scholarly journals Comparative larval development of three amphidromous Rhinogobius species, making reference to their habitat preferences and migration biology

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masashi Kondo ◽  
Ken Maeda ◽  
Kentarou Hirashima ◽  
Katsunori Tachihara
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Resident Species ◽  
Okinawa Island ◽  
Species Evolution ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Close Relatives ◽  
Eggs And Larvae ◽  
Amphidromous Species ◽  
Larval Traits

Eggs and larvae of three amphidromous species of Rhinogobius goby (Rhinogobius brunneus, Rhinogobius sp. MO and Rhinogobius sp. CB) from Okinawa Island, Japan, were reared under uniform conditions to describe and compare their larval development. Although the larval morphologies of the three species were very similar, some differences were observed in the timing of ontogenetic events among them. R. brunneus had the largest yolk and saved it for a longer period of time, whereas Rhinogobius sp. MO had the smallest yolk, which was exhausted earlier. The period until yolk exhaustion is thought to restrict the distance that migrating larvae can drift, which determines the specific adult distribution. Each of these two amphidromous species are close relatives of different fluvial resident species. Evolution of the fluvial residents could be explained by different scenarios based on the larval traits of R. brunneus and Rhinogobius sp. MO. Rhinogobius sp. CB hatched at a smaller size and grew slower than the other two species. No fluvial species have derived from Rhinogobius sp. CB. One possible explanation is that the smaller and slower-growing larvae of Rhinogobius sp. CB find it more difficult to remain within streams.

scholarly journals Life History and Population Dynamics of Green Crabs (Carcinus maenas)

Fishes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan M. Young ◽  
James A. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Life History ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Ecosystem Dynamics ◽  
Shore Crab ◽  
Restrictive Temperature ◽  
Important Species

Carcinus maenas (the “shore crab” or “European green crab”) is a very proficient invader (considered to be one of the world’s 100 worst invaders by the IUCN) due to its phenotypic plasticity, wide temperature and salinity tolerance, and an extensive omnivorous diet. Native to Atlantic Europe, it has established two well-studied nonindigenous populations in the northwestern Atlantic and northeastern Pacific and less-studied populations in Australia, Argentina and South Africa. Green crabs are eurythermal and euryhaline as adults, but they are limited to temperate coastlines due to more restrictive temperature requirements for breeding and larval development. They cannot tolerate wave-swept open shores so are found in wave-protected sheltered bays, estuaries and harbors. Carcinus maenas has been the subject of numerous papers, with over 1000 published in the past decade. This review provides an up-to-date account of the current published information on the life history and population dynamics of this very important species, including genetic differentiation, habitat preferences, physical parameter tolerances, reproduction and larval development, sizes of crabs, densities of populations, sex ratios, ecosystem dynamics and ecological impacts in the various established global populations of green crabs.

Heparin/heparan sulphate binding in the TGF-β cytokine superfamily

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 458-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.C. Rider
Keyword(s):  
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Heparan Sulphate ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Binding Properties ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Close Relatives ◽  
Bmp Antagonist

The TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β) cytokine superfamily in mammals contains some 30 members. These dimeric proteins are characterized by a strongly conserved cystine knot-based structure. They regulate the proliferation, differentiation and migration of many cell types, and therefore have important roles in morphogenesis, organogenesis, tissue maintenance and wound healing. Thus far, around one-quarter of these cytokines have been shown to bind to heparin and heparan sulphate. Well-established examples are the TGF-β isoforms 1 and 2, and the BMPs (bone morphogenetic proteins) -2 and -4. In studies in my laboratory, we have shown that GDNF (glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor) and its close relatives neurturin and artemin bind to heparin and heparan sulphate with high affinity. We have reported previously that binding of GDNF is highly dependent on the presence of 2-O-sulphate groups. More recently, we and others have been investigating the heparin/heparan sulphate-binding properties of BMP-7, which is a representative of a distinct BMP subgroup from that of BMPs -2 and -4. Interestingly, several of the various specific BMP antagonist proteins also bind to heparin and heparan sulphate. Much remains to be learnt about the nature and role of glycosaminoglycan interactions in the TGF-β superfamily, but current work suggests that these cytokines do not share a single highly conserved heparin/heparan sulphate-binding site.

scholarly journals Spatial and Temporal Changes in Habitat Heterogeneity Promote Partition of Resources of Small Mammals in a Midlatitude Temperate Forest

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan M. De la Cruz-Arguello ◽  
Alondra Castro-Campillo ◽  
Alejandro Zavala-Hurtado ◽  
Arturo Salame-Méndez ◽  
José Ramírez-Pulido
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammals ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Dispersion Patterns ◽  
Microhabitat Heterogeneity ◽  
Close Relatives ◽  
Habitat Variables

