Long-term effects of different-sized surgically implanted acoustic transmitters on the sciaenid Arygyrosomus japonicus: breaking the 2% tag-to-body mass rule

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 432 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Childs ◽  
T. F. Næsje ◽  
P. D. Cowley
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fish Behaviour ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Internal Damage ◽  
Tag Retention ◽  
Surgical Implantation ◽  
Related Mortality

Biotelemetry is an increasingly popular and effective tool to study fish movements. Interpretation of the results relies on the assumption that fish behaviour and physiology is not affected by the presence of the tag. Although the long-term effects of tagging should be evaluated before field telemetry studies, this has rarely been quantified. As a precursor to a long-term telemetry study on Argyrosomus japonicus (Termminck and Schlegel 1843) in South Africa, the effects of surgical implantation of two different-sized tags were assessed in a 256-day experiment. We hypothesised that the larger 13-mm-diameter tags, which exceeded the general 2% tag-to-body mass rule, would have adverse effects on growth, survival and tag retention compared with the smaller 9-mm-diameter tags and an untagged control group. Because no adverse effects in growth were observed among the three groups, nor any long-term tag-related mortality, tag expulsion or internal damage, we suggest that the general 2% tag-to-body mass rule should be regarded only as a broad guide. Further, we conclude that juvenile A. japonicus individuals are well suited for surgical implantation of commercially available 9- and 13-mm-diameter tags and are good candidates for long-term telemetry studies.

Long-term effects of two sizes of surgically implanted acoustic transmitters on a predatory marine fish (Pomatomus saltatrix)

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva B. Thorstad ◽  
Sven E. Kerwath ◽  
Colin G. Attwood ◽  
Finn Økland ◽  
Christopher G. Wilke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Specific Growth Rate ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fish Behaviour ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Pomatomus Saltatrix ◽  
Tag Retention

Fish telemetry is increasingly used to study fish behaviour in marine systems and it is crucial that the tagging does not affect fish behaviour and welfare negatively. Hence, the long-term effects of surgically implanted acoustic telemetry transmitters on survival, tag retention, healing and growth on Pomatomus saltatrix (known as tailor in Australia, elf in South Africa and bluefish in North America) were studied over 144 days. P. saltatrix are well suited for transmitter implants because no tagging-related short- or long-term mortality or transmitter expulsion was recorded. Small transmitters (9 × 28 mm, 3.3 g in water) did not affect the specific growth rate of tagged fish compared with an untagged control group. In contrast, the fish tagged with large transmitters (13 × 50 mm, 6.9 g in water) had a reduced specific growth rate. The small, but not the large transmitter, seemed suitable for tagging P. saltatrix of the body sizes represented in this study (215–621 g). The specific growth rate was negatively affected by increasing the transmitter-mass-in-water to body-mass ratio. It is recommended that this ratio should not exceed 1.4%.

Effects of capturing and collaring on polar bears: findings from long-term research on the southern Beaufort Sea population

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karyn D. Rode ◽  
Anthony M. Pagano ◽  
Jeffrey F. Bromaghin ◽  
Todd C. Atwood ◽  
George M. Durner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Polar Bear ◽  
Beaufort Sea ◽  
Polar Bears ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Movement Rates ◽  
Related Mortality

Context The potential for research methods to affect wildlife is an increasing concern among both scientists and the public. This topic has a particular urgency for polar bears because additional research is needed to monitor and understand population responses to rapid loss of sea ice habitat. Aims This study used data collected from polar bears sampled in the Alaska portion of the southern Beaufort Sea to investigate the potential for capture to adversely affect behaviour and vital rates. We evaluated the extent to which capture, collaring and handling may influence activity and movement days to weeks post-capture, and body mass, body condition, reproduction and survival over 6 months or more. Methods We compared post-capture activity and movement rates, and relationships between prior capture history and body mass, body condition and reproductive success. We also summarised data on capture-related mortality. Key results Individual-based estimates of activity and movement rates reached near-normal levels within 2–3 days and fully normal levels within 5 days post-capture. Models of activity and movement rates among all bears had poor fit, but suggested potential for prolonged, lower-level rate reductions. Repeated captures was not related to negative effects on body condition, reproduction or cub growth or survival. Capture-related mortality was substantially reduced after 1986, when immobilisation drugs were changed, with only 3 mortalities in 2517 captures from 1987–2013. Conclusions Polar bears in the southern Beaufort Sea exhibited the greatest reductions in activity and movement rates 3.5 days post-capture. These shorter-term, post-capture effects do not appear to have translated into any long-term effects on body condition, reproduction, or cub survival. Additionally, collaring had no effect on polar bear recovery rates, body condition, reproduction or cub survival. Implications This study provides empirical evidence that current capture-based research methods do not have long-term implications, and are not contributing to observed changes in body condition, reproduction or survival in the southern Beaufort Sea. Continued refinement of capture protocols, such as the use of low-impact dart rifles and reversible drug combinations, might improve polar bear response to capture and abate short-term reductions in activity and movement post-capture.

