The ovipositor system of Scelionid and Platygastrid wasps (Hymenoptera: Platygastroidea): Comparative morphology and phylogenetic implications

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Austin ◽  
and S. A. Field
Keyword(s):  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Type System ◽  
Comparative Morphology ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Ground Plan ◽  
Phylogenetic Implications ◽  
The Status ◽  
Baseline Information

The morphology of the sclerotised components of the ovipositor system is comprehensively surveyed for scelionid and platygastrid wasps, with information being assessed for 120 genera and 220 species. A diagnosis for the ovipositor system is presented for most genera to complement existing generic descriptions. Two previously described and mechanically different forms of the ovipositor system are recognised: (1) the Ceratobaeus-type that is extended and retracted by antagonistic muscles and (2) the Scelio-type that is operated by changes in hydrostatic pressure, where the ovipositor is extended at the end of an elongate telescopic tube derived from expanded intersegmental membrane between metasomal segments 6 and 7. Comparison of these forms with the supposed ground plan for the Scelionidae strongly indicates that the Scelio-type is apomorphic, that it defines a monophyletic group associated with orthopteran host eggs, and that it comprises the tribes Scelionini, Calliscelionini, most Psilanteridini, Aradophagini, Neoscelionini, Platyscelionini, Doddiellini and four genera misplaced within the Sparasionini and Baryconini (Archaeoteleia Masner, Bracalba Dodd, Chromoteleia Ashmead and Oxyscelio Kieffer), as well as Sceliacanthella Dodd. Until a more robust classification of the superfamily is forthcoming, it is proposed that this group be informally referred to as the 'Scelionini sensu lato'. Further, seven genera (Habroteleia Kieffer, Palpoteleia Kieffer, Anteris Foerster, Fusicornia Risbec, Leptoteleia Kieffer, Opisthacantha Ashmead and Styloteleia Kieffer) are misplaced in the Calliscelionini and Psilanteridini because they possess the Ceratobaeus-type system. Nixonia Masner, Sparasion Latreille and Sceliomorpha Ashmead (Sparasionini) are considered to have the most primitive ovipositor system because they possess a Ceratobaeus-type system, and sub-basally fused lateral and latero-ventral apodemes, the latter being loosely attached to sternite 6. Sparasion and Sceliomorpha also have very short lateral apodemes and this, in conjunction with the form of the apodemes, can be considered to be the ground plan for the superfamily. The Platygastridae all possess a modified ovipositor system but, nonetheless, one that in most cases is extended and retracted by musculature (i.e. Ceratobaeus-type). In particular, the system in most platygastrids is typified by having metasomal tergite 8 and associated cerci missing, the lateral apodemes short and forming a U-shape, and the ovipositor assembly generally robust. Only one of approximately 30 genera examined, Acerotella Masner, has very elongate apodemes, as in the Scelionidae. Many platygastrids also have a pair of latero-ventral apodemes, a presumed plesiomorphic character, rather than a single medial apodeme on stemite 6, which is the case for many Scelionidae. The most highly modified system is found in Isostasius Foerster and some Synopeas (Sactogaster) Foerster, where the ovipositor assembly is coiled vertically or partly so and the apodemes are greatly reduced. Generally, characters associated with the ovipositor system do not provide any independent support for the most recent higher-level classification of platygastrids, although they show substantial potential for more accurate definition of genera. A preliminary cladistic analysis of 14 ovipositor characters supports the monophyly of five clades that correspond to the Scelionini s. l., the Scelionidae (minus the Sparasionini sensu stricto), the Sparasionini s. str., the Platygastridae, and the Sparasioriini s. str. + Platygastridae. Overall, results from this study will provide baseline information on the ovipositor system as a prelude to a more complete phylogenetic analysis of the superfamily including external morphological characters. Although no new classification for the Scelionidae and Platygastridae is proposed, their higher-level taxonomy is reviewed and discussed and cases identified where, on the basis of ovipositor morphology, taxa (tribes and/or genera) apparently form monophyletic groups, and where taxa are misplaced. Finally, the status of the major higher-level groups within the superfamily is discussed, as is the available evidence to support their monophyly.

