scholarly journals Human gut microbiota and future prebiotics

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Michael Conlon ◽  
Anthony Bird ◽  
Claus Christohersen
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Independent Analysis ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
The Status ◽  
Diet And Lifestyle ◽  
Contemporary Approach

Rapid advances in molecular methods that enable culture-independent analysis of the complex bacterial populations is increasing awareness and understanding of the composition and activity of the microbiota in the human gastrointestinal tract, its role in host health and response to changes in diet and lifestyle. In this article we discuss the shortcomings of the contemporary approach of targeting a few selected bacteria, notably lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, to gauge the status of the gut microbiota for promoting health of the human host.

Culture-Independent Analysis of the Human Gut Microbiota and their Activities

2011 ◽  
pp. 207-219
Author(s):  
Jonathan Swann ◽  
Selena E. Richards ◽  
Qing Shen ◽  
Elaine Holmes ◽  
Julian R. Marchesi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Human Gut Microbiota ◽  
Independent Analysis ◽  
Culture Independent

scholarly journals 176 Characterizing the mycobiome in piglets during the weaning transition

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 177-177
Author(s):  
Ann Arfken ◽  
Juli Frey ◽  
Timothy Ramsay ◽  
Katie L Summers
Keyword(s):  
Gi Tract ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Fiber Degradation ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
Fungal Organisms ◽  
Fungal Populations ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Slow Growing

Abstract The importance of the microbiota in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of animals is recognized as a critical player in host health. Recently, the significance of the mycobiome has been recognized, but culture-independent studies are limited, especially in swine. Weaning is a time of stress, dietary changes, and a predisposition to infections, making it a time of interest to industry. In this study, we sought to assess and characterize the mycobiome and microbiome in the feces and GI tract of swine from birth through the critical weaning transition (days 1–35 post-birth). In addition, we investigated environmental factors that may alter microorganisms present in piglets. Fecal bacterial populations increased in diversity over the experimental timeline and demonstrated a transition from an Enterobacteriaceae-dominated population, to a Prevotellaceae and Ruminococcaceae-dominated population by days 24–35 post-birth. These later populations are capable of fiber degradation and short chain fatty acid production. In fecal fungal populations, richness and diversity peaked at weaning and declined post-weaning. There was also a dynamic shift in the mycobiome to a Saccharomycetaceae-dominated population that remained stable into adulthood. Fungal organisms contributing to this colonization were not found in environmental samples including water, colostrum, and feed. Despite fungal populations present in the feces of sows, these maternal fungi were not similar to the piglet mycobiome and thus did not indicate a maternally-derived effect. Furthermore, the microbiomes of the GI tract showed decreased richness and diversity in the upper GI compared to the lower GI, and a high degree of individual variation and litter effect throughout the organs. This study provides insights into the early colonization and establishment of fungi during the weaning transition. Future studies will investigate the effect of the mycobiome on piglet growth and health during the weaning transition, including their role in fast- versus slow-growing piglets.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota Metabolism and Interaction with Food Components

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela Vernocchi ◽  
Federica Del Chierico ◽  
Lorenza Putignani
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Food Components ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Wide Variability ◽  
Gut Microbe ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Biochemical Mechanisms

The human gut contains trillions of microbes that play a central role in host biology, including the provision of key nutrients from the diet. Food is a major source of precursors for metabolite production; in fact, diet modulates the gut microbiota (GM) as the nutrients, derived from dietary intake, reach the GM, affecting both the ecosystem and microbial metabolic profile. GM metabolic ability has an impact on human nutritional status from childhood. However, there is a wide variability of dietary patterns that exist among individuals. The study of interactions with the host via GM metabolic pathways is an interesting field of research in medicine, as microbiota members produce myriads of molecules with many bioactive properties. Indeed, much evidence has demonstrated the importance of metabolites produced by the bacterial metabolism from foods at the gut level that dynamically participate in various biochemical mechanisms of a cell as a reaction to environmental stimuli. Hence, the GM modulate homeostasis at the gut level, and the alteration in their composition can concur in disease onset or progression, including immunological, inflammatory, and metabolic disorders, as well as cancer. Understanding the gut microbe–nutrient interactions will increase our knowledge of how diet affects host health and disease, thus enabling personalized therapeutics and nutrition.

scholarly journals The effect of sun-dried raisins (Vitis vinifera L.) on the in vitro composition of the gut microbiota

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 4048-4060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppina Mandalari ◽  
Simona Chessa ◽  
Carlo Bisignano ◽  
Luisa Chan ◽  
Arianna Carughi
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Human Gut Microbiota ◽  
Host Health

Modulation of the human gut microbiota has proven to have beneficial effects on host health. Sun-dried raisins exhibited prebiotic potential.

scholarly journals Genomic Techniques Used to Investigate the Human Gut Microbiota

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akhlash P. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing Ngs ◽  
Lifestyle Related Diseases ◽  
Gut Microbial Community

The human gut is the complex microbial ecosystem comprises more than 100 trillion microbes also known as microbiota. The gut microbiota does not only include about 400–500 types of bacterial strains, but it also contains archaea, bacteriophage, fungi, and protozoa species. In order to complete the characterization of the gut microbial community, we need the help of many culture-dependent and culture-independent genomic technologies. Recently, next-generation sequencing (NGS), mediated metagenomics that rely on 16S rRNA gene amplification, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) have provided us deep knowledge related to important interactions such as host-microbiota and microbe-microbe interactions under various perturbation inside the gut. But, we still lack complete knowledge related to unique gene products encoded by gut meta-genome. Hence, it required the application of high-throughput “omics-based” methods to support metagenomics. Currently, a combination of high-throughput culturing and microfluidics assays is providing a new method to characterize non-amenable bacterial strains from the gut environment. The recent additions of artificial intelligence and deep learning to the area of microbiome studies have enhanced the capability of identification of thousand microbes simultaneously. Given above, it is necessary to apply new genome editing tools that can be used to design the personalized microflora which can be used to cure lifestyle-related diseases.

scholarly journals Sulfated host glycan recognition by carbohydrate sulfatases of the human gut microbiota

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana S Luis ◽  
Arnaud Basle ◽  
Dominic P Byrne ◽  
Gareth SA Wright ◽  
James London ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Functional Data ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Human Colon ◽  
Carbohydrate Active Enzymes ◽  
Nutrient Source ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Human Gut Microbiota ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Major Nutrient

The vast microbial community that resides in the human colon, termed the human gut microbiota, performs important roles in maintaining host health. Sulfated host glycans comprise both a major nutrient source and important colonisation factors for this community. Carbohydrate sulfatases remove sulfate groups from glycans and are essential in many bacteria for the utilisation of sulfated host glycans. Additionally, carbohydrate sulfatases are also implicated in numerous host diseases, but remain some of the most understudied carbohydrate active enzymes to date, especially at the structural and molecular level. In this work, we analyse 7 carbohydrate sulfatases, spanning 4 subfamilies, from the human gut symbiont Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, a major utiliser of sulfated host glycans, correlating structural and functional data with phylogenetic and environmental analyses. Together, these data begin to fill the knowledge gaps in how carbohydrate sulfatases orchestrate sulfated glycan metabolism within their environment.

scholarly journals Decreased Ecological Resistance of the Gut Microbiota in Response to Clindamycin Challenge in Mice Colonized with the Fungus Candida albicans

mSphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Markey ◽  
Antonia Pugliese ◽  
Theresa Tian ◽  
Farrah Roy ◽  
Kyongbum Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Ecological Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Microbiota ◽  
Host Health