The response of skin perfusion and of rheological and immunological variables to intravenous prostanoid administration in Raynaud’s phenomenon secondary to collagenosis

VASA ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Drinda ◽  
Neumann ◽  
Pöhlmann ◽  
Vogelsang ◽  
Stein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Raynaud’S Phenomenon ◽  
Raynaud's Phenomenon ◽  
Plasma Viscosity ◽  
Laser Doppler ◽  
Erythrocyte Aggregation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry

Background: Prostanoids are used in the treatment of Raynaud’s phenomenon and acral perfusion disorders secondary to collagenosis. In subjective terms, intravenous administration of these agents produces success in more than 50% of patients. The therapeutic outcome of clinical administration of alprostadil or iloprost may vary from individual to individual. Patients and methods: The following variables were analysed in a cross-over study in 27 patients with collagenosis and Raynaud’s phenomenon: plasma viscosity and erythrocyte aggregation (rheological variables), partial pressure of oxygen and laser Doppler flowmetry in the finger region, and lymphocyte phenotyping and interleukin (IL) determinations (immunological variables). Results: Laser Doppler flowmetry revealed significant differences between patients with secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon and a control group of 25 healthy subjects. Laser Doppler readings did not change significantly as a result of the treatments. Therapy with iloprost produced a reduction in IL-1beta, L-selectin (CD 62 L) and IL-6. Conclusion: The change in immunological variables due to iloprost may explain the long-term effects of prostaglandins in the treatment of Raynaud’s phenomenon. From our results it is not possible to infer any preference for iloprost or alprostadil.

scholarly journals A Clinical Study of Platelet-Rich Fibrin Combined With Autologous High-Density Fat Transplantation in Augmentation Rhinoplasty

2021 ◽  
pp. 014556132110169
Author(s):  
Dan Yan ◽  
Shuai-Hua Li ◽  
An-Li Zhang ◽  
Yao Xiao ◽  
Ze-Chun Huang
Keyword(s):  
Retention Rate ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
High Density ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Fat Transplantation ◽  
Augmentation Rhinoplasty ◽  
Platelet Rich Fibrin ◽  
Autologous Fat

Objective: This study was designed to analyze the clinical effect of autologous fat-granule transplantation in augmentation rhinoplasty and explore methods to improve the fat retention rate. Methods: A total of 70 enrolled patients were randomly divided into 2 groups: the platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) combined with high-density fat transplantation group (combined group) and the conventional fat-granule transplantation group (control group; n = 35 in each group). In the combined group, an appropriate amount of autologous fat was extracted and centrifuged, and the lower layer of high-density fat was taken and mixed with PRF isolated from whole blood for autotransplantation. In the control group, only fat was extracted and centrifuged for transplantation. The patients were followed up with for more than one year to observe the short- and long-term effects, complications, safety, and patient satisfaction. Results: Six months after the operation, the nasal shape was stable, the contour was higher and more stereoscopic than before, the average increase of nasal height was 3.0 mm in the combined group and 2.0 mm in the control group. No complications, such as fat embolism, infection, or necrosis occurred during the 1-year follow-up. The satisfaction rate between the 2 groups has statistical significance ( P < .05). Conclusion: Overall, PRF combined with autologous high-density fat transplantation is simple to perform, has a significantly increased fat-retention rate than the control group, and has stable long-term effects without obvious adverse reactions. A sufficient amount of fat and PRF transplantation can achieve a good orthopedic effect. Thus, this method can be widely used in clinical augmentation rhinoplasty.

scholarly journals Antibiotics at birth and later antibiotic courses: effects on gut microbiota

