Effects of high pCO2 on early life development of pelagic spawning marine fish

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 2106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana M. Faria ◽  
Soraia Filipe ◽  
Ana F. Lopes ◽  
Ana P. Oliveira ◽  
Emanuel J. Gonçalves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Fish ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Mouth Opening ◽  
Elevated Pco2 ◽  
High Pco2 ◽  
Solea Senegalensis ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Pco2 Treatment ◽  
Pelagic Spawning

The present study investigated the effect of elevated pCO2 on the development of early stages of the pelagic spawning marine fish Solea senegalensis, Diplodus sargus and Argyrosomus regius. Eggs and larvae were reared under control (pH 8.0, ~570μatm) and two elevated pCO2 conditions (pH 7.8, ~1100μatm; pH 7.6, ~1900μatm) until mouth opening (3 days post-hatching). Egg size did not change with exposure to elevated pCO2, but hatching rate was significantly reduced under high pCO2 for all three species. Survival rate was not affected by exposure to increased pCO2, but growth rate was differently affected across species, with A. regius growing faster in the mid-level pCO2 treatment compared with control conditions. S. senegalensis and A. regius hatched with smaller yolk sacs under increased pCO2 but endogenous reserves of D. sargus were not affected. Otoliths were consistently larger under elevated pCO2 conditions for all the three species. Differences among egg batches and a significant interaction between batch and pCO2 suggest that other factors, such as egg quality, can influence the response to increased pCO2. Overall, the results support the occurrence of a species-specific response to pCO2, but highlight the need for cautious analysis of potential sensitivity of species from unreplicated observations.

scholarly journals Effect of elevated <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> on trace gas production during an ocean acidification mesocosm experiment

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (21) ◽  
pp. 6649-6658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng-Hui Zhang ◽  
Juan Yu ◽  
Qiong-Yao Ding ◽  
Gui-Peng Yang ◽  
Kun-Shan Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Production ◽  
Mesocosm Experiment ◽  
Elevated Pco2 ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
High Pco2 ◽  
Logarithmic Growth Phase ◽  
Chl A ◽  
Pco2 Treatment ◽  
Logarithmic Growth ◽  
Phase Phase

Abstract. A mesocosm experiment was conducted in Wuyuan Bay (Xiamen), China, to investigate the effects of elevated pCO2 on the phytoplankton species Phaeodactylum tricornutum (P. tricornutum), Thalassiosira weissflogii (T. weissflogii) and Emiliania huxleyi (E. huxleyi) and their production ability of dimethylsulfide (DMS), dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), as well as four halocarbon compounds, bromodichloromethane (CHBrCl2), methyl bromide (CH3Br), dibromomethane (CH2Br2) and iodomethane (CH3I). Over a period of 5 weeks, P. tricornuntum outcompeted T. weissflogii and E. huxleyi, comprising more than 99 % of the final biomass. During the logarithmic growth phase (phase I), mean DMS concentration in high pCO2 mesocosms (1000 µatm) was 28 % lower than that in low pCO2 mesocosms (400 µatm). Elevated pCO2 led to a delay in DMSP-consuming bacteria concentrations attached to T. weissflogii and P. tricornutum and finally resulted in the delay of DMS concentration in the high pCO2 treatment. Unlike DMS, the elevated pCO2 did not affect DMSP production ability of T. weissflogii or P. tricornuntum throughout the 5-week culture. A positive relationship was detected between CH3I and T. weissflogii and P. tricornuntum during the experiment, and there was a 40 % reduction in mean CH3I concentration in the high pCO2 mesocosms. CHBrCl2, CH3Br, and CH2Br2 concentrations did not increase with elevated chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations compared with DMS(P) and CH3I, and there were no major peaks both in the high pCO2 or low pCO2 mesocosms. In addition, no effect of elevated pCO2 was identified for any of the three bromocarbons.

scholarly journals Response of <i>Nodularia spumigena</i> to <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> – Part 2: Exudation and extracellular enzyme activities

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 567-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Endres ◽  
J. Unger ◽  
N. Wannicke ◽  
M. Nausch ◽  
M. Voss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Extracellular Enzymes ◽  
Extracellular Enzyme ◽  
High Pco2 ◽  
Nodularia Spumigena ◽  
Extracellular Enzyme Activities ◽  
Pco2 Treatment ◽  
Co2 Concentrations

