scholarly journals One Health: its recent evolution and driving issues

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
John MacKenzie ◽  
Martyn Jeggo
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
H1n1 Influenza ◽  
Species Barrier ◽  
Health Security

Global health security has become a major concern, particularly the threats to human and animal health from the emergence and re-emergence of epidemic-prone infectious diseases, as well as the significant and growing impact of these outbreaks on national and international economies. It has long been known that many of these diseases can cross the species barrier between humans, wildlife and domestic animals, and indeed over 70% of novel emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, that is, have their origins in animal reservoirs. There have been many recent examples of this trend, the most dramatic being recently the SARS epidemic ? the first major threat to global health from a novel zoonotic disease in the new Millennium. Other recent examples include the H1N1 influenza virus pandemic; the spread of Nipah virus into Bangladesh and India; and perhaps the most important of all, the ongoing concerns of a highly virulent influenza pandemic due to avian influenza virus (H5N1).

scholarly journals Financing Vaccines for Global Health Security

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan T. Vu ◽  
Benjamin K. Kaplan ◽  
Shomesh Chaudhuri ◽  
Monique K. Mansoura ◽  
Andrew W. Lo
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Expected Returns ◽  
Global Health Security ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Health Security ◽  
Price Increases ◽  
The Cost

AbstractRecent outbreaks of infectious pathogens such as Zika, Ebola, and COVID-19 have underscored the need for the dependable availability of vaccines against emerging infectious diseases (EIDs). The cost and risk of R&D programs and uniquely unpredictable demand for EID vaccines have discouraged vaccine developers, and government and nonprofit agencies have been unable to provide timely or sufficient incentives for their development and sustained supply. We analyze the economic returns of a portfolio of EID vaccine assets, and find that under realistic financing assumptions, the expected returns are significantly negative, implying that the private sector is unlikely to address this need without public-sector intervention. We have sized the financing deficit for this portfolio and propose several potential solutions, including price increases, enhanced public-private partnerships, and subscription models through which individuals would pay annual fees to obtain access to a portfolio of vaccines in the event of an outbreak.

scholarly journals Bat-associated diseases

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Glenn A Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Hendra Virus ◽  
Marburg Virus ◽  
Associated Diseases ◽  
Zoonotic Viruses

Emerging infectious diseases pose a significant threat to human and animal health. Increasingly, emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases are of zoonotic origin and are derived from wildlife. Bats have been identified as an important reservoir of zoonotic viruses belonging to a range of different virus families including SARSCoronavirus, Rabies virus, Hendra virus, Nipah virus, Marburg virus and Ebola virus.

The Chronicle of a Disease Foretold: Pandemic H1N1 and the Construction of a Global Health Security Threat

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 797-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Abraham
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Pandemic Influenza ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Health Security ◽  
Security Threat ◽  
Health Security ◽  
The Impact

The period beginning in 2004 saw an extraordinary spurt in attention paid to avian and pandemic influenza in the United States and at the global level. A disease that for decades had languished in the ‘dull but worthy’ category of infectious diseases was elevated to a risk to global health security. The securitisation of influenza was not unproblematic. The influenza pandemic of 2009 turned out to be far milder than anticipated, and much of the scientific basis on which planning had proceeded and resources had been mobilised turned out to be wrong. Developing countries with other disease priorities were urged to pour resources into pandemic planning exercises and change poultry-raising practices. The article argues that for an issue to be securitised as a global health threat, it is essential that the United States takes the lead role (or at the very least supports efforts by other leading powers). It uses the Copenhagen School's analysis to examine how avian and pandemic influenza was securitised in the United States, and then uses the concept of framing to examine why this disease was securitised by looking at the prior existence of an issue culture or discourse around emerging infectious diseases, which gained salience after the 2011 anthrax attacks. It finally looks at the impact of securitisation on countries with different priorities.

Case reports on dangerous infectious diseases: a review of patient consent

2018 ◽  
Vol 166 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-180
Author(s):  
Kieran Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Health Security ◽  
Patient Consent ◽  
Tier 1 ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Deliberate Release ◽  
Care Guidelines

Case reports are commonly used to describe new infectious diseases. In the past 20 years, there have been an increasing number of emerging infectious diseases that could constitute a major threat to global health security (through naturally occurring pandemics or deliberate release of infectious agents). It is vitally important that case reports related to infectious diseases are written up according to the highest possible standards and that guidelines regarding patient consent to publish are followed. So, do case reports that relate to dangerous infectious diseases follow guidance related to patient consent? To help find the answer to this question, I looked at a sample of case reports published on PubMed between 1 January 2014 and 31 December 2016. I searched for freely available full-text reports of infections that affected humans. The search was conducted for case reports on infectious diseases that pose the greatest risk to global health—infections that have been classified as Tier 1 agents by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. An assessment was carried out as to whether the identified case reports satisfied the criteria related to consent as outlined in the CARE guidelines. In total, 71 case reports were found. These were related to Ebola, Botulism, Yersinia and Tularaemia. The authors stated that they had obtained consent to publish in 17 of these case reports. Only a minority of published case reports on extremely dangerous pathogens contain documented evidence that consent was obtained from the patient in question. In this sample, 24% of case reports contained such evidence regarding consent.

scholarly journals How Cooperative Engagement Programs Strengthen Sequencing Capabilities for Biosurveillance and Outbreak Response

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew W. Bartlow ◽  
Earl A. Middlebrook ◽  
Alicia T. Romero ◽  
Jeanne M. Fair
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Outbreak Response ◽  
Health Security ◽  
The Face ◽  
Working Together ◽  
Etiological Agents

