scholarly journals Long in the tooth: Oral bacterial communities and chronic periodontitis

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Stuart G Dashper ◽  
Samantha J Byrne ◽  
Rebecca K Orth ◽  
Eric C Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Commensal Microbiota ◽  
Tissue Surfaces ◽  
High Moisture Level ◽  
Pathogenic Microbes ◽  
Major Division

The oral cavity provides a fertile environment for the growth of microorganisms. It has a high and relatively constant temperature, high moisture level and is rich in nutrients. The range of hard and soft tissue surfaces provides a variety of distinctly different microhabitats. The unique, non-shedding hard surfaces of teeth in particular allow for accretion of the thick, complex, structured polymicrobial biofilms known as dental plaque. The majority of oral bacteria exist as components of these biofilms that confer benefit to the host by helping to prevent colonisation by exogenous, often pathogenic, microbes. Colonisation of the oral cavity by bacteria occurs soon after birth and a diverse commensal microbiota becomes established. Over 700 bacterial taxa inhabit the oral cavity making it one of the most bacterially biodiverse regions of the human body. This biodiversity exists despite the large number and variety of antimicrobial agents produced by the host in saliva, gingival crevice fluid and on epithelial surfaces, and the acquired immune response to particular bacterial species. There is a major division between the ecologies of supragingival and subgingival plaque found on the tooth surface above and below the gingival margin respectively.

scholarly journals Murein Hydrolase LytF of Streptococcus sanguinis and the Ecological Consequences of Competence Development

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nyssa Cullin ◽  
Sylvio Redanz ◽  
Kirsten J. Lampi ◽  
Justin Merritt ◽  
Jens Kreth
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Cell Morphology ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Streptococcus Sanguinis ◽  
Murein Hydrolase ◽  
Biofilm Development

ABSTRACT The overall health of the oral cavity is dependent on proper homeostasis between health-associated bacterial colonizers and bacteria known to promote dental caries. Streptococcus sanguinis is a health-associated commensal organism, a known early colonizer of the acquired tooth pellicle, and is naturally competent. We have shown that LytF, a competence-controlled murein hydrolase, is capable of inducing the release of extracellular DNA (eDNA) from oral bacteria. Precipitated LytF and purified LytF were used as treatments against planktonic cultures and biofilms. Larger amounts of eDNA were released from cultures treated with protein samples containing LytF. Additionally, LytF could affect biofilm formation and cellular morphology. Biofilm formation was significantly decreased in the lytF-complemented strain, in which increased amounts of LytF are present. The same strain also exhibited cell morphology defects in both planktonic cultures and biofilms. Furthermore, the LytF cell morphology phenotype was reproducible in wild-type cells using purified LytF protein. In sum, our findings demonstrate that LytF can induce the release of eDNA from oral bacteria, and they suggest that, without proper regulation of LytF, cells display morphological abnormalities that contribute to biofilm malformation. In the context of the oral biofilm, LytF may play important roles as part of the competence and biofilm development programs, as well as increasing the availability of eDNA. IMPORTANCE Streptococcus sanguinis, a commensal organism in the oral cavity and one of the pioneer colonizers of the tooth surface, is associated with the overall health of the oral environment. Our laboratory showed previously that, under aerobic conditions, S. sanguinis can produce H2O2 to inhibit the growth of bacterial species that promote dental caries. This production of H2O2 by S. sanguinis also induces the release of eDNA, which is essential for proper biofilm formation. Under anaerobic conditions, S. sanguinis does not produce H2O2 but DNA is still released. Determining how S. sanguinis releases DNA is thus essential to understand biofilm formation in the oral cavity.

scholarly journals Activity of Human β-Defensin 3 Alone or Combined with Other Antimicrobial Agents against Oral Bacteria

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 3349-3351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppantonio Maisetta ◽  
Giovanna Batoni ◽  
Semih Esin ◽  
Filippo Luperini ◽  
Manuela Pardini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Bactericidal Activity ◽  
Lactobacillus Acidophilus ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Actinobacillus Actinomycetemcomitans ◽  
Streptococcus Sobrinus