AbstractOne of the basics and fundamentals problems in ecology is understand the factors that shape the spatial patterns in the distribution of the species and the coexistence of close relatives species. Among the most important factors governing the distributions and the coexistence of species are the spatiotemporal changes occurring in the microhabitat heterogeneity. Here, we assessed the heterogeneity of microhabitats and how they have an effect in the spatial segregation of two species of small mammals (i. e., Peromyscus difficilis and P. melanotis), which coexist in a temperate, mixed forest. We evaluated the microhabitat heterogeneity through multivariate statistics, using onto 23 habitat variables for vertical-horizontal habitat structure along pluvial seasons. To detect specific microdistribution changes and habitat preferences by two species of small mammals, we used second order spatial statistics and general linear models. According to their respective morphology and locomotive adaptations, the middle sized, midscansorial P. difficilis was resident all year long and preferred microhabitats with a high log ground cover, while the opportunistic, small sized, cursorial P. melanotis changed its occupancy area, depending on density of herbaceous and woody plants cover. Under the more benign microhabitat conditions of rainy season (denser plant coverage, milder temperature), both species showed closer microdistribution patterns; while these became repulsive at the less benign conditions of dry season (scarcer plant cover, colder temperature). Thus, we could confirm that seasonal changes of microhabitat heterogeneity promoted Peromyscus coexistence, through dispersion patterns reflecting partition of microhabitat resources.

Patterns of Larval Development

2020 ◽  
pp. 165-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ole Sten Møller ◽  
Klaus Anger ◽  
Guillermo Guerao
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Intraspecific Variability ◽  
Molting Cycle ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Development Patterns ◽  
Arthropod Evolution ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Larval Traits

In this chapter, we explore the different patterns of development following the hatching of the crustacean larvae. For many groups of crustaceans, the free-living, postembryonic, and prejuvenile phase is by far the most important part of their life cycle, providing the link between different life modes in successive phases (e.g., between a sessile adult life and the need for long-range planktonic dispersal). Among the aspects covered, we discuss the specific criteria for what a “larva” is, including the necessity for defining specific larval traits that are lacking in other phases of the life cycle. We examine the typical anamorphic and hemianamorphic developmental patterns based on larval examples from a wide selection of groups from Decapoda to Copepoda, Thecostraca to Branchiopoda. In these groups, we examine the most common larval development patterns (including intraspecific variability) of, for example, the zoea, furcilia, copepodite, nauplius, and cypris larvae. We also expand on the importance of the molting cycle as the main driver in larval ontogeny and evolution. Finally, we discuss some of the more general trends of crustacean larval development in light of the general patterns and latest knowledge on tetraconate and arthropod evolution.

PopulationDynamics of Green Crabs (Carcinus maenas) -- A Review

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Young ◽  
James Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Ecosystem Dynamics ◽  
Shore Crab ◽  
Restrictive Temperature ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Northeastern Pacific ◽  
S 100

Carcinus maenas (the “shore crab” or “European green crab”) is a very proficient invader (considered to be one of the world’s 100 worst invaders by the IUCN) due to its phenotypic plasticity, wide temperature and salinity tolerance, and an extensive omnivorous diet. Native to Atlantic Europe, it has established two well-studied nonindigenous populations in the northwestern Atlantic and northeastern Pacific and less-studied populations in Australia, Argentina and South Africa. Green crabs are eurythermal and euryhaline as adults, but they are limited to temperate coastlines due to more restrictive temperature requirements for breeding and larval development. They cannot tolerate wave-swept open shores so are found in wave-protected sheltered bays, estuaries and harbors. C. maenas has been the subject of numerous papers, with over 1000 published in the past decade. This literature review provides an up-to-date account of the current published information on the population dynamics of this very important species, including habitat preferences, physical parameter tolerances, reproduction and larval development, sizes of crabs, densities of populations, sex ratios, ecosystem dynamics and ecological impacts in the various established global populations of green crabs.

PopulationDynamics of Green Crabs (Carcinus maenas) -- A Review

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan M. Young ◽  
James A. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Ecosystem Dynamics ◽  
Shore Crab ◽  
Restrictive Temperature ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Northeastern Pacific ◽  
S 100

Carcinus maenas (the “shore crab” or “European green crab”) is a very proficient invader (considered to be one of the world’s 100 worst invaders by the IUCN) due to its phenotypic plasticity, wide temperature and salinity tolerance, and an extensive omnivorous diet. Native to Atlantic Europe, it has established two well-studied nonindigenous populations in the northwestern Atlantic and northeastern Pacific and less-studied populations in Australia, Argentina and South Africa. Green crabs are eurythermal and euryhaline as adults, but they are limited to temperate coastlines due to more restrictive temperature requirements for breeding and larval development. They cannot tolerate wave-swept open shores so are found in wave-protected sheltered bays, estuaries and harbors. C. maenas has been the subject of numerous papers, with over 1000 published in the past decade. This literature review provides an up-to-date account of the current published information on the population dynamics of this very important species, including habitat preferences, physical parameter tolerances, reproduction and larval development, sizes of crabs, densities of populations, sex ratios, ecosystem dynamics and ecological impacts in the various established global populations of green crabs.