The morphology, higher-level phylogeny and classification of the Empidoidea (Diptera)

Zootaxa ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 1180 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRADLEY J. SINCLAIR ◽  
JEFFREY M. CUMMING
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Ground Plan ◽  
Incertae Sedis ◽  
Higher Taxa ◽  
The Family

A cladistic analysis of the Empidoidea and basal lineages of the Cyclorrhapha, based on morphological characters, confirms the monophyly of both groups as well as that of the                    Eremoneura. The resulting final trees are used to revise the classification of the Empidoidea to include the following five families: Empididae, Hybotidae, Atelestidae (including Nemedininae n. subfam.), Brachystomatidae rev. stat. (comprising the subfamilies Brachystomatinae, Ceratomerinae and Trichopezinae), and Dolichopodidae s.lat. The family Microphoridae is not recognized, and the Microphorinae and Parathalassiinae are assigned to the Dolichopodidae s.lat. The Dolichopodidae s.str. includes 15 subfamilies that were previously recognized within the family. Within the Empidoidea we found support for Atelestidae as the sister group to the Hybotidae and for the monophyly of Parathalassiinae + Dolichopodidae s.str. The Empididae remains poorly defined and the genera Homalocnemis Philippi, Iteaphila Zetterstedt, Anthepiscopus Becker, and Oreogeton Schiner are classified as incertae sedis within the                   Empidoidea. In addition, the following higher taxa are proposed: Symballophthalmini n. tribe, Bicellariini n. tribe, Oedaleinae rev. stat., and Trichininae rev. stat., which are all assigned to the Hybotidae. The genus Sematopoda Collin is tentatively assigned to Trichopezinae, and Xanthodromia Saigusa is transferred from Hemerodromiinae to Brachystomatinae.        All morphological characters are extensively discussed and illustrated, including details of the antennae, mouthparts, internal thoracic structures, wings, and male and female terminalia. In addition, a key to families and unplaced genus groups of the Empidoidea is provided. Feeding habits are also discussed in terms of the empidoid ground plan condition.

Molecular phylogenetic analyses and morphological variation point to taxonomic problems among four genera of parasitoid doryctine wasps (Hymenoptera : Braconidae)

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Gebiola ◽  
Antonio P. Garonna ◽  
Umberto Bernardo ◽  
Sergey A. Belokobylskij
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
Morphological Examination ◽  
Ongoing Effort ◽  
The Status ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic

Doryctinae (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) is a large and diverse subfamily of parasitic wasps that has received much attention recently, with new species and genera described and phylogenies based on morphological and/or molecular data that have improved higher-level classification and species delimitation. However, the status of several genera is still unresolved, if not controversial. Here we focus on two related groups of such genera, Dendrosoter Wesmael–Caenopachys Foerster and Ecphylus Foerster–Sycosoter Picard & Lichtenstein. We integrated morphological and molecular (COI and 28S–D2 genes) evidence to highlight, by phylogenetic analyses (maximum likelihood and Bayesian) and a posteriori morphological examination, previously overlooked variation, which is here illustrated and discussed. Monophyly of Dendrosoter and Caenopachys and the presence of synapomorphic morphological characters support synonymy of Caenopachys under Dendrosoter. Low genetic differentiation and high variability for putatively diagnostic morphological characters found in both C. hartigii (Ratzeburg) and C. caenopachoides (Ruschka) supports synonymy of D. caenopachoides under D. hartigii, syn. nov. Morphological and molecular evidence together also indicate independent generic status for Sycosoter, stat. rev., which is here resurrected. This work represents a further advancement in the framework of the ongoing effort to improve systematics and classification of the subfamily Doryctinae.

scholarly journals Floral morphology resolves the taxonomy of Camellia L. (Theaceae) Sect. Oleifera and Sect. Paracamellia

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Jiang ◽  
M. Nitin ◽  
B. Jiang ◽  
Y. P. Zheng ◽  
S. S. Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Taxonomy ◽  
Floral Morphology ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Floral Organ ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Species Classification ◽  
Plant Taxon