ABSTRACT The in vitro activities of human β-defensin 3 (hBD-3) alone or combined with lysozyme, metronidazole, amoxicillin, and chlorhexidine were investigated with the oral bacteria Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus sobrinus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. hBD-3 showed bactericidal activity against all of the bacterial species tested. The bactericidal effect was enhanced when the peptide was used in combination with the antimicrobial agents mentioned above.

scholarly journals The Bacterial Connection between the Oral Cavity and the Gut Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (9) ◽  
pp. 1021-1029 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kitamoto ◽  
H. Nagao-Kitamoto ◽  
R. Hein ◽  
T.M. Schmidt ◽  
N. Kamada
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Sequencing Technologies ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
Oral Microbes ◽  
Irritable Bowel

More than 100 trillion symbiotic microorganisms constitutively colonize throughout the human body, including the oral cavity, the skin, and the gastrointestinal tract. The oral cavity harbors one of the most diverse and abundant microbial communities within the human body, second to the community that resides in the gastrointestinal tract, and is composed of >770 bacterial species. Advances in sequencing technologies help define the precise microbial landscape in our bodies. Environmental and functional differences render the composition of resident microbiota largely distinct between the mouth and the gut and lead to the development of unique microbial ecosystems in the 2 mucosal sites. However, it is apparent that there may be a microbial connection between these 2 mucosal sites in the context of disease pathogenesis. Accumulating evidence indicates that resident oral bacteria can translocate to the gastrointestinal tract through hematogenous and enteral routes. The dissemination of oral microbes to the gut may exacerbate various gastrointestinal diseases, including irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and colorectal cancer. However, the precise role that oral microbes play in the extraoral organs, including the gut, remains elusive. Here, we review the recent findings on the dissemination of oral bacteria to the gastrointestinal tract and their possible contribution to the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal diseases. Although little is known about the mechanisms of ectopic colonization of the gut by oral bacteria, we also discuss the potential factors that allow the oral bacteria to colonize the gut.

scholarly journals Structural studies of surface adhesins expressed by oral bacteria

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (a1) ◽  
pp. C830-C830
Author(s):  
Michael Hall ◽  
Patrik Kloppsteck ◽  
Karina Persson
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Periodontal Pathogen ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Oral Streptococci ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Covalent Bonds ◽  
Monomeric Proteins ◽  
Surface Adhesins

Dental plaque is one of the most complex biofilms known and consists of hundreds of bacterial species. Plaque development is initiated by the attachment of salivary proteins to the tooth surface, followed by adherence of early colonizers, such as the Gram-positive Actinomyces oris and oral streptococci. These bacteria form an initial biofilm that is used as attachment surface for late colonizers. The key factors for these microorganisms to network with other bacteria and cells are their surface adhesins and pili. These Gram-positive surface proteins are assembled by very different mechanisms. One form represents the pili, that consists of polymerized proteins linked by covalent bonds with a large adhesin located at the tip. A second form consists of large monomeric proteins with N-terminal adhesive domains presented on stalks formed by repetitive small domains. A third form is represented by the antigen I/II proteins, expressed by oral streptococci. Antigen I/II have a unique fold where a central domain is presented on a stalk formed by intertwining flanking regions bringing both the N- and C-termini close to the cell wall. We have solved structures representing all three aforementioned groups; the pilin protein FimP from A. oris, the surface adhesin sgo0707 from Streptococcus gordonii and antigen I/II proteins from S. gordonii, Streptococcus mutans as well as from Streptococcus pyogenes. The late colonizers are often Gram-negative and one of these bacteria is the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. This bacteria causes tooth loss and chronic inflammation and increasing evidence points to that P. gingivalis also is involved in the onset of disease at non-oral sites, causing cancer, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. This bacteria expresses two forms of pili with hitherto unexplored structures. Since these pili are important virulence factors we are focusing on structure determination also of these.

