Processes driving circulation, exchange and flushing within intermittently closing and opening lakes and lagoons

2007 ◽  
Vol 58 (8) ◽  
pp. 709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Gale ◽  
Charitha Pattiaratchi ◽  
Roshanka Ranasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Maximum Depth ◽  
Tidal Effects ◽  
Inlet Channel ◽  
Regional Area ◽  
Strong Current ◽  
The World ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Estuarine Systems ◽  
Salinity Structure

The circulation and exchange between two intermittently closing and opening lakes and lagoons (ICOLLs) and the ocean were analysed using salinity and current meter data. Wamberal Lagoon was shallow (~2.5 m maximum depth) with a small (<1 km2) waterway area and a short opening duration (2 weeks), and Smiths Lake was deeper (~5 m maximum depth) with a larger (~11 km2) waterway area and a longer opening duration (4 months). An absence of river inflow and a restricted sill type inlet channel characterised both systems. The results showed that the smaller ICOLL exhibited a salinity structure similar to a partially or well-mixed estuary, whereas the larger ICOLL exhibited stronger separation of flow with a salt wedge-type structure. Both ICOLLs had strong current velocities in the surface water during ebb tide. The results also demonstrated that tidal effects controlled the circulation and exchange in the smaller ICOLL, whilst the wind also had a significant influence. In the larger ICOLL, subtidal effects over the fortnightly tidal cycle significantly influenced the circulation and exchange, but the influence of tide and wind effects was weaker. An analysis of the flushing for the two ICOLLs illustrated that the timescales were an order of magnitude different but comparable to the duration of opening for each ICOLL, ranging from 4 days in the smaller ICOLL (Wamberal Lagoon) to 113 days in the larger ICOLL (Smiths Lake). This research suggests that intermittent estuarine systems may be quite complex and variable within the same regional area, and consequently throughout the world.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Spatial Representation ◽  
Regional Area ◽  
The World ◽  
Richard Hakluyt

While Chapters 1–3 examine early modern texts that take the work of spatial representation as an opportunity to consider the labor, dangers, and possibilities of representation, the Conclusion (which takes its title from remarks by Richard Hakluyt in describing how as a child he became fascinated by maps) considers three contemporary objects: a mug, a Mapparium, and recent revisions to the famous boot-shaped silhouette of Louisiana. Each of these objects represents a global or regional area in some novel way: foregrounding their artifice in order to exploit the same cartographic anxieties of representation articulated in works by Spenser, Drayton, and Milton, these objects suggest that the contemporary moment’s efforts to reimagine the space of the world in rhetorically affecting if overtly non-mimetic ways reflects the triumph of an early modern poetics of anxiety, a poetics that might be generative still, in the Anthropocene.

The Vyredox and Nitredox Methods of in situ Treatment of Groundwater

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 149-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Braester ◽  
Rudolf Martinell
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Traditional Method ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Nitrate Treatment ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Nitrate And Nitrite ◽  
Iron And Manganese

Nearly one fifth of all water used in the world is obtained from groundwater. The protection of water has become a high priority goal. During the last decades pollution of water has become more and more severe. Today groundwater is more and more used in comparison with surface water. Recently we have seen accidents, which can pollute nearly all surface water very quickly. Generally the groundwater is easier to protect, as well as cheaper to purify, and above all it is of better quality than the surface water. During the past two decades, alternatives to the traditional method of treating the water in filters have been developed, that is in situ water treatment i.e. the VYREDOX and NITREDOX methods. The most common problem regarding groundwater is too high content of iron and manganese, which can be reduced with the VYREDOX method. In some areas today there are severe problems with pollution by hydrocarbons and nitrate as well, and with modification of the VYREDOX treatment method it is used for hydrocarbon and nitrate treatment as well. The method to reduce the nitrate and nitrite is known as the NITREDOX method.

«CHERNOMOR»: TO THE 50th ANNIVERSARY OF THE LONGEST EXPERIMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 122-132
Author(s):  
T. M. Podymova
Keyword(s):  
50Th Anniversary ◽  
Maximum Depth ◽  
Optimal Methods ◽  
Oxygen Breathing ◽  
Scientific Experiments ◽  
The World ◽  
Southern Branch ◽  
Physiological Research ◽  
And Training

