Phylogeny, evolution and systematic revision of the mite harvestman family Neogoveidae (Opiliones Cyphophthalmi)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ligia R. Benavides ◽  
Gustavo Hormiga ◽  
Gonzalo Giribet
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Molecular Study ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
Systematic Revision ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Usa

Mite harvestmen of the family Neogoveidae have a tropical trans-Atlantic distribution with representatives in equatorial West Africa and the Neotropics, specifically in the south-east region of the USA and in northern South America, being conspicuously absent from Central America. We provide a comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the family including representatives of all genera but the monotypic Tucanogovea Karaman, 2013, and new information on the type species described by Jochen Martens in 1969 that were unavailable for molecular study until now: Brasiliogovea microphaga, Metagovea oviformis and ‘? Gen. enigmaticus’. Additionally, we revisit the somatic and male genitalic morphology of representatives of all genera by means of scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy, and describe the new genera Leggogovia Benavides & Giribet, gen. nov., Microgovia Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, gen. nov., Waiwaigovia Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, gