All good things come in threes – species delimitation through shape analysis of saccular, lagenar and utricular otoliths

Tanja Schulz-Mirbach; Martin Plath

doi:10.1071/mf12132

Corrigendum to: All good things come in threes – species delimitation through shape analysis of saccular, lagenar and utricular otoliths

Marine and Freshwater Research ◽

10.1071/mf12132_co ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 66 (8) ◽

pp. 757

Author(s):

Tanja Schulz-Mirbach ◽

Martin Plath

Keyword(s):

Shape Analysis ◽

Species Delimitation ◽

Specific Information ◽

Stock Identification ◽

Teleost Fishes ◽

Shape Information ◽

Future Studies ◽

Fourier Shape Analysis ◽

Species Specific ◽

Discriminant Function Analyses

Otoliths are calcium carbonate biomineralisates in the inner ear of teleost fishes. Otoliths of the saccule (sagittae) are known to show species-specific (or even population-specific) contour differences and, thus, are regularly used in fisheries management for stock identification. However, the other two otolith types from the utricle (lapilli) and lagena (asterisci) are typically neglected in studies of this kind, such that little information is available regarding potential species-specific contour differences. Using four species of livebearing fishes of the genus Poecilia (Cyprinodontiformes, Poeciliidae), we compared contour outlines of all three otolith types by applying Fourier shape analysis and tested for species delimitation success of the different otolith types alone, and all three otoliths combined. Our results indicated that also lapilli and especially asterisci convey species-specific information, and the classification success of discriminant function analyses was highest when combining shape information from all three otolith types. We propose that future studies on species delimitation or stock identification may benefit from considering all three otolith types together.

Download Full-text

Identification of past and present gobies: distinguishing Gobius and Pomatoschistus (Teleostei: Gobioidei) species using characters of otoliths, meristics and body morphometry

Contributions to Zoology ◽

10.1163/18759866-bja10002 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 89 (3) ◽

pp. 282-323 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Carolin Gut ◽

Jasna Vukić ◽

Radek Šanda ◽

Timo Moritz ◽

Bettina Reichenbacher

Keyword(s):

Shape Analysis ◽

Marine Fishes ◽

Sem Images ◽

Future Studies ◽

Meristic Counts ◽

Extant Species ◽

Goby Species ◽

Fourier Shape Analysis ◽

First Time ◽

Diagnostic Traits

Gobies (Gobiidae + Oxudercidae) are among the largest groups of extant marine fishes. Fossils of gobies are abundant since the Miocene, and many species have been reported so far. However, delimitation of fossil goby species is challenging because molecular markers and diagnostic traits such as the disposition of sensory head papillae are lost. This study provides, for the first time, an actualistic framework for the identification of fossil goby species. We focus on characters that can in principle be recognized in fossils, and evaluate their ability to discriminate between extant goby species based on statistical analyses. Using 14 extant species of Gobius and seven species of Pomatoschistus, we conducted otolith morphometry, elliptic Fourier shape analysis of otoliths using the package ‘Momocs’, conventional fish morphometry, and meristic counts. In addition, the otoliths of all species are depicted based on SEM images and briefly described. Otolith Fourier shape analysis proved to be most efficient in discrimination of species within both genera, Gobius and Pomatoschistus. Several characters used in the other approaches also worked well, but the results were variable, and the relative taxonomic significance of particular variables tended to change depending on the species under consideration. We propose otolith shape analysis as a powerful tool to explore ancient goby species diversity when samples with abundant fossil otoliths are present. Overall, the herein presented data will greatly facilitate delimitation of fossil goby species in future studies, and will consequently shed new light on the evolution of goby diversity and biogeography through time.

Download Full-text

Electron Microscopy in the Study of Natural Phytoplankton Assemblages

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100119831 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

pp. 620-623

Author(s):

Linda Sicko-Goad

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Aquatic Environment ◽

Size Range ◽

Physical Parameters ◽

Specific Information ◽

Phytoplankton Assemblages ◽

Phytoplankton Productivity ◽

Ecosystem Effects ◽

Time Of Year ◽

Species Specific

Although the use of electron microscopy and its varied methodologies is not usually associated with ecological studies, the types of species specific information that can be generated by these techniques are often quite useful in predicting long-term ecosystem effects. The utility of these techniques is especially apparent when one considers both the size range of particles found in the aquatic environment and the complexity of the phytoplankton assemblages.The size range and character of organisms found in the aquatic environment are dependent upon a variety of physical parameters that include sampling depth, location, and time of year. In the winter months, all the Laurentian Great Lakes are uniformly mixed and homothermous in the range of 1.1 to 1.7°C. During this time phytoplankton productivity is quite low.

Download Full-text

The earliest example of sexual dimorphism in bivalves—evidence from the astartid Nicaniella (Lower Jurassic, southern Germany)

Journal of Paleontology ◽

10.1017/jpa.2021.48 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Baran Karapunar ◽

Winfried Werner ◽

Franz T. Fürsich ◽

Alexander Nützel

Keyword(s):