Nutritional Influences on Biofilm Development

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.H.W. Bowden ◽  
Y.H. Li
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Carbon Limitation ◽  
Cell Surfaces ◽  
Nutritional Influences ◽  
Oral Biofilms ◽  
Biofilm Development

The amounts and types of nutrients in the environment influence the development and final bacterial and chemical composition of biofilms. In oligotrophic environments, organisms respond to nutrient stress by alterations in their cell morphology and cell surfaces, which enhance adherence. Little is known of the responses to stress by bacteria in the animal oral cavity. The environment in the oral cavity is less extreme, and saliva provides a constant source of nutrients. Catabolic cooperation among oral bacteria allows carbon and nitrogen from salivary glycoproteins to be utilized. Modification of growth environments of oral bacteria can influence their cell surfaces and adhesion. Studies in experimental animals have shown that feeding either glucose or sucrose diets or fasting has little effect on the initial stages of development of oral biofilms. However, diet can influence the proportions of different bacterial species later in biofilm development. Studies of competition among populations in communities of oral bacteria in vitro and in vivo have shown the significance of carbon limitation and excess and changes in environmental pH. Relatively few studies have been made of the role of a nitrogen metabolism in bacterial competition in biofilms. In keeping with biofilms in nature, oral biofilms provide a sequestered habitat, where organisms are protected from removal by saliva and where interactions among cells generate a biofilm environment, distinct from that of saliva. Oral biofilms are an essential component in the etiologies of caries and periodontal disease, and understanding the biology of oral biofilms has aided and will continue to aid in the prevention and treatment of these diseases.

Comparison of the proportions of oral bacterial species in BALB/c mice from different suppliers

1996 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Rodrigue ◽  
M. C. Lavoie
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Bacterial Population ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Different Origins

In order to assess the influence of the origin of mice on their oral bacteria, the proportions of bacterial species found in the oral cavity of BALB/c mice from 5 suppliers were determined. The results indicated that mice from different origins harboured different oral bacterial populations upon arrival at our animal facilities and the differences persisted for at least one week after arrival. Except in one case, the oral bacteria did not differ from one shipment to another from each supplier and remained similar after one week at our animal facilities. The results thus indicate that the composition of the oral bacterial population is influenced by the origin of the mice.

scholarly journals Determining the Antibacterial Activity of Chlorhexidine Mouthwashes with and without Alcohol against Common Oral Pathogens

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 15-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sepideh Bahlouli ◽  
Zahra Aghazadeh ◽  
Marzieh Aghazadeh ◽  
Sevda Shojani ◽  
Hossein Samadi Kafil
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Saline Group ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Oral Microbes

Aims and Objectives Mouthwashes with antibacterial activity inhibit the growth of bacteria in the mouth and teeth. Chlorhexidine is one of the most widely used mouthwashes that inhibits dental plaque and prevents tooth surface decay. Recently, concerns have been raised that alcohol-containing mouthwashes may have carcinogenic properties and may be harmful to children and pregnant and lactating women. The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial effects of chlorhexidine mouthwashes with and without alcohol on common oral bacteria. Material and Methods In this in vitro study, bacterial species were purchased from a research center and were cultured separately in proprietary environments in test tubes. Thereafter, mouthwashes with alcohol, without alcohol, and with salt water (saline) were added to test tubes containing the bacteria grown. The samples were then analyzed using a spectrophotometer to determine viability, growth rate, and bacteria waste. Finally, the data were analyzed using SPSS version 17 through analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey statistical tests. Results The obtained results showed that the saline group had the highest antibacterial activity and that the average antibacterial activity of the alcohol and alcohol-free groups did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). Post hoc test results showed that the antibacterial activity of the saline group was significantly different statistically from that of the other two groups. Conclusion On the basis of the results, it can be concluded that both alcohol-free chlorhexidine and alcohol-containing chlorhexidine are effective in removing oral microbes. Moreover, by using alcohol-free chlorhexidine, the harmful effects of alcohol can be prevented.

The Role of Microbiology in Models of Dental Caries

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.D. Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Protective Agent ◽  
Artificial Mouth ◽  
Oral Sucrose ◽  
Laboratory Models

