelium penuriixanthum Flakus & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from A. hyalinum in the lack of lichexanthone in the thallus; Astrothelium amylosporum Flakus & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from A. subdisjunctum in having 8-spored asci and amyloid ascospores; A. bullatum Flakus & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from A. megaspermum in having a bullate thallus, a clear hamathecium, 8-spored asci and smaller amyloid ascospores; A. carrascoense Flakus, Kukwa & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from A. meristosporum in having broader ascospores without distinctly thickened median septa, an unidentified xanthone as major substance, and mostly eccentric ostioles; A. elixii Flakus & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from all other Astrothelium species in the presence of lichexanthone in the outer layer of thallus and pseudostromata and isohypocrellin inside the pseudostromata, and muriform ascospores; A. inspersotuberculosum Flakus & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from A. tuberculosum in having an inspersed hamathecium; A. megaeneum Flakus & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from A. croceum in having a thallus covered by parietin, and mostly fused ascomata with intermediate, fused to separated ostioles surrounded by a common ostiolar area; A. neodiplocarpum Flakus, Kukwa & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from A. diplocarpum in the absence of medullary pigment and in the amyloid ascospores; A. nigrocacuminum Flakus, Kukwa & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from A. megochroleucum in having fused, eccentric ostioles and black (UV−) tops of the pseudostromata; A. pallidoflavum Flakus & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from A. cinnamomeum in having wider ascospores; A. pyrenuliforme Flakus & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from A. ecuadoriensis ecuadoriense in having shorter ascospores and in the presence of pseudocyphellae; A. subscoria Flakus & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from A. scoria in having non-aggregated ascomata; A. variabile Flakus & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from A. ochroleucoides in the longer ascospores; Bathelium boliviense Flakus & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from B. lineare in the presence of isohypocrellin inside the pseudostromata; B. flavostiolatum Flakus & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from all other Bathelium species in the presence of lichexanthone near the ostioles (tops of pseudostromata UV+ yellow) and an orange (K+ carmine red) pigment inside the pseudostromata, the absence of lichexanthone in the thallus, an inspersed hamathecium, and 13–17-septate ascospores; B. inspersomastoideum Flakus & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from B. mastoideum in having an inspersed hamathecium; B. mirabile Flakus, Kukwa & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from other Bathelium species in the pseudostromata containing isohypocrellin inside and parietin outside; B. pruinosum Flakus, Kukwa & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from Astrothelium ochroleucoides in having 8-spored asci, shorter ascospores, an inspersed hamathecium, and an unidentified anthraquinone (orange pigment K+ carmine red) inside the pseudostromata; Constrictolumina chiquitana Flakus, Kukwa & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from other known Constrictolumina species in having brown and 1-septate to submuriform ascospores; Dictyomeridium lueckingii Flakus & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from D. proponens in having smaller and less septate ascospores; Polymeridium xanthoexcentricum Flakus & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from P. alboflavescens in having mostly eccentric ostioles; Pseudopyrenula flavosuperans Flakus & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from P. superans in having a hamathecium inspersed with yellow oil globules; Trypethelium astroideum Flakus & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from T. subeluteriae in having K+ carmine red pseudostromata containing parietin inside and black tops with an additional unidentified anthraquinone (rust-red pigment K+ purple, UV−) on the outside, partly fused ostioles, and larger ascospores; and T. xanthoplatystomum Flakus & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from T. platystomum in the presence of lichexanthone in the thallus.

scholarly journals Predileksi dan Perubahan Patologi Anatomi pada Ikan Maskoki (Carassius auratus) akibat Infestasi Lernaea cyprinacea Di Kabupaten Tulungagung [Predilection and Anatomical Pathology Changes in Goldfish (Carassius auratus) Due to Lernaea Cyprinacea Infestation in Tulungagung]

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 159
Author(s):  
Kismiyati, Nadia Ayu Fadila Asshaufi, Hari Suprapto
Keyword(s):  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pathological Examination ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Scoring Method ◽  
Anatomic Pathology ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Lernaea Cyprinacea ◽  
Anatomical Pathology