Abstract. The filamentous and diazotrophic cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena plays a major role in the productivity of the Baltic Sea as it forms extensive blooms regularly. Under phosphorus limiting conditions Nodularia spumigena have a high enzyme affinity for dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) by production and release of alkaline phosphatase. Additionally, they are able to degrade proteinaceous compounds by expressing the extracellular enzyme leucine aminopeptidase. As atmospheric CO2 concentrations are increasing, we expect marine phytoplankton to experience changes in several environmental parameters, including pH, temperature, and nutrient availability. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effect of CO2-induced changes in seawater carbonate chemistry and of phosphate deficiency on the exudation of organic matter, and its subsequent recycling by extracellular enzymes in a Nodularia spumigena culture. Batch cultures of Nodularia spumigena were grown for 15 days under aeration with low (180 μatm), medium (380 μatm), and high (780 μatm) CO2 concentrations. Obtained pCO2 levels in the treatments were on median 315, 353, and 548 μatm CO2, respectively. Extracellular enzyme activities as well as changes in organic and inorganic compound concentrations were monitored. CO2 treatment–related effects were identified for cyanobacterial growth, which in turn influenced the concentration of mucinous substances and the recycling of organic matter by extracellular enzymes. Biomass production was increased by 56.5% and 90.7% in the medium and high pCO2 treatment, respectively, compared to the low pCO2 treatment. In total, significantly more mucinous substances accumulated in the high pCO2 treatment, reaching 363 μg Xeq L−1 compared to 269 μg Xeq L−1 in the low pCO2 treatment. However, cell-specific rates did not change. After phosphate depletion, the acquisition of P from DOP by alkaline phosphatase was significantly enhanced. Alkaline phosphatase activities were increased by factor 1.64 and 2.25, respectively, in the medium and high compared to the low pCO2 treatment. We hypothesise from our results that Nodularia spumigena can grow faster under elevated pCO2 by enhancing the recycling of organic matter to acquire nutrients.

scholarly journals Reproductive Performances and Egg Qualities in African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Broodstocks Supplemented with Curcumin and Thyroxine Hormone

Omni-Akuatika ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Livana Dethris Rawung ◽  
Damiana Rita Ekastuti ◽  
Muhammad Zairin Junior ◽  
Min Rahminiwati ◽  
Ade Sunarma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Gonadosomatic Index ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cholesterol Concentration ◽  
Hepatosomatic Index ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Significant Difference

An experiment was designed to study the effects of curcumin and thyroxine hormone supplementation in the diet to improve the reproductive performance of catfish broodstock by improving egg quality that eventually increases the production of seedlings. Catfish used in this experiment were supplemented with curcumin and thyroxine hormone through their feeds for 12 weeks. The results showed that there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the hepatosomatic index (HSI), gonadosomatic index (GSI), percentage of gonad maturity, total cholesterol concentration in the spawned eggs, high density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration in the spawned eggs, fertilization rate of spawned eggs, and hatching rate of fertilized eggs.  However, there were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the concentration of vitellogenin in the spawned eggs, egg diameter of the spawned eggs, and the triglycerides contents of spawned eggs. It was concluded that curcumin and thyroxine supplementations of African catfish increased vitellogenin concentrations and diameters of spawned eggs that have great potential to improve the reproductive performance.

scholarly journals Low sperm to egg ratio required for successful in vitro fertilisation in a pair-spawning teleost, Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Ramos-Júdez ◽  
Wendy Ángela González-López ◽  
Jhons Huayanay Ostos ◽  
Noemí Cota Mamani ◽  
Carlos Marrero Alemán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Reproductive Behaviour ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Solea Senegalensis ◽  
In Vitro Fertilisation ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Senegalese Sole ◽  
Single Male ◽  
Close Proximity

AbstractCultured Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) breeders fail to spawn fertilised eggs and this bottleneck could be solved with the implementation of large-scale in vitro fertilisation protocols. However, low production of poor-quality sperm has frustrated the development of in vitro fertilisation protocols. Cultured females were induced to ovulate with a 5 µg kg-1 single injection of gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) and good quality eggs (82.6 ± 9.2% fertilisation) were stripped 41:57 ± 1:46 h after the injection. Sperm was collected from cultured males, diluted in modified Leibovitz and used fresh to fertilise the eggs. A non-linear regression, an exponential rise to a maximum (R = 0.93, P < 0.0001) described the number of motile spermatozoa required to fertilise a viable egg and 1617 motile spermatozoa were sufficient to fertilise 99 ± 12% (± 95% CI) of viable eggs. Similar, spermatozoa egg-1 ratios of 592 ± 611 motile spermatozoa egg-1 were used in large-scale in vitro fertilisations with 190,512 ± 38,471 eggs. The sperm from a single male (145 ± 50 µL or 8.0 ± 6.8 × 108 spermatozoa) was used to fertilise the eggs. The mean hatching rate of the large-scale in vitro fertilisations was 70 ± 14 % to provide 131,540 ± 34,448 larvae per fertilisation. When unfertilised eggs were stored at room temperature the percentage of viable eggs decreased gradually and indicated the sooner eggs were fertilised after stripping the higher the viability of the eggs. The collection of sperm directly into a syringe containing modified Leibovitz significantly increased the percentage of motile spermatozoa (33.4 ± 12.2 %) compared to dilution in modified Leibovitz immediately after collection (6.6 ± 4.9 %). Senegalese sole have a pair-spawning reproductive behaviour characterised by external gamete fertilisation in close proximity with no sperm competition. The low spermatozoa egg-1 ratio required for maximum fertilisation was consistent with this reproductive behaviour and strategy. The provision of a large-scale in vitro fertilisation protocol (200 µL of sperm per 100 mL of eggs) will enable the industry to operate sustainably and implement breeding programs to improve production.