Numerical taxonomy and cladistic analysis of 19 species of Camellia L. were performed using floral morphology containing continuous and discrete units. The current study mostly supports the classifications of 19 species as proposed in previous works. In addition, it also agrees with combining the following species together: C. oleifera and C. vietnamensis; C. sasanqua and C. hiemalis; C. brevistyla and C. puniceiflora; and C. grijsii and C. shensiensis. Further, we propose that C. maliflora be recognized as a variety of C. sasanqua, and C. phaeoclada is best placed in sect. Paracamellia. Moreover, we conclude that these species can be combined: C. tenii and C. miyagii; and C. confusa and C. fluviatilis. Our study indicates that the numerical taxonomy and cladistic analysis based on morphological characters of floral organ is useful in species classification, and this technique appreciated in sect. Oleifera and sect. Paracamellia can be used for identification and classification of other taxa. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v19i2.13130 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 19(2): 155-165, 2012 (December)

The phylogeny of the Hydroporinae and classification of the genus Peschetius Guignot, 1942 (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)

2006 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Wolfe ◽  
Kelly Miller ◽  
Olof Biström
Keyword(s):  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe phylogeny of the Hydroporinae is investigated in a cladistic analysis emphasizing placement of the genus Peschetius Guignot, historically placed in the tribe Hydroporini. Sixty-nine adult and larval morphological characters were coded for 61 species of Hydroporinae representing eight of the nine tribes. Cladistic analysis of the data resulted in 396 most parsimonious cladograms (length = 176, CI = 46, RI = 80). The results indicate that the genus Peschetius is the sister group to the tribe Bidessini based mainly on an unambiguous character, the presence of a prominent internal spermathecal spine, and several other more ambiguous or homoplasious characters. The tribe Bidessini is expanded to include the genus Peschetius, and it is formally transferred from the tribe Hydroporini. Other results indicating interesting relationships of tribes and genera within Hydroporinae are also discussed. Results include; 1) a dramatically paraphyletic Hydroporini with Laccornellus Roughley and Wolfe, Canthyporus Zimmermann and Hydrocolus Roughley and Larson in basal positions within the phylogeny, 2) Hydrovatus Motschulsky and Queda Sharp resolved as sister groups and not closely related to Methlini van den Branden, 3) support for close relationship of Pachydrus Sharp (Pachydrini Biström, Nilsson and Wewalka) with Hyphydrini Sharp, 4) paraphyly of Hygrotus Stephens sensu lato with the relationship H. (Coelambus) Thomson + (Hygrotus sensus stricto + Hydrovatini)) suggesting recognition of Coelambus and Hygrotus as separate genera, 5) close relationship between the Australian genera of Hydroporini and Hyphydrini and 6) the nesting of Vatellini within a group of Hydroporini.

Phylogeny of the Limnophilinae (Limoniidae) and early evolution of the Tipulomorpha (Diptera)

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilherme Cunha Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Male Genitalia ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Systematic Position ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Crane Flies ◽  
Male Morphology ◽  
First Time

