Current WHO protocols for mass drug administration in helminth control

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Richard S Bradbury ◽  
Patricia M Graves
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Preventive Chemotherapy ◽  
Soil Transmitted Helminths ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
The World ◽  
Control Criteria

Soil transmitted helminths (STH), comprising Ascaris, Trichuris, Strongyloides and the hookworms remain a significant cause of morbidity amongst people in many parts of the world, including Australia. Other important helminth infections include lymphatic filariasis (LF), schistosomiasis and onchocerciasis. Preventive chemotherapy (mass drug administration [MDA]) campaigns are frequently conducted for these helminth infections in endemic areas, but the target population groups, duration of campaigns, cointerventions (e.g. vector control) criteria for inclusion, drugs used and doses of drugs differ.

scholarly journals Coverage Validation survey for lymphatic filariasis treatment in Itang special district of Gambella regional state of Ethiopia; Cross sectional study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abinet Teshome ◽  
Zerihun Zerdo ◽  
Mekuria Asnakew ◽  
Chuchu Churko ◽  
Manaye Yihune ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Health Extension Workers ◽  
Preventive Chemotherapy ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Treatment Coverage ◽  
Regional State ◽  
Special District

Abstract Background Coverage validation survey provides a more precise estimate of preventive chemotherapy coverage and avoids the biases, as well as some of the errors that can affect reported coverage. This coverage validation survey was done to know the difference between the reported coverage from district of Itang special for Ivermectin and Albendazole given for Lymphatic Filariasis with the actual coverage in the selected district. Methods Itang special district from Gambella region was purposively selected for lymphatic filariasis treatment coverage survey. The survey was done by using segments from each district whereby 30 segments were selected from the district. The name of the kebeles and the segments where the survey was carried out were selected by using random selection method. After getting the total number of households in each selected kebele from the village chief the number of segments to be visited was computed by dividing the number of households to 50 and 16 households were visited from each segment and eligible individuals aged 5 and above were interviewed. Data for variables related to coverage of the IVM plus ALB were collected using Survey CTO software. Location of each household and the kebele chief office was recorded by using Global positioning system. Information about the kebele including population size, number of households in the kebele, last dates of mass drug administration were gathered primarily from village chiefs when available and headmasters and health extension workers when unavailable. Results The coverage validation survey result shows that the coverage for lymphatic Filariasis treatment was 81.5% in Itang special district of Gambella regional state. From 825 individuals that reported that they were offered the treatment 823(99.6%) swallowed the drug. The main reason for not being offered ivermectin and Albendazole during the mass drug administration campaigns because they were missing class during those dates (37.2%). Conclusion The data collected from Itang special woreda of Gambella Region shows that the treatment coverage is higher than the recommended coverage of 65% of the target population should be treated. Different factors play a role for this achievement including using different treatment sites such as schools, community centers and home to home by using health development armies for those children not attending schools and for nomadic communities such as the one in Gambella Regional state. Keywords Lymphatic Filariasis, Ivermectin, Albendazole, Coverage

scholarly journals Lymphatic filariasis, infection status in Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles species after six rounds of mass drug administration in Masasi District, Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliza Lupenza ◽  
Dinah B. Gasarasi ◽  
Omary M. Minzi
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
Elimination Phase ◽  
Anopheles Species ◽  
The Status ◽  
Household Environment ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

Abstract Background Lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination program in Tanzania started in 2000 in response to the Global program for the elimination of LF by 2020. Evidence shows a persistent LF transmission despite more than a decade of mass drug administration (MDA). It is advocated that, regular monitoring should be conducted in endemic areas to evaluate the progress towards elimination and detect resurgence of the disease timely. This study was therefore designed to assess the status of Wuchereria bancrofti infection in Culex quinqefasciatus and Anopheles species after six rounds of MDA in Masasi District, South Eastern Tanzania. Methods Mosquitoes were collected between June and July 2019 using Center for Diseases Control (CDC) light traps and gravid traps for indoor and outdoor respectively. The collected mosquitoes were morphologically identified into respective species. Dissections and PCR were carried out to detect W. bancrofti infection. Questionnaire survey and checklist were used to assess vector control interventions and household environment respectively. A Poisson regression model was run to determine the effects of household environment on filarial vector density. Results Overall, 12 452 mosquitoes were collected of which 10 545 (84.7%) were filarial vectors. Of these, Anopheles gambiae complex, An. funestus group and Cx. quinquefasciatus accounted for 0.1%, 0.7% and 99.2% respectively. A total of 365 pools of Cx. quinquefasciatus (each with 20 mosquitoes) and 46 individual samples of Anopheles species were analyzed by PCR. For Cx. quinquefasciatus pools, 33 were positive for W. bancrofti, giving an infection rate of 0.5%, while the 46 samples of Anopheles species were all negative. All 1859 dissected mosquitoes analyzed by microscopy were also negative. Households with modern latrines had less mosquitoes than those with pit latrines [odds ratio (OR) = 0.407, P < 0.05]. Houses with unscreened windows had more mosquitoes as compared to those with screened windows (OR = 2.125, P < 0.05). More than 80% of the participants own bednets while 16.5% had no protection. Conclusions LF low transmission is still ongoing in Masasi District after six rounds of MDA and vector control interventions. The findings also suggest that molecular tools may be essential for xenomonitoring LF transmission during elimination phase.