The work is devoted to a brief description of the preparation and conduct series of scientific experiments in the underwater laboratory “Chernomor” during the period of 1967–1972. The experiments were carried out at the depths from 8 to 30 meters. The place of the experiments is the Southern Branch of the Institute of Oceanology (Gelendzhik). It was unique experiments in the duration of a person’s stay underwater. The maximum depth for “Chernomor” was identified, the optimal methods of organizing work in underwater inhabited houses and the permissible depths for the use of nitrogen-oxygen breathing mixtures were determined. Specialized medical and physiological research was carried out to develop a methodology for the selection and training of aquanauts for future scientific crews. “Chernomor” was the only underwater house in the world that served on the seabed for five seasons in a row. More than 50 scientists from all over the country worked in it in different crews. The work is a tribute to the memory of all enthusiasts and dreamers: designers and developers, engineers and technicians, divers and scientists, everyone involved in those unforgettable events.

scholarly journals NUMERICAL MODEL INVESTIGATION OF SELECTED TIDAL INLET-BAY SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS

1978 ◽  
Vol 1 (16) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
William N. Seelig ◽  
Robert M. Sorensen
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Transport ◽  
Numerical Model ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Tidal Inlet ◽  
Inlet Channel ◽  
Astronomical Tide ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Flow And Sediment Transport ◽  
Transport Factors ◽  
System Characteristics

A spatially integrated one-dimensional numerical model of inlet bay hydraulics has been combined with a simple sediment transport model to investigate selected tidal inlet-bay system characteristics. A parametric study has been performed using the models to determine the effect of various factors on the net direction and order of magnitude of inlet channel flow and sediment transport. Factors considered include astronomical tide type, storm surge height and duration, variation in bay surface area, time-dependent channel friction factor, and the addition of a second inlet connecting the bay and sea.

scholarly journals PERINATAL AND INFANT MORTALITY IN THE TRANSCARPATHIAN REGION AND UKRAINE AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE WORLD: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS AND POSSIBLE PROBLEMS

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 603-608
Author(s):  
Ivan M. Rogach ◽  
Gennady O. Slabkiy ◽  
Renata Y. Pogorilyak ◽  
Angelika O. Keretsman ◽  
Ivan I. Gadzhega
Keyword(s):  
Perinatal Mortality ◽  
Medical Information ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Database ◽  
The World ◽  
Regional Medical ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Economic Institute ◽  
The University ◽  
The Eu

The aim of this article was to analyze the dynamics of perinatal mortality and mortality up to 1 year in the Transcarpathian region and Ukraine in comparison with other countries of Europe and the world. Materials and methods: The study is based on data from the Transcarpathian Regional Medical Information and Analytical Center, the Center for Medical Statistics of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, the European database «Health for All» and the Center for Research of Health Services at the University of Kent, Kiev Economic Institute of the Kiev School of Economics (July 2017). Review: In 2016, mortality under the age of 1 year in Ukraine amounted to 7.4 per 1000 live births, which is 13.5% lower than the same indicator in 2012 (8.4). According to perinatal mortality, in Ukraine this indicator has a level of 8.59 ‰, while the average in the EU countries does not exceed 6.01 ‰. Conclusions: Perinatal and mortality rates up to 1 year in the Transcarpathian region, as in Ukraine as a whole, are an order of magnitude higher than the European average. The same negative trend in the survival of newborns in Transcarpathia and in Ukraine.

Modern approaches to evaluating the efficiency of mining

2021 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 228-236
Author(s):  
A. B. Kolokoltseva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Mineral Deposits ◽  
Geological Exploration ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Economic Methods ◽  
The World ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Quantitative Indicators

Russia is the largest country in the world and occupies one of the leading places on the planet in terms of natural resources, but the bulk of deposits were explored to some extent more than a quarter of a century ago, back in the Soviet era. Due to the changes in the sources of financing for the reproduction of mineral resources and geological exploration of the subsurface, qualitative and quantitative indicators are reduced by an order of magnitude, which leads to greater risks in the development of mineral deposits. Even despite the large number of scientific papers, the economic situation forces us to search for more modern and multi-parametric methods for evaluating the efficiency of mining. The article considers the main economic methods for evaluating the efficiency of mining, determines their essence and application features. On the basis of conducted analysis, disadvantages and advantages of using the studied methods were identified, and the author's interpretation of the economic assessment of efficiency of mining resources was given.

scholarly journals Microplastic Pollution in Surface Water of Urban Lakes in Changsha, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 1650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingshi Yin ◽  
Changbo Jiang ◽  
Xiaofeng Wen ◽  
Chunyan Du ◽  
Wei Zhong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Maximum Concentration ◽  
Emerging Pollutants ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Dominant Type ◽  
Urban Lakes ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
The World ◽  
The City