Tipulomorpha (crane flies) comprise one of the largest subgroups of Diptera, but its phylogeny at different levels has been poorly explored. This study presents the most comprehensive cladistic analysis of the group ever made, with emphasis on the genera and subgenera of the subfamily Limnophilinae (Limoniidae), assumed to include some of the earliest lineages of Tipulomorpha sensu stricto and therefore important for the understanding of the early patterns in the evolution of the crane flies. Eighty-eight characters of the male imago were scored for 104 exemplar species. The most parsimonious trees were searched using implied weighting, in the framework of a sensitivity analysis with different values of k (2 to 6). The dataset based on the characters of adult male morphology showed high levels of homoplasy and yielded very incongruent and unstable phylogenetic results, which are very sensitive to changes in analytical parameters. In the preferred and most parsimonious phylogenetic hypothesis, the Pediciidae is the sister-group of all other Tipulomorpha sensu stricto. The results indicate the paraphyly of the Limoniidae with respect to the Cylindrotomidae and Tipulidae, which are considered sister-groups. The Limoniidae subfamilies Limnophilinae, Limoniinae and Chioneinae are considered non-monophyletic. The study allowed a reconstruction of the possible ground plan condition of selected features of the adult male morphology of crane flies. The genera/subgenera Epiphragma (Epiphragma), Acantholimnophila, Shannonomyia, Limnophila (Arctolimnophila), Eloeophila, Conosia, Polymera, Polymera (Polymerodes), Prionolabis, Eutonia, Phylidorea (Phylidorea), Metalimnophila, Gynoplistia (Cerozodia), Gynoplistia (Dirhipis), Nothophila, Pseudolimnophila (Pseudolimnophila), Pilaria and Ulomorpha are considered monophyletic, but in general are defined by combinations of very homoplastic character states. Two Temperate Gondwanan clades, (Tonnoirella + (Edwardsomyia + (Tinemyia + (Rhamphophila + (Nothophila))))) and ((Notholimnophila + Bergrothomyia) + (Mesolimnophila + (Chilelimnophila + Ctenolimnophila))) are recovered. The genera Limnophila, Neolimnomyia, Gynoplistia (sensu lato) and Hexatoma (sensu lato) are considered non-monophyletic. The systematic position and some morphological characters of ‘problematic’ taxa, such as Dactylolabis, Elephantomyia, Helius and Atarba are discussed on the light of the proposed phylogeny and the analysis of the characters. Character states are richly illustrated. A detailed study of the morphology of the male genitalia is made, and several genera and species have the morphology of the male genitalia illustrated for the first time.

Maxillolabial complex in scelionids (Hymenoptera: Platygastroidea): morphology and phylogenetic implications

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 315-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ovidiu Alin Popovici ◽  
Lars Vilhelmsen ◽  
Lubomir Masner ◽  
István Mikó ◽  
Norman Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Parasitoid Wasps ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypothesis ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Ground Plan ◽  
Phylogenetic Implications ◽  
Current Classification

The Platygastroidea is a highly diverse group of small to minute parasitoid wasps. Despite the reduced size, the morphology of the maxillolabial complex of scelionids is very diverse and phylogenetically informative. 81 characters are scored for 129 genera (representing 75% of the total number of known extant genera of scelionids), as well as for seven outgroup taxa. All taxa examined are illustrated with images, SEM micrographs and/or line drawings. Phylogenetic trees resulting from analyses conducted in TNT under various settings were not fully resolved, but some relationships were repeatedly retrieved. The Platygastroidea are usually corroborated. Nixoniini, Sparasionini, Plaumannion and Huddlestonium are frequently retrieved as the most basal platygastroid lineages. Psix and Paratelenomus often form a monophyletic group close to Gryonini. The Scelioninae, Teleasinae and Telenominae are not supported as monophyletic. However, some major scelionid clades are frequently retrieved, but these are not recognized in the current classification of Platygastroidea. The evolution of the palpal formula, highly variably in scelionids, and previously used in platygastroid systematics, is explored. The number of maxillary palpomeres in the ground plan of platygatroids is probably five, that of labial palpomeres two or three, given the variation among basal scelionids. Our study provides relevant information for resolving the phylogeny of the Platygastroidea, but additional character sources have to be explored to obtain a robust phylogenetic hypothesis.

scholarly journals A Phylogeny and Classification of the Senticaudata subord. nov. Crustacea: Amphipoda)

Zootaxa ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 3610 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. LOWRY ◽  
A. A. MYERS
Keyword(s):  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Freshwater Species ◽  
Almost All ◽  
First Time

The Amphipoda includes a large clade defined by the presence of a previously unrecognised synapomorphy, apical robust setae on the rami of uropods 1–2. We term this clade the Senticaudata subord. nov. (Latin: sentis = thorn). It includes almost all freshwater species as well as a number of marine benthic taxa, formerly part of the ‘Gammaridea’. The phylogeny of the senticaudates was determined by cladistic analysis of morphological characters and character states. Within the suborder Senticaudata there are six infraorders: Carangoliopsida, Talitrida, Hadziida, Corophiida, Bogidiellida and Gammarida. A classification is provided and all the senticaudate families are diagnosed. We introduce for the first time in amphipod classification, the level parvorder between infraorder and superfamily. Four new families are described: Kairosidae; Eriopisidae; Nuuanuidae and Kergueleniolidae.