scholarly journals Soil‐transmitted helminth infections after mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis in rural southern India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saravanakumar Puthupalayam Kaliappan ◽  
Karthikeyan Ramanujam ◽  
Malathi Manuel ◽  
Jasmine Farzana ◽  
Venkateshprabhu Janagaraj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Southern India ◽  
Helminth Infections

scholarly journals The dangers of mass drug administration of albendazole in Nepal, a Neurocysticercosis-endemic region

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaurav Nepal ◽  
Ghanshyam Kharel ◽  
Yow Ka Shing ◽  
Rajeev Ojha ◽  
Sujan Jamarkattel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
General Population ◽  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Cerebral Edema ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Endemic Region ◽  
Vascular Events ◽  
Soil Transmitted Helminths ◽  
Asymptomatic Individuals

Abstract The majority of cases of Neurocysticercosis (NCC) are asymptomatic. Injudicious use of antihelmintics like albendazole (ALB) can cause cyst degeneration and perilesional inflammation, thus rendering asymptomatic individuals symptomatic with seizures, headache, vascular events, or cerebral edema. Mass drug administration (MDA) using ALB is a very common practice in developing countries like Nepal to contain transmission of soil-transmitted helminths (STH) and lymphatic filariasis (LF). Although the benefits of ALB-based MDA in the general population cannot be undermined, there can be severe consequences in certain groups, especially those with latent NCC. In this commentary, we discuss the effect it may have on such patients, and suggest potential solutions.

scholarly journals A study on assessment of mass drug administration for elimination of lymphatic filariasis in Datia district, Madhya Pradesh

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 944
Author(s):  
Ginisha Gupta ◽  
Priyesh Marskole ◽  
Praveen Yuwane
Keyword(s):  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Madhya Pradesh ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Programme Implementation ◽  
Preventive Chemotherapy ◽  
District Health ◽  
Study Participants

Background: Currently 947 million people globally live in areas having endemic lymphatic filariasis and require preventive chemotherapy to stop the spread of infection. LF is transmitted by many mosquitoes particularly Culex and in some areas by Anopheles and Aedes too. This study was conducted to assess the programme implementation with respect to process and outcome indicators and to assess the reasons for non-compliance among population.Methods: We conducted a cross sectional study in Datia district, Madhya Pradesh during September 2014. We determined the sample size for survey based on standard guidelines for MDA coverage assessment. We identified four separate clusters, each with thirty households, for the survey. We selected three clusters from rural areas and one cluster from urban area to ensure adequate representation. We used stratified sampling technique for selection of three rural clusters.Results: We surveyed 859 study participants of Indergarh block, Datia district, residing in 120 households across four clusters. Among 859 study participants, the eligible population (excluding less than two year child and pregnant females) was 92% (790/859). District health authorities reported coverage of MDA across entire district to be 91%. We determined the distribution rate of DEC across all four clusters to be 84% (±9%). We identified highest drug distribution rate in Uchad (97%; 193/200) and lowest in Bargai (75%; 133/178).Conclusions: Non-compliant individuals are potential reservoir for the parasite which may serve as source of infection and transmission even after the mass drug administration ceases. As the prevalence of lymphatic filariasis continues to decrease with the implementation of control measures, addressing the issue of non-compliance holds primary importance to further substantiate the effect of our efforts. 

scholarly journals An assessment of coverage and adverse events following country-wide triple-therapy mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis elimination, Samoa 2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela A. Willis ◽  
Helen Mayfield ◽  
Therese Kearns ◽  
Take Naseri ◽  
Robert Thomsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Events ◽  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Community Survey ◽  
World Health ◽  
Ministry Of Health ◽  
The World