Principal Component Analysis ◽

Life History ◽

Shape Analysis ◽

Principal Component ◽

Sex Change ◽

Lower Jurassic ◽

Allocation Of Resources ◽

Fourier Shape Analysis ◽

Lower Height ◽

Male To Female

Abstract Protandrous sex change (sex change from male to female) is one of the diverse sexual expressions exhibited by bivalves, but its expression in the shell is quite rare. Previous studies on living and fossil astartids suggest a relationship between protandrous sex change and the formation of crenulations on the ventral shell margin at later ontogenetic stages. Here we report the formation of such crenulations in the Early Jurassic astartid Nicaniella rakoveci (Kuhn, 1935) from the Amaltheenton Formation at Buttenheim, Franconia. This is the earliest known record of protandrous hermaphroditism in fossil bivalves, predating previous reports by at least 13 Myr. A principal component analysis of linear size measurements and Fourier shape analysis of the shell outlines revealed that the outline of Nicaniella rakoveci specimens varies from subquadrate to subcircular, but this variation is independent of the presence or absence of crenulations and therefore not associated with sex. Crenulated specimens exhibit a lower height/inflation ratio than non-crenulated ones, suggesting that the protandrous females have more inflated valves than the males. The formation of crenulations was probably related to allocation of resources for reproduction. The most likely function of the crenulations was to increase the internal shell volume in the female stage to accommodate more eggs rather than being an adaptation against predation as often assumed for other bivalves. The formation of crenulations is part of the protandrous life history and probably is controlled by a genetic mechanism that is also responsible for sex change.

Download Full-text

Effects of sex, stock, and environment on the shape of known-age Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) otoliths

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f03-151 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 61 (2) ◽

pp. 158-167 ◽

Cited By ~ 166

Author(s):

M Cardinale ◽

P Doering-Arjes ◽

M Kastowsky ◽

H Mosegaard

Keyword(s):

Shape Analysis ◽

Gadus Morhua ◽

Atlantic Cod ◽

Fourier Descriptors ◽

Faroe Islands ◽

Stock Identification ◽

Relative Importance ◽

Age Classes ◽

Otolith Shape ◽

Left And Right

The effects of sex, stock, and environment on the shape of known-age Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) otoliths from the Faroe Islands were investigated. Moreover, the feasibility of otolith shape analysis for stock identification was evaluated. The shape was described by using several normalized Fourier descriptors and morphometric variables. There were no consistent differences between the left and right otoliths and between sexes within different age classes, stocks, and environments. With our experimental design, we could evaluate the relative importance of genetic and environmental conditions (water temperature and diet regime) on otolith shape and morphometrics. Using otolith shape, cod individuals were significantly separated into Bank and Plateau stocks. Total classification success was between 79% and 85% between stocks and between 85% and 96% between environments for the different age classes. The significant differences in otolith shape between Faroe Bank and Faroe Plateau cod stocks provided a phenotypic basis for stock separation. Stock and environmental influences were substantial in determining the shape of cod otoliths.

Download Full-text

Molecular and morphological approaches for species delimitation and hybridization investigations of two Cichla species

Iheringia Série Zoologia ◽

10.1590/1678-4766e2017016 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 107 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Andrea A. F. Mourão ◽

Diogo Freitas-Souza ◽

Diogo T. Hashimoto ◽

Daniela C. Ferreira ◽

Fernanda D. do Prado ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Species Delimitation ◽

Parental Species ◽

Future Research ◽

Correct Identification ◽

Pcr Multiplex ◽

Pcr Rflp ◽

Genetic Pattern ◽

Morphometric Methods ◽

Species Specific ◽

Specific Nucleotide

ABSTRACT The hybridization is a widely-discussed issue in several studies with fish species. For some authors, hybridization may be related with diversification and speciation of several groups, or also with the extinction of populations or species. Difficulties to differentiate species and hybrids may be a problem to correctly apply a management of wild species, because hybrid lineages, especially the advanced ones, may resemble the parental species. The genus Cichla Bloch & Schneider, 1801 constitutes an interesting experimental model, considering that hybridization and taxonomic uncertainties hinder a correct identification. Considering these problems, in this study, we developed genetic methodologies and applied meristic and morphometric approaches in wild samples in order to identify species and for test a possible hybridization between Cichla kelberi Kullander & Ferreira, 2006 and Cichla piquiti Kullander & Ferreira, 2006. For this, C. kelberi, C. piquiti and potential hybrid ( carijó) individuals were collected in Paraná and Tietê rivers (SP, Brazil). For meristic and morphometric methods, the individuals were analyzed using the statistical software Pcord 5:31, while for molecular methods, primers for PCR-multiplex were designed and enzyme for PCR-RFLP were selected, under the species-specific nucleotide. All results indicated that the carijó is not an interspecific hybrid, because it presented identical genetic pattern and morphology closed to C. piquiti. Thus, we propose that carijó is a C. piquiti morphotype. In addition, this study promotes a new molecular tool that could be used in future research, monitoring and management programs of the genus Cichla.

Download Full-text

The Visual Opsin Gene Repertoires of Teleost Fishes: Evolution, Ecology, and Function

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology ◽

10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120219-024915 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zuzana Musilova ◽

Walter Salzburger ◽

Fabio Cortesi

Keyword(s):

Sensory System ◽

Photoreceptor Cells ◽

Opsin Gene ◽

Annual Review ◽

Specific Gene ◽

Publication Date ◽

Teleost Fishes ◽

Opsin Genes ◽

The Rich ◽

Species Specific

Visual opsin genes expressed in the rod and cone photoreceptor cells of the retina are core components of the visual sensory system of vertebrates. Here, we provide an overview of the dynamic evolution of visual opsin genes in the most species-rich group of vertebrates, teleost fishes. The examination of the rich genomic resources now available for this group reveals that fish genomes contain more copies of visual opsin genes than are present in the genomes of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. The expansion of opsin genes in fishes is due primarily to a combination of ancestral and lineage-specific gene duplications. Following their duplication, the visual opsin genes of fishes repeatedly diversified at the same key spectral-tuning sites, generating arrays of visual pigments sensitive from the ultraviolet to the red spectrum of the light. Species-specific opsin gene repertoires correlate strongly with underwater light habitats, ecology, and color-based sexual selection. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Download Full-text