scholarly journals Colophon larvae: descriptions and phylogenetic implications

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelika K. Switala ◽  
Catherine L. Sole ◽  
Clarke H. Scholtz
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Preference ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Larval Morphology ◽  
Phylogenetic Information ◽  
Preference Data ◽  
Ground Plan ◽  
Phylogenetic Implications ◽  
Molecular Studies

The aim of the Colophon larval study was to enable researchers to identify the species found in the field; to use larvae as an alternative for adults in molecular studies; to comment on possible phylogenetic information that may contribute to the sub-familial placement of the genus; and to obtain habitat preference data. To achieve this, larvae of four Colophon species were examined and their main diagnostic morphological characters identified. Larvae live in a fairly homogeneous micro-habitat of moist, humus-rich soil in protected places such as under rocky overhangs and amongst the roots and tussocks of Restionaceae. Colophon larvae show small inter-specific differences and larval characters contributed little equivocal information from which phylogenetic support for family placement could be deduced. Apparently, as with many scarabaeoid groups (Trogidae, Scarabaeidae), larval morphology may not have diversified much from the basal ground-plan and it remains for other (adult) phylogenetically significant morphological characters or DNA to provide more clarity on Colophon’s subfamilial placement.

Platypodidae under scrutiny

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Kuschel ◽  
Richard A. B. Leschen ◽  
Elwood C. Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Status

The historical status of the family Platypodidae is reviewed and the family is revised. Results of a cladistic analysis based on 35 terminal taxa and 80 adult morphological characters show that the current placement of Platypodidae makes the subfamily Scolytinae paraphyletic. Moreover, several important genera included in Scolytinae are shown to be members of Cossoninae (i.e. the placement of Protoplatypus Wood and Phylloplatypus Kato in Cossoninae is confirmed). Based on these results, the status of Platypodidae as a family and subfamily is rejected, Scolytinae thereby becoming a monophyletic taxon. Araucarius groups in Scolytinae instead of Cossoninae in the analysis on a single step only, but it is suggested that it be retained in Cossoninae until this subfamily is submitted to a similar phylogenetic study. Three genera and four species of Cossoninae are described as new: Dobionus Kuschel, gen. nov.: type species D. araucarinus Kuschel, sp. nov. (with the inclusion of D. brachyrhinus (Montrouzier)); Coptonus Kuschel, gen. nov.: type species C. fijianus Kuschel, sp. nov. (with the inclusion of C. papuanus Kuschel, sp. nov.) and Dissostomus Kuschel, gen. nov.: type species D. hornabrooki Kuschel, sp. nov.

Classical morphology in zygomycete taxonomy

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (S1) ◽  
pp. 725-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald L. Benny
Keyword(s):  
Cell Formation ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Spore Morphology ◽  
Small Subunit Rdna ◽  
Morphology Development ◽  
Species Taxonomy

Classification of Zygomycetes has evolved with the description of new taxa and the rediscovery and redescription of known species. Taxonomy of orders in Zygomycetes is based on the morphology of the spore forming structures, sporangia and (or) sporangiola, or merosporangia. Some organisms produce only zygospores, azygospores, chlamydospores, or a combination of these structures. The occurrence and morphology of any of the aforementioned structures and others (e.g., stolons and rhizoids, apophyses, branching pattern, fertile vesicles) are used to ascertain the phylogenetic relationships in Mucorales. Our understanding of the morphology, development, and phylogeny of Zygomycetes has been enhanced by using microscopic observations and cladistic analysis of data sets derived both from small subunit rDNA and morphology. Many morphological characters (e.g., trophocyst, yeast cell formation) still appear to be reliable phylogenetic indicators while others (e.g., spore morphology) are too variable. The value of zygospore morphology is reduced because the sexual spore has never been reported for many taxa. Many characters used to circumscribe mucoralean families probably do not indicate relationships but still are useful in identification. Sporangiola should be considered indistinct from sporangia. Key words: cladistics, morphology, Mucorales, phylogeny, sporangia, sporangiola.

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