FilGAP and its close relatives: a mediator of Rho–Rac antagonism that regulates cell morphology and migration

2013 ◽  
Vol 453 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumihiko Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Actin Cytoskeleton ◽  
Gene Product ◽  
Rho Kinase ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Filamin A ◽  
Filamentous Actin ◽  
Rhoa Activity ◽  
Cell Protrusion ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Close Relatives

Cell migration, phagocytosis and cytokinesis are mechanically intensive cellular processes that are mediated by the dynamic assembly and contractility of the actin cytoskeleton. GAPs (GTPase-activating proteins) control activities of the Rho family proteins including Cdc42, Rac1 and RhoA, which are prominent upstream regulators of the actin cytoskeleton. The present review concerns a class of Rho GAPs, FilGAP (ARHGAP24 gene product) and its close relatives (ARHGAP22 and AHRGAP25 gene products). FilGAP is a GAP for Rac1 and a binding partner of FLNa (filamin A), a widely expressed F-actin (filamentous actin)-cross-linking protein that binds many different proteins that are important in cell regulation. Phosphorylation of FilGAP serine/threonine residues and binding to FLNa modulate FilGAP's GAP activity and, as a result, its ability to regulate cell protrusion and spreading. FLNa binds to FilGAP at F-actin-enriched sites, such as at the leading edge of the cell where Rac1 activity is controlled to inhibit actin assembly. FilGAP then dissociates from FLNa in actin networks by myosin-dependent mechanical deformation of FLNa's FilGAP-binding site to relocate at the plasma membrane by binding to polyphosphoinositides. Since actomyosin contraction is activated downstream of RhoA–ROCK (Rho-kinase), RhoA activity regulates Rac1 through FilGAP by signalling to the force-generating system. FilGAP and the ARHGAP22 gene product also act as mediators between RhoA and Rac1 pathways, which lead to amoeboid and mesenchymal modes of cell movements respectively. Therefore FilGAP and its close relatives are key regulators that promote the reciprocal inhibitory relationship between RhoA and Rac1 in cell shape changes and the mesenchymal–amoeboid transition in tumour cells.

Climate change and faunal turnover: testing the mechanics of the turnover-pulse hypothesis with South African fossil data

Paleobiology ◽  
10.1666/12043 ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 609-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Tyler Faith ◽  
Anna K. Behrensmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Vegetation Change ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Cape Floristic Region ◽  
Climate Oscillations ◽  
Faunal Turnover ◽  
Temporal Correlations ◽  
And Migration

The turnover-pulse hypothesis (TPH) makes explicit predictions concerning the potential responses of species to climate change, which is considered to be a major cause of faunal turnover (extinction, speciation, and migration). Previous studies have tested the TPH primarily by examining temporal correlations between turnover pulses and climatic events. It is rarely possible to dissect such correlations and observe turnover as it is occurring or to predict how different lineages will respond to climate change. Thus, whether climate change drives faunal turnover in the manner predicted by the TPH remains unclear. In this study, we test the underlying mechanics of the TPH using well-dated Quaternary ungulate records from southern Africa's Cape Floristic Region (CFR). Changes in sea level, vegetation, and topographic barriers across glacial-interglacial transitions in southern Africa caused shifts in habitat size and configuration, allowing us to generate specific predictions concerning the responses of ungulates characterized by different feeding habits and habitat preferences. Examples from the CFR show how climatically forced vegetation change and allopatry can drive turnover resulting from extinction and migration. Evidence for speciation is lacking, suggesting either that climate change does not cause speciation in these circumstances or that the evolutionary outcome of turnover is contingent on the nature and rate of climate change. Migrations and extinctions are observed in the CFR fossil record over geologically short time intervals, on the order of Milankovitch-scale climate oscillations. We propose that such climate oscillations could drive a steady and moderate level of faunal turnover over 104-year time scales, which would not be resolved in paleontological records spanning 105years and longer. A turnover pulse, which is a marked increase in turnover relative to previous and subsequent time periods, requires additional, temporally constrained climatic forcing or other processes that could accelerate evolutionary change, perhaps mediated through biotic interactions.

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