AbstractBackgroundThe Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis is making considerable progress but has experienced challenges in meeting targets in some countries. Recent World Health Organization guidelines have recommended two rounds of triple-drug therapy with ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine (DEC), and albendazole (IDA), in areas where mass drug administration (MDA) results with two drugs (DEC and albendazole) have been suboptimal, as is the case in Samoa. In August 2018, Samoa was the first in the world to implement countrywide triple-drug MDA. This paper aims to describe Samoa’s experience with program coverage and adverse events (AEs) in the first round of triple-drug MDA.Methodology/Principal findingsWe assessed MDA awareness, reach, compliance, coverage and AEs from three different data sources: a Supervisor’s Coverage Tool (SCT) in three villages; a large cross-sectional community survey in September/October 2018, 7-11 weeks after the first round of triple-drug MDA; and AE surveillance conducted by the Ministry of Health, Samoa. Participants aged ≥5 years had a fingerprick blood sample tested for circulating filarial antigen using the Alere Filariasis Test Strip. Data were analysed descriptively. In our sample of 4420 people (2.2% of the population), age-adjusted estimates indicated that 89.0% of the eligible population were offered MDA and 80.2% of the total population took MDA. Mild AEs were reported by 13.3% and moderate/severe AEs by 2.9% of participants.Conclusions/SignificanceThis study following the 2018 triple-drug MDA in Samoa demonstrated a high reported program awareness and reach of 90.8% and 89.0%, respectively. Coverage of 80.2% of the total population showed that MDA was well accepted and well tolerated by the community.Author summaryLymphatic filariasis is a mosquito transmitted worm disease. A global program underway aims to eliminate lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem by distributing deworming drugs to the whole population once a year for at least five years. In some countries, including Samoa, this strategy has not been sufficient to eliminate transmission. A new drug has been added, and in 2018, Samoa was the first country in the world to apply triple drug mass drug administration using ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, and albendazole. This study reports on the coverage achieved (percentage of people who reported taking the drugs) and adverse events after taking the drugs. Data were obtained from three different sources. A large community survey of over 4000 people, done 7-11 weeks after the distribution of the first round, found that the program reached and offered MDA to approximately 90% of the whole population, and approximately 80% of the whole population swallowed the drugs. Findings from the community survey on participation in the MDA program were consistent with those from the WHO recommended Supervisor’s Coverage Tool, a smaller survey which was undertaken in three villages by the Samoan Ministry of Health. Data on AEs related to MDA were collected during the community survey, and also through a system set up by the Ministry of Health to enable community members to report any problems related to MDA and receive advice on managing problems. There were relatively few adverse events reported and most of them were mild and of short duration.

scholarly journals Rapid Wuchereria bancrofti-Specific Antigen Wb123-Based IgG4 Immunoassays as Tools for Surveillance following Mass Drug Administration Programs on Lymphatic Filariasis

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1155-1161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cathy Steel ◽  
Allison Golden ◽  
Joseph Kubofcik ◽  
Nicole LaRue ◽  
Tala de los Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
Lateral Flow ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
Highly Sensitive

ABSTRACTThe Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis has an urgent need for rapid assays to detect ongoing transmission of lymphatic filariasis (LF) following multiple rounds of mass drug administration (MDA). Current WHO guidelines support using the antigen card immunochromatographic test (ICT), which detects active filarial infection but does not detect early exposure to LF. Recent studies found that antibody-based assays better serve this function. In the present study, two tests, a rapid IgG4 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a lateral-flow strip immunoassay, were developed based on the highly sensitive and specificWuchereria bancroftiantigen Wb123. A comparison ofW. bancrofti-infected and -uninfected patients (with or without other helminth infections) demonstrated that both tests had high sensitivities and specificities (93 and 97% [ELISA] and 92 and 96% [strips], respectively). When theW. bancrofti-uninfected group was separated into those with other filarial/helminth infections (i.e., onchocerciasis, loiasis, and strongyloidiasis) and those who were parasite uninfected, the specificities of the assays varied between 91 and 100%. In addition, the geometric mean response by ELISA ofW. bancrofti-infected patients was significantly higher than the response of those withoutW. bancroftiinfection (P< 0.0001). Furthermore, the Wb123 ELISA and the lateral-flow strips had high positive and negative predictive values, giving valuable information on the size of survey population needed to be reasonably certain whether or not transmission is ongoing. These highly sensitive and specific IgG4 tests to theW. bancroftiWb123 protein give every indication that they will serve as useful tools for post-MDA monitoring.

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