As emerging pollutants, microplastics have attracted the attention of scholars from all over the world. However, there is a lack of research on freshwater areas, even in densely populated urban areas. This study investigated eight urban lakes in Changsha, China. It was found that microplastic concentrations ranged from 2425 ± 247.5 items/m3 to 7050 ± 1060.66 items/m3 in the surface water of research areas and the maximum concentration was found in Yuejin Lake, a tourist spot in the center of the city. Anthropogenic factors are an important reason for microplastic abundance in urban lakes. The major shape of microplastics was linear and most of the microplastics were transparent. More than 89.5% of the microplastics had a size of less than 2 mm. Polypropylene was the dominant type in the studied waters. This study can provide a valuable reference for a better understanding of microplastic pollution in urban areas of China.

scholarly journals Methane and carbon dioxide emissions from thermokarst lakes on mineral soils

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 584-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Matveev ◽  
Isabelle Laurion ◽  
Warwick F. Vincent
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Permafrost Degradation ◽  
Thermokarst Lakes ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Diffusive Fluxes

Thermokarst lakes are known to emit methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), but little attention has been given to those formed from the thawing and collapse of lithalsas, ice-rich mineral soil mounds that occur in permafrost landscapes. The present study was undertaken to assess greenhouse gas stocks and fluxes in eight lithalsa lakes across a 200 km gradient of permafrost degradation in subarctic Québec. The northernmost lakes varied in their surface-water CO2 content from below to above saturation, but the southern lakes in this gradient had much higher surface concentrations that were well above air-equilibrium. Surface-water CH4 concentrations were at least an order of magnitude above air-equilibrium values at all sites, and the diffusive fluxes of both gases increased from north to south. Methane oxidation in the surface waters from a northern lake was only 10% of the emission rate, but at the southern end it was around 60% of the efflux to the atmosphere, indicating that methanotrophy can play a substantive role in reducing net emissions. Overall, our observations show that lithalsa lakes can begin emitting CH4 and CO2 soon after they form, with effluxes of both gases that persist and increase as the permafrost continues to warm and erode.

Occurrence and Treatment of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Surface Water around the Global Region

2014 ◽  
Vol 507 ◽  
pp. 720-724
Author(s):  
Wan Qian Guo ◽  
Hai Ou Cao ◽  
Xian Jiao Zhou ◽  
Ren Li Yin
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Personal Care Products ◽  
Personal Care ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Efficient Treatment ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
The World ◽  
Emerging Issues

The occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in surface water, and their potential impacts on human health are emerging issues all over the world. This paper summarizes the data from worldwide research groups, aiming to illustrate the occurrence of PPCPS, and their potential threatens to human health. Furthermore, the current efficient treatment methods for the PPCPS were discussed as well.

Indigeneity

Anthropology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulette F. Steeves
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Political Identity ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Historical Continuity ◽  
Regional Area ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

There are minimally 370 million Indigenous people in the world. The term Indigenous was not used to identify human groups until recently. Indigenous people are often identified as the First People of a specific regional area. Indigeneity as applied to First People came into use in the 1990s, as many colonized communities fought against erasure, genocide, and forced acculturation under colonial regimes. An often-cited definition of Indigenous peoples is one by Jose Martinez Cobo, special rapporteur for the UN Sub-Commission. Cobo’s 1986 report was completed for the United Nations Economic and Social Council, Commission on Human Rights, Sub-Commission on Prevention and Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, thirty-fifth session, item 12 of the provisional agenda, titled, “Study of the Problem of Discrimination against Indigenous Populations.” Cobo described Indigenous people, communities, and nations as groups that have a “historical continuity with pre-colonial societies” within territories they developed, and as communities that “consider themselves distinct from other sectors of societies” now in their territories. Cobo further stressed that Indigenous people and communities are minorities within contemporary populations that work to preserve their ethnic identities and ancestral territories for future generations. It is important to include displaced people whom prior to colonization identified with specific land areas or regional areas as homelands, as well as Indigenous communities that have for decades been in hiding in areas away from their initial homeland areas. Many descendants of Indigenous people were forced to hide their identities for their own safety due to colonization and genocidal policies focused on physical and cultural erasure. That does not make them non-Indigenous. It makes them survivors of genocide, erasure, and forced acculturation. Many Indigenous people are just coming to terms with the impact of ethnic cleansing and the work to reclaim and revive their identities and cultures. Indigenous is both a legal term, and a personal, group, and pan-group identity. Scholars have argued there are at least four thousand Indigenous groups, but that number is likely very low. Indigeneity is not as simple as an opposition to identity erasure or a push back against colonization. Indigeneity is woven through diverse experiences and histories and is often described as a pan-political identity in a postcolonial time. However, that can be misleading, as the world does not yet exist in a postcolonial state, despite ongoing concerted efforts by Indigenous people and their allies in political and academic spheres to decolonize institutions and communities. Diverse Indigenous communities weave Indigeneity through a multifaceted array of space and time to revive identities and cultural practices and to regain or retain land, human rights, heritage, and political standing.

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