Models of dental caries (laboratory, animal, and human in situ models) vary markedly in their microbiological complexity. Laboratory models range from mono-cultures of cariogenic species providing an acidic challenge to enamel, to the development of diverse mixed cultures growing on a habitat-simulating medium in an artificial mouth or chemostat. The latter systems are of value in determining either mechanisms of action or cause-and-effect relationships-e.g., between dietary components or antimicrobial agents and the microflora. Laboratory models have also shown that the sensitivity of oral bacteria to inhibitors is markedly reduced when growing in biofilms such as dental plaque. Animal models have proved unequivocally that caries is an infectious and transmissible disease. Their use has enabled comparisons to be made of (a) the cariogenic potential of different bacterial species, (b) the role of the diet, and (c) the effects of potential anti-caries agents. It has been claimed that no caries-protective agent currently in use has failed a rodent test. In situ human models have been designed to permit the development of "natural" plaque on standardized enamel surfaces freely exposed to the human oral environment. The microflora that develops on unadulterated surfaces is similar in composition to that found at comparable sites on vital teeth. Demineralization can be accelerated by the inoculation of additional cariogenic bacteria coupled with either intra- or extra-oral sucrose rinses. The increased realism associated with the transition from laboratory to human in situ models is countered by a reduced ability to control or manipulate the system for experimental purposes. Thus, a hierarchy of tests is needed for the study of anti-caries agents, each requiring a varying degree of microbiological complexity.

scholarly journals Genomewide Identification of Essential Genes and Fitness Determinants of Streptococcus mutans UA159

mSphere ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Shields ◽  
Lin Zeng ◽  
David J. Culp ◽  
Robert A. Burne
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Tooth Loss ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Tooth Decay ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Impaired Quality ◽  
Cause Of Pain

Tooth decay (dental caries) is a common cause of pain, impaired quality of life, and tooth loss in children and adults. It begins because of a compositional change in the microorganisms that colonize the tooth surface driven by repeated and sustained carbohydrate intake. Although several bacterial species are associated with tooth decay,Streptococcus mutansis the most common cause. Therefore, it is important to identify biological processes that contribute to the survival ofS. mutansin the human mouth, with the aim of disrupting the processes with antimicrobial agents. We successfully applied Tn-seq toS. mutans, discovering genes that are required for survival, growth, and persistence, both in laboratory environments and in a mouse model of tooth decay. This work highlights new avenues for the control of an important human pathogen.

scholarly journals A polymicrobial biofilm model for testing the antimicrobial potential of a nisin-biogel for canine periodontal disease control

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Cunha ◽  
Sandra Rebelo ◽  
Carla Carneiro ◽  
Luís Tavares ◽  
Luís Miguel Carreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Density Measurement ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Pd Control ◽  
Biofilm Model

Abstract Background Periodontal disease (PD) in dogs is prompted by the establishment of a polymicrobial biofilm at the tooth surface and a subsequent host inflammatory response. Several strategies may be used for PD control, including dental hygiene home care procedures, like toothbrushing, special diet and chew toys that reduce dental plaque accumulation, or professional periodontal treatments. Aiming at PD control, a biogel composed by nisin and guar-gum was previously developed. This work aimed to establish an in vitro model mimicking the PD-associated biofilms and to evaluate the nisin-biogel inhibitory activity against this polymicrobial biofilm by determining its Minimum Biofilm Inhibitory (MBIC) and Eradication Concentrations (MBEC). Bacterial species tested included Neisseria zoodegmatis CCUG 52598T, Corynebacterium canis CCUG 58627T, Porphyromonas cangingivalis DSMZ VPB 4874, Peptostreptococcus canis CCUG 57081 and an Enterococcus faecalis isolate belonging to a collection of oral bacteria obtained from dogs with PD. Before establishing the biofilm, coaggregation between species was determined by optical density measurement after 2 and 24 hours. Nisin-biogel MBIC and MBEC values regarding the polymicrobial biofilm were determined using a modified version of the Calgary biofilm pin lid device, after confirming the presence of the five bacterial species by Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization. Results Only 40% of the bacterial dual suspensions were able to coaggregate at 2 hours, but all species tested exhibited a coaggregation percentage higher than 30% at 24 hours. It was possible to establish a 48 h polymicrobial biofilm model composed by the five bacterial species selected. This model was used to determine nisin-biogel MBIC (26.39 ± 5.89 µg/mL) and MBEC (62.5 ± 27.73 µg/mL) values. Conclusions Our results showed that the nisin-biogel can inhibit and eradicate PD multispecies biofilms. As this in vitro model mimics an in vivo periodontal polymicrobial biofilm, our results reinforce the potential of the application of nisin-biogel for canine PD control.

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