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Ainonen ◽  
Mysore V Tejesvi ◽  
Md. Rayhan Mahmud ◽  
Niko Paalanne ◽  
Tytti Pokka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Control Group ◽  
List Type ◽  
Antibiotic Exposure ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Antibiotic Courses ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Abstract Background Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) is widely used, but the evidence of the long-term effects on the gut microbiota and subsequent health of children is limited. Here, we compared the impacts of perinatal antibiotic exposure and later courses of antibiotic courses on gut microbiota. Methods This was a prospective, controlled cohort study among 100 vaginally delivered infants with different perinatal antibiotic exposures: control (27), IAP (27), postnatal antibiotics (24), and IAP and postnatal antibiotics (22). At 1 year of age, we performed next-generation sequencing of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene of fecal samples. Results Exposure to the perinatal antibiotics had a clear impact on the gut microbiota. The abundance of the Bacteroidetes phylum was significantly higher in the control group, whereas the relative abundance of Escherichia coli was significantly lower in the control group. The impact of the perinatal antibiotics on the gut microbiota composition was greater than exposure to later courses of antibiotics (28% of participants). Conclusions Perinatal antibiotic exposure had a marked impact on the gut microbiota at the age of 1 year. The timing of the antibiotic exposure appears to be the critical factor for the changes observed in the gut microbiota. Impact Infants are commonly exposed to IAP and postnatal antibiotics, and later to courses of antibiotics during the first year of life. Perinatal antibiotics have been associated with an altered gut microbiota during the first months of life, whereas the evidence regarding the long-term impact is more limited. Perinatal antibiotic exposure had a marked impact on the infant’s gut microbiota at 1 year of age. Impact of the perinatal antibiotics on the gut microbiota composition was greater than that of the later courses of antibiotics at the age of 1 year.

Incest: What do we Really Know about It?

1987 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 430-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kosky
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Sexual Activity ◽  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Clinical Series ◽  
General Populations

The literature on incest is reviewed. Current knowledge rests on a very insecure scientific basis and has been mainly derived from small, highly selected clinical series. Recently, some important epidemiological studies of general populations have been reported, but the results of prevalence are inconsistent. Overall, however, it appears that incest, when defined in terms of sexual intercourse, occurs in less than 1% of the population, but other forms of intrafamilial sexual activity may affect 10% of females before they are 16 years of age. Some children are more at risk than others. Because information has generally been derived from court or treatment samples, we are unclear about the long-term effects of incest experiences but, overall, the impression is that incest has markedly adverse effects, especially if it is accompanied by violence and threats and is directed, as it usually is, at the young pre-pubescent child.

scholarly journals Effects of 1 y of free school fruit on intake of fruits, vegetables, and unhealthy snacks: 14 y later

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (6) ◽  
pp. 1309-1315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tonje Holte Stea ◽  
Ingrid Marie Hovdenak ◽  
Jannike Rønnestad ◽  
Kjersti Rennestraum ◽  
Frøydis Nordgård Vik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Baseline Survey ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Intervention Period ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Intervention Effects ◽  
Sample Mean ◽  
Unhealthy Snacks

ABSTRACT Background There are not many studies evaluating the long-term effects of fruit and vegetable interventions. Objective We examined the effects of 1 y of free fruit in elementary school on long-term consumption of fruit, vegetables, and unhealthy snacks, according to sex and educational attainment, 14 y after the intervention period. Design In 2001, the baseline survey of the longitudinal cohort, Fruits and Vegetables Make the Marks (FVMM), included 1950 children (mean age: 11.8 y) attending 38 randomly drawn elementary schools from 2 counties in Norway. In the following 10 mo, 9 schools served as intervention schools by participating in the Norwegian School Fruit Program for free, whereas 29 schools served as control schools. A follow-up survey conducted in 2016 included 982 participants (50%) from the original study sample (mean age: 26.5 y). The consumption of fruit and vegetables was measured by a 24-h recall (portions per day), and the consumption of unhealthy snacks was measured by food-frequency questions (portions per week). Linear mixed models were performed to test possible intervention effects on the consumption of fruit, vegetables, and unhealthy snacks 14 y after the intervention period. Results No overall intervention effects after 14 y due to the free-fruit scheme on the consumption of fruit, vegetables, and unhealthy snacks were observed, but significant interactions showed a sustained higher frequency of fruit consumption among females in the intervention group compared with the control group [mean difference (MD): 0.38 portions/d; P = 0.023] and that this effect was only significant among less-educated females (MD: 0.73 portions/d; P = 0.043). No significant long-term intervention effects were observed in the consumption of fruit among highly educated females and males nor in the consumption of vegetables or unhealthy snacks. Conclusion Results from the present study indicate that receiving free fruit at school for 1 y may have positive long-term effects for females without higher education.