Abstract Goldfish (Carassius auratus) is one of the most popular freshwater fish, therefore they has a very great potential market. Increased effort in Goldfish (Carassius auratus) aquaculture industry, fish farmer also faced greater problems. One of it is disease caused by ectoparacites Lernaea cyprinacea. The predilection of Lernaea cyprinacea can be be directly visible, by the presence of parasites attached to the body surface, fins, gills, eyes and mouth of fish. Lernaea cyprinacea attack on fish can cause pathological change such as lesions and nodules on the skin and fins. This research was conducted in March-November 2013. Location of sampling conducted in Tulungagung East Java while Goldfish (Carassius auratus) pathological examination in the Laboratory of Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Airlangga University. The purpose of this study was to determine the predilection of Lernaea cyprinacea that mostly infested on Goldfish (Carassius auratus) and knowing the change of anatomical pathology in Goldfish (Carassius auratus) infested by Lernaea cyprinacea. The method used was a survey method with random sampling technique and change in anatomic pathology described by the scoring method. The result showed that the predilection of Lernaea cyprinacea mostly infested on Goldfish (Carassius auratus) on dorsal and caudal fin, anatomic pathology changes on Goldfish (Carassius auratus) that infested by Lernaea cyprinacea are abscess, haemorhage, laceration, and fins damaged

scholarly journals Characteristics of biology of goldfish Carassius auratus (L.) in small rivers of the Kuibyshevsky water reservoir basin

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26
Author(s):  
Vjatscheslav Kuznetsov ◽  
Vladimir Kuznetsov
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
The Body ◽  
Small Rivers ◽  
Kuibyshev Reservoir ◽  
Age Composition ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Reservoir Basin ◽  
Average Body

The article touches upon the problems of breeding goldfish Carassius Auratus (L.), abundance of juveniles, size and age composition of the catches and the growth of this species in small rivers (for example, the Kazanka River and the lower reaches of the Sviyaga River) in terms of stocking the Kuibyshev Reservoir by goldfish. It has been stated that the process of stocking small rivers with goldfish has much in common with that in the reservoir. Spawning in the Kazanka in 2016 proceeded in two stages, and the gonads contained the roe of 2 portions. The first mass spawning took place from 11 to 20 May, and the second spawning – from 11 to 20 June. Macrophytes, driftwood and washed away roots of trees served as substrate for spawning. During the reproduction period of the species in the river the proportion of females made 75.0%, males - 25.0%. In the lower reaches of the Sviyaga in the period of 1998-2001 the proportion of males in catches made 26.1-65.7%. The maximum number of goldfish larvae and fingerlings in the lower reaches of the Sviyaga was observed in 2007-2009 and in 2014. These years had a similar regime of water level, but different temperature conditions in the spring period. Males in the catches had smaller sizes and body weight, compared with females. In the Kazanka in 2013-2016 the average body length of females in catches ranged within 16.7-23.8 cm, and males – within 15.9-20.6 cm. The age composition of goldfish in the river in 2013 consisted of 4-8 summer fish of 2006-2008 generations. Among them prevailed individuals at the age of 6 (53.1%) of the 2006 generation. In 2014-2016 in the catches there were fish aged 6-9 years old, although there were individuals up to 15 years old. The body length of the similar aged individuals of both sexes was not significantly different. Student criterion between both sexes at different ages ranged from 0.06 to 0.84. Growth of individuals of different generations in 2007-2010 also did not differ reliably. Thus, the average body size of 6- year-old fish of these generations ranged from 17.7 to 18.1 cm. The growth of goldfish in different reaches of the Kuibyshev Reservoir was higher than in the Kazanka, but Fulton fatness coefficient in the river was lower. The average values of the fatness coefficient ranged from 3.24 to 3.63 in the river, and in the reservoir reaches they are from 2.93 to 3.07.

scholarly journals Bioaccumulation, Subacute Toxicity, and Tissue Distribution of Engineered Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Goldfish (Carassius auratus)

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Ates ◽  
Veysel Demir ◽  
Ragip Adiguzel ◽  
Zikri Arslan
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Dioxide ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Exposure Dose ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
Nanosized Materials ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus

The increased use of nanosized materials is likely to result in the release of these particles into the environment. It is, however, unclear if these materials are harmful to aquatic animals. In this study, the sublethal effects of exposure of low and high concentrations of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) on goldfish (Carassius auratus) were investigated. Accumulation of TiO2NPs increased from 42.71 to 110.68 ppb in the intestine and from 4.10 to 9.86 ppb in the gills of the goldfish with increasing exposure dose from 10 to 100 mg/L TiO2NPs. No significant accumulation in the muscle and brain of the fish was detected. Malondialdehyde as a biomarker of lipid oxidation was detected in the liver of the goldfish. Moreover, TiO2NPs exposure inhibited growth of the goldfish. Although there was an increase (8.1%) in the body weights of the goldfish for the control group, in the low and high exposure groups 1.8% increase and 19.7% decrease were measured, respectively. The results of this study contribute to the current understanding of the potential ecotoxicological effects of nanoparticles and highlight the importance of characterization of NPs in understanding their behavior, uptake, and effects in aquatic systems and in fish.

scholarly journals Optimizing the Growth, Health, Reproductive Performance, and Gonadal Histology of Broodstock Fantail Goldfish (Carassius auratus, L.) by Dietary Cacao Bean Meal

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1808
Author(s):  
Hanan. S. Al-Khalaifah ◽  
Shimaa A. Amer ◽  
Dina M. M. Al-Sadek ◽  
Alshimaa A. Khalil ◽  
Eman M. Zaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Serum Level ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Block Design ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Bean Meal

The potential effects of cacao bean meal, Theobroma cacao L., (CBM) on the growth, health status, blood biochemical parameters, antioxidant, immune status, physiological parameters, female reproductive performance, and gonadal histological features of fantail goldfish (Carassius auratus, L.) were evaluated using a complete randomized block design with sex as a block. The trial lasted for 60 days. A total of 54 healthy fantail goldfish (36 broodstock females and 18 broodstock males) were randomly allocated into three treatments with supplementation of three levels of cocoa powder 0, 5, and 10 g kg−1 diet, CBM0, CBM5, and CBM10, respectively, with the sex ratio being four females:two males per replicate. The body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of males were increased in the CBM10 treatment (p < 0.05). The CBM10 diet improved relative feed costs (p < 0.05). Females fed on the CBM10 diet had an increase in the serum level of total protein (p = 0.001). Females fed on a diet supplemented with CBM5 showed a decrease in the serum level of triglyceride compared to females fed on CBM0 and CBM10 diets (p = 0.03). CBM10 diet increased the serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of fish compared to CBM0 and CBM5 diets (p = 0.004). Serum levels of testosterone and estradiol were significantly increased in males fed on the CBM10 diet. The female reproductive performance was improved by CBM supplementation (p < 0.05). Ovarian histology exhibited increased granulation and follicle numbers after dietary CBM supplementation compared to the control treatment. Therefore, cacao bean meal can be used as a feed supplement in the diets of fantail goldfish for improving the growth, health status, and female reproductive performance, economic efficiency, and gonadal histological structure.

The Research on Adjusting Color of Tinting Pigment and the Controlling of the Parameter

2011 ◽  
Vol 236-238 ◽  
pp. 1234-1237
Author(s):  
Chuan Shan Zhao ◽  
Jing Jing Wang ◽  
Quan Peng Li
Keyword(s):  
Contact Time ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
Yellow Pigment ◽  
Red Pigment ◽  
Orange Pigment ◽  
Paper Making ◽  
Maximum Value

More and more case boards were used in our society. Shade adjusting plays an important part in case board manufacturing. Tinting pigment can replace dyes used in color adjusting of paper making. Tinting pigment has the advantages of less dosage, better coverage, better stability and also lower cost. In this article, the shortages of dye used in adjusting color and the present situation of tinting pigment used in adjusting color were introduced. The factors of beating degree of soft wood, the additives of AKD, contact time and PH to the tinting pigment adjusting color were investigated also. The results showed that the effect of color adjusting was best when the beating degree of wood soft was 44°SR. AKD was good to color adjusting of pigment in papermaking. The best contact time of red pigment and yellow pigment choose 6 minutes. The best contact time of orange pigment choose 4 minutes. With the increasing of PH, the value of a* and b* improved first and then declined. The red pigment reached the maximum value when the PH was 5.5, while the yellow pigment and orange pigment reached the maximum value when the PH was 6. So the best PH of red pigment was 5.5. The best PH of yellow pigment and orange pigment were 6.

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