ABSTRACT The mammalian gut microbiota is a complex community of microorganisms which typically exhibits remarkable stability. As the gut microbiota has been shown to affect many aspects of host health, the molecular keys to developing and maintaining a “healthy” gut microbiota are highly sought after. Yet, the qualities that define a microbiota as healthy remain elusive. We used the ability to resist change in response to antibiotic disruption, a quality we refer to as ecological resistance, as a metric for the health of the bacterial microbiota. Using a mouse model, we found that colonization with the commensal fungus Candida albicans decreased the ecological resistance of the bacterial microbiota in response to the antibiotic clindamycin such that increased microbiota disruption was observed in C. albicans-colonized mice compared to that in uncolonized mice. C. albicans colonization resulted in decreased alpha diversity and small changes in abundance of bacterial genera prior to clindamycin challenge. Strikingly, co-occurrence network analysis demonstrated that C. albicans colonization resulted in sweeping changes to the co-occurrence network structure, including decreased modularity and centrality and increased density. Thus, C. albicans colonization resulted in changes to the bacterial microbiota community and reduced its ecological resistance. IMPORTANCE Candida albicans is the most common fungal member of the human gut microbiota, yet its ability to interact with and affect the bacterial gut microbiota is largely uncharacterized. Previous reports showed limited changes in microbiota composition as defined by bacterial species abundance as a consequence of C. albicans colonization. We also observed only a few bacterial genera that were significantly altered in abundance in C. albicans-colonized mice; however, C. albicans colonization significantly changed the structure of the bacterial microbiota co-occurrence network. Additionally, C. albicans colonization changed the response of the bacterial microbiota ecosystem to a clinically relevant perturbation, challenge with the antibiotic clindamycin.

scholarly journals Wood-Derived Dietary Fibers Promote Beneficial Human Gut Microbiota

mSphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabina Leanti La Rosa ◽  
Vasiliki Kachrimanidou ◽  
Fanny Buffetto ◽  
Phillip B. Pope ◽  
Nicholas A. Pudlo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Human Gut Microbiota ◽  
Lignocellulosic Feedstocks ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Clostridial Cluster ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

The architecture of the gut bacterial ecosystem has a profound effect on the physiology and well-being of the host. Modulation of the gut microbiota and the intestinal microenvironment via administration of prebiotics represents a valuable strategy to promote host health. This work provides insights into the ability of two novel wood-derived preparations, AcGGM and AcAGX, to influence human gut microbiota composition and activity. These compounds were selectively fermented by commensal bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides-Prevotella, F. prausnitzii, and clostridial cluster IX spp. This promoted the microbial synthesis of acetate, propionate, and butyrate, which are beneficial to the microbial ecosystem and host colonic epithelial cells. Thus, our results demonstrate potential prebiotic properties for both AcGGM and AcAGX from lignocellulosic feedstocks. These findings represent pivotal requirements for rationally designing intervention strategies based on the dietary supplementation of AcGGM and AcAGX to improve or restore gut health.

scholarly journals Novel approaches for analysing gut microbes and dietary polyphenols: challenges and opportunities

Microbiology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 156 (11) ◽  
pp. 3224-3231 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Kemperman ◽  
S. Bolca ◽  
L. C. Roger ◽  
E. E. Vaughan
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Fruit And Vegetables ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Dietary Polyphenols ◽  
Host Health ◽  
The Impact

Polyphenols, ubiquitously present in the food we consume, may modify the gut microbial composition and/or activity, and moreover, may be converted by the colonic microbiota to bioactive compounds that influence host health. The polyphenol content of fruit and vegetables and derived products is implicated in some of the health benefits bestowed on eating fruit and vegetables. Elucidating the mechanisms behind polyphenol metabolism is an important step in understanding their health effects. Yet, this is no trivial assignment due to the diversity encountered in both polyphenols and the gut microbial composition, which is further confounded by the interactions with the host. Only a limited number of studies have investigated the impact of dietary polyphenols on the complex human gut microbiota and these were mainly focused on single polyphenol molecules and selected bacterial populations. Our knowledge of gut microbial genes and pathways for polyphenol bioconversion and interactions is poor. Application of specific in vitro or in vivo models mimicking the human gut environment is required to analyse these diverse interactions. A particular benefit can now be gained from next-generation analytical tools such as metagenomics and metatranscriptomics allowing a wider, more holistic approach to the analysis of polyphenol metabolism. Understanding the polyphenol–gut microbiota interactions and gut microbial bioconversion capacity will facilitate studies on bioavailability of polyphenols in the host, provide more insight into the health effects of polyphenols and potentially open avenues for modulation of polyphenol bioactivity for host health.

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