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) and the egg size versus egg number trade off: effects of ration size on fecundity are not mediated by orthologues of the Fec gene

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin L. Forbes ◽  
Craig D. Preston ◽  
P. Mark Lokman
Keyword(s):  
Danio Rerio ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Gonadosomatic Index ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Trophic Conditions ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Ration Size

Few studies have demonstrated plasticity of egg size within the confines of an egg size–number trade-off in response to trophic conditions in fishes. Moreover, the physiological mechanisms that govern this plasticity are not known. Growth differentiation factor 9 (Gdf9) and bone morphogenetic factor 15 (Bmp15) are oocyte-specific factors implicated in follicular growth and ovulation in mammals. In order to investigate whether expression levels of these genes were correlated with ration-dependent changes in fecundity in fish, zebrafish (Danio rerio) were subjected to four different feeding regimens. Counts of spawned eggs or vitellogenic follicles were used to estimate fecundity, whereas quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses were performed to determine Gdf9 and Bmp15 mRNA levels in response to changes in ration size. Both relative fecundity and gonadosomatic index increased significantly with increased ration size, whereas egg size and hatching rate decreased significantly. No significant differences in Gdf9 or Bmp15 transcript abundance were evident between feeding regimens, suggesting that these growth factors do not govern fecundity in fish. However, favourable trophic conditions markedly affected follicle or egg size and number, with important implications for downstream egg quality and survival.

Comparative energetics during early development of two marine fish species, Solea senegalensis (Kaup) and Sparus aurata (L.)

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (12) ◽  
pp. 2175-2183 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Parra ◽  
M. Yúfera
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Specific Growth Rate ◽  
Marine Fish ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Sparus Aurata ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Solea Senegalensis ◽  
Ingestion Rates ◽  
Respiration Rates

SUMMARY Growth, energy content, ingestion and respiration rates and energetic efficiencies were measured in the larvae of two marine fish (Solea senegalensis and Sparus aurata) whose eggs have a similar diameter (approximately 1mm) and energy content (approximately 1J), but whose larvae reach a quite different mass after the first month of life. Experiments were carried out in populations reared under the same conditions in the laboratory during the first month after hatching. Solea senegalensis grow from hatching to the start of metamorphosis (approximately day 14) at twice the rate of Sparus aurata (specific growth rate for Solea senegalensis 0.25μgday−1; specific growth rate for Sparus aurata 0.12μgday−1). The tissues in Solea senegalensis larvae accumulated energetic reserves that were used during metamorphosis, which occurred during the third week after hatching. Ingestion and respiration rates differed in the two species during the experimental period. Although Solea senegalensis continued eating during metamorphosis, the specific ingestion rates decreased during the process. Nevertheless, no great differences in specific ingestion rates and rates of oxygen consumption were observed when comparing the same larval mass range. Larvae of both species showed an allometric relationship between respiration rate and biomass. The energetic efficiencies calculated in the present study denoted different metabolic patterns in each species. In Solea senegalensis, the energy used for growth increased progressively during the larval (pelagic) period and then, from the first signs of metamorphic transformation, remained almost constant. In this species, the energy allocated to growth was greater than that allocated to metabolic processes. Sparus aurata invested less energy in growth than in metabolic processes and displayed a constant energy allocation throughout the experimental period. During the first month after hatching, Solea senegalensis always allocated more energy for growth than did Sparus aurata.

scholarly journals Elevated pCO2 drives lower growth and yet increased calcification in the early life history of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis (Mollusca: Cephalopoda)