scholarly journals Long-Term Consequences of Adolescent Exposure to THC-Rich/CBD-Poor and CBD-Rich/THC-Poor Combinations: A Comparison with Pure THC Treatment in Female Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (16) ◽  
pp. 8899
Author(s):  
Marina Gabaglio ◽  
Erica Zamberletti ◽  
Cristina Manenti ◽  
Daniela Parolaro ◽  
Tiziana Rubino
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Chronic Administration ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Acid Decarboxylase ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Gabaergic Neurotransmission ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Adolescent Exposure ◽  
Long Term Adverse Effects

Cannabis is the most-used recreational drug worldwide, with a high prevalence of use among adolescents. In animal models, long-term adverse effects were reported following chronic adolescent exposure to the main psychotomimetic component of the plant, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). However, these studies investigated the effects of pure THC, without taking into account other cannabinoids present in the cannabis plant. Interestingly, cannabidiol (CBD) content seems to mitigate some of the side effects of THC, at least in adult animals. Thus, in female rats, we evaluated the long-term consequences of a co-administration of THC and CBD at a 3:1 ratio, chosen based on the analysis of recently confiscated illegal cannabis samples in Europe. CBD content is able to mitigate some of the long-term behavioral alterations induced by adolescent THC exposure as well as long-term changes in CB1 receptor and microglia activation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). We also investigated, for the first time, possible long-term effects of chronic administration of a THC/CBD combination reminiscent of “light cannabis” (CBD:THC in a 33:1 ratio; total THC 0.3%). Repeated administration of this CBD:THC combination has long-term adverse effects on cognition and leads to anhedonia. Concomitantly, it boosts Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase-67 (GAD67) levels in the PFC, suggesting a possible lasting effect on GABAergic neurotransmission.

Catheter Patency and Peritoneal Morphology and Function in a Rat Model of Citrate-Buffered Peritoneal Dialysis

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 602-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Cavallini ◽  
Magnus Braide
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Fluid Transport ◽  
Separate Experiment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Vascular Density ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Catheter Patency ◽  
Peritoneal Morphology

BackgroundSingle-dwell studies in rats and humans have shown that supplementing citrate for lactate in peritoneal dialysis (PD) fluids improves ultrafiltration (UF).MethodsThe long-term effects of citrate-substituted PD fluids on PD catheter patency, UF, and peritoneal morphology were evaluated in a rat model over 5 weeks of daily PD fluid exposure. A standard 2.5% glucose 40 mmol/L lactate PD fluid and a corresponding 10/30 mmol/L citrate/lactate PD fluid were compared. In a control group, rats with catheters received no PD fluid.ResultsThe average patency time (% of 36 days) of silicone rubber PD catheters was significantly longer in the citrate PD group (98.8% ± 1.2%) and the control group (100% ± 0%) compared to the lactate PD group (54.7% ± 9.5%). In a separate experiment, heparin-coated polyurethane catheters were used to study peritoneal morphology and fluid transport. The citrate group had a higher net UF than the lactate group at the beginning and at the end of the 5 weeks. During the experiment, both fluid-treated groups suffered from UF loss; the control group showed the highest net UF at the end of the 5 weeks. Peritoneal vascular density and submesothelial thickness, indicators of angiogenesis and fibrosis, were not significantly different among the groups. Fibrosis was significantly negatively correlated to osmotic UF.ConclusionA positive acute effect of citrate on UF was confirmed and conserved over time. Citrate PD strongly improved PD catheter patency time compared with lactate. Both citrate PD and lactate PD induced negative long-term effects on UF compared with control animals.

Physiological and morphological effects of climate change

2019 ◽  
pp. 120-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew E. McKechnie
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Heat Events

The direct impacts of higher temperatures on birds are manifested over timescales ranging from minutes and hours to years and decades. Over short timescales, acute exposure to high temperatures can lead to hyperthermia or dehydration, which among arid-zone species occasionally causes catastrophic mortality events. Over intermediate timescales of days to weeks, high temperatures can have chronic sub-lethal effects via body mass loss or reduced nestling growth rates, negatively affecting sev eral fitness components. Long-term effects of warming manifested over years to decades involve declining body mass or changes in appendage size. Key directions for future research include elucidating the role of phenotypic plasticity and epigenetic processes in avian adaptation to climate change, examining the role of stress pathways in mediating responses to heat events, and understanding the consequences of higher temperatures for species that traverse hot regions while migrating.

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