The threat of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases continues to be a challenge to public and global health security. Cooperative biological engagement programs act to build partnerships and collaborations between scientists and health professionals to strengthen capabilities in biosurveillance. Biosurveillance is the systematic process of detecting, reporting, and responding to especially dangerous pathogens and pathogens of pandemic potential before they become outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics. One important tool in biosurveillance is next generation sequencing. Expensive sequencing machines, reagents, and supplies make it difficult for countries to adopt this technology. Cooperative engagement programs help by providing funding for technical assistance to strengthen sequencing capabilities. Through workshops and training, countries are able to learn sequencing and bioinformatics, and implement these tools in their biosurveillance programs. Cooperative programs have an important role in building and sustaining collaborations among institutions and countries. One of the most important pieces in fostering these collaborations is trust. Trust provides the confidence that a successful collaboration will benefit all parties involved. With sequencing, this enables the sharing of pathogen samples and sequences. Obtaining global sequencing data helps to identify unknown etiological agents, track pathogen evolution and infer transmission networks throughout the duration of a pandemic. Having sequencing technology in place for biosurveillance generates the capacity to provide real-time data to understand and respond to pandemics. We highlight the need for these programs to continue to strengthen sequencing in biosurveillance. By working together to strengthen sequencing capabilities, trust can be formed, benefitting global health in the face of biological threats.

Enhancing Student Learning on Emerging Infectious Diseases: An Ebola Exemplar

2018 ◽  
Vol 80 (7) ◽  
pp. 493-500
Author(s):  
Derek Dube ◽  
Tracie M. Addy ◽  
Maria R. Teixeira ◽  
Linda M. Iadarola
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Health Science ◽  
Science Courses ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Mode Of Instruction

Throughout global history, various infectious diseases have emerged as particularly relevant within an era. Some examples include the Bubonic plague of the fourteenth century, the Spanish Influenza pandemic of 1918, the HIV epidemic of the 1980s, and the Zika virus outbreak in 2015–16. These instances of emerging infectious disease represent ideal opportunities for timely, relevant instruction in natural and health science courses through case studies. Such instructional approaches can promote student engagement in the material and encourage application and higher-order thinking. We describe here how the case study approach was utilized to teach students about emerging infectious diseases using the 2014–16 Ebola virus outbreak as the subject of instruction. Results suggest that students completing the case study not only had positive perceptions of the mode of instruction, but also realized learning gains and misconception resolution. These outcomes support the efficacy of case pedagogy as a useful teaching tool in emerging infectious diseases, and augment the paucity of literature examining Ebola virus knowledge and misconceptions among undergraduate students within United States institutions.

scholarly journals Tackling human and animal health threats through innovative vaccinology in Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
George M. Warimwe ◽  
Jyothi Purushotham ◽  
Brian D. Perry ◽  
Adrian V.S. Hill ◽  
Sarah C. Gilbert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Vaccine Research ◽  
Veterinary Vaccine ◽  
Health Threats ◽  
Good Number ◽  
Human Vaccine

Africa bears the brunt of many of the world’s most devastating human and animal infectious diseases, a good number of which have no licensed or effective vaccines available. The continent’s potential to generate novel interventions against these global health threats is however largely untapped. Strengthening Africa’s vaccine research and development (R&D) sector could accelerate discovery, development and deployment of effective countermeasures against locally prevalent infectious diseases, many of which are neglected and have the capacity to spread to new geographical settings. Here, we review Africa’s human and veterinary vaccine R&D sectors and identify key areas that should be prioritized for investment, and synergies that could be exploited from Africa’s veterinary vaccine industry, which is surprisingly strong and has close parallels with human vaccine R&D.

scholarly journals Toward a transdisciplinary understanding and a global control of emerging infectious diseases

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 903-905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Paul Gonzalez ◽  
Gérard Lambert ◽  
Anaïs Legand ◽  
Patrice Debré
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Public Health Professionals ◽  
Human And Social Sciences ◽  
High Level ◽  
International Experts ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Scientific Debates

The Franceville International Centre for Medical Research (CIRMF) organized a first international symposium on infectious diseases, environments, and biodiversity. Over 200 international experts gathered in Gabon to forecast and work to prevent the emergence of infectious diseases. This symposium aimed to strengthen the regional and international fight against the emergence of infectious diseases with high-level scientific debates. Toward this goal, it brought together experts in human and animal health, the environment, and ecology, including biologists, climatologists, microbiologists, epidemiologists, public health professionals, and human and social sciences specialists. National, regional and international participants were present to debate on the challenges related to the emergence of infectious diseases and on the responses to be implemented. The symposium was very successful, and plans for a second symposium of this kind to be held in the near future in another high-biodiversity area are already underway.

scholarly journals Pandemic Influenza Vaccines: What did We Learn from the 2009 Pandemic and are We Better Prepared Now?

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Rockman ◽  
Karen Laurie ◽  
Ian Barr
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
H1n1 Influenza ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Extensive Disease ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
International Agencies ◽  
Infectious Disease Outbreaks

In 2009, a novel A(H1N1) influenza virus emerged with rapid human-to-human spread and caused the first pandemic of the 21st century. Although this pandemic was considered mild compared to the previous pandemics of the 20th century, there was still extensive disease and death. This virus replaced the previous A(H1N1) and continues to circulate today as a seasonal virus. It is well established that vaccines are the most effective method to alleviate the mortality and morbidity associated with influenza virus infections, but the 2009 A(H1N1) influenza pandemic, like all significant infectious disease outbreaks, presented its own unique set of problems with vaccine supply and demand. This manuscript describes the issues that confronted governments, international agencies and industries in developing a well-matched vaccine in 2009, and identifies the key improvements and remaining challenges facing the world as the next influenza pandemic inevitably approaches.

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