2015 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 970-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia D. Sigwart ◽  
Gillian Lyons ◽  
Artur Fink ◽  
Magdalena A. Gutowska ◽  
Darren Murray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Shell Morphology ◽  
Elevated Pco2 ◽  
High Pco2 ◽  
Sepia Officinalis ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Ocean acidification is an escalating environmental issue and associated changes in the ocean carbonate system have implications for many calcifying organisms. The present study followed the growth of Sepia officinalis from early-stage embryos, through hatching, to 7-week-old juveniles. Responses of cuttlefish to elevated pCO2 (hypercapnia) were investigated to test the impacts of near-future and extreme ocean acidification conditions on growth, developmental time, oxygen consumption, and yolk utilization as proxies for individual fitness. We further examined gross morphological characteristics of the internal calcareous cuttlebone to determine whether embryonically secreted shell lamellae are impacted by environmental hypercapnia. Embryonic growth was reduced and hatching delayed under elevated pCO2, both at environmentally relevant levels (0.14 kPa pCO2 similar to predicted ocean conditions in 2100) and extreme conditions (0.40 kPa pCO2). Comparing various metrics from control and intermediate treatments generally showed no significant difference in experimental measurements. Yet, results from the high pCO2 treatment showed significant changes compared with controls and revealed a consistent general trend across the three treatment levels. The proportion of animal mass contributed by the cuttlebone increased in both elevated pCO2 treatments. Gross cuttlebone morphology was affected under such conditions and cuttlebones of hypercapnic individuals were proportionally shorter. Embryonic shell morphology was maintained consistently in all treatments, despite compounding hypercapnia in the perivitelline fluid; however, post-hatching, hypercapnic animals developed denser cuttlebone laminae in shorter cuttlebones. Juvenile cuttlefish in acidified environments thus experience lower growth and yet increased calcification of their internal shell. The results of this study support recent findings that early cuttlefish life stages are more vulnerable towards hypercapnia than juveniles and adults, which may have negative repercussions on the biological fitness of cuttlefish hatchlings in future oceans.

scholarly journals Variable responses of temperate calcified and fleshy macroalgae to elevated pCO2 and warming

2015 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 693-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Kram ◽  
N. N. Price ◽  
E. M. Donham ◽  
M. D. Johnson ◽  
E. L. A. Kelly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Photosynthetic Efficiency ◽  
Multiple Stressors ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Co2 Enrichment ◽  
Elevated Pco2 ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Calcareous Algae ◽  
High Pco2 ◽  
Physiological Tolerance

Abstract Anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions simultaneously increase ocean temperatures and reduce ocean surface pH, a process termed ocean acidification (OA). OA is expected to negatively affect the growth and physiology of many calcified organisms, but the response of non-calcified (fleshy) organisms is less well understood. Rising temperatures and pCO2 can enhance photosynthetic rates (within tolerance limits). Therefore, warming may interact with OA to alter biological responses of macroalgae in complicated ways. Beyond thresholds of physiological tolerance, however, rising temperatures could further exacerbate negative responses to OA. Many studies have investigated the effects of OA or warming independently of each other, but few studies have quantified the interactive effects of OA and warming on marine organisms. We conducted four short-term independent factorial CO2 enrichment and warming experiments on six common species of calcified and fleshy macroalgae from southern California to investigate the independent and interactive effects of CO2 and warming on growth, carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzyme activity, pigment concentrations, and photosynthetic efficiency. There was no effect of elevated pCO2 on CA activity, pigment concentration, and photosynthetic efficiency in the macroalgal species studies. However, we found that calcareous algae suffered reduced growth rates under high pCO2 conditions alone, although the magnitude of the effect varied by species. Fleshy algae had mixed responses of growth rates to high pCO2, indicating that the effects of pCO2 enrichment are inconsistent across species. The combined effects of elevated pCO2 and warming had a significantly negative impact on growth for both fleshy and calcareous algae; calcareous algae experienced five times more weight loss than specimens in ambient control conditions and fleshy growth was reduced by 76%. Our results demonstrate the need to study the interactive effects of multiple stressors associated with global change on marine communities.

scholarly journals Effect of dietary astaxanthin on reproductive performance, egg quality and larvae of clowfish Amphiprion ocellaris (Cuvier, 1830)

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4A) ◽  
pp. 163-172
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thi Nguyet Hue ◽  
Ho Son Lam ◽  
Dao Thi Hong Ngoc ◽  
Dang Tran Tu Tram ◽  
Huynh Minh Sang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Larval Size ◽  
Spawning Period ◽  
Spawning Frequency ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Egg Diameter

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of astaxanthin in broodfish diets on reproductive performance, egg quality and larvae quality parameters of clownfish (Amphirion ocellaris). Five treatments were tested with 5 levels of astaxanthin (Carophyll Pink 10% CWS) of 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg added to the feed. Each treatment was repeated in triplicate and the supplemental feeding trials were arranged for 13 months. The results showed that there were significant differences in hatching rate of egg, malformed rate and survival rate of larvae in 3 days post-hatch (p<0.05) among the feeding trials of astaxanthin supplements. The highest hatching rate of egg and survival rate and the lowest malformed rate of larvae were observed in the treatment that was supplemented with astaxanthin 150 mg/kg feed, respectively 92.14 %; 93.57 % and 0.55 %. However, the astaxanthin supplementary diets did not affect the re-maturation and spawning period, spawning frequency, fecundity, egg diameter and larval size of nemo fish among the treatments. The results also suggested that astaxanthin requirement for clownfish broodstock to improve reproductive performance was 150 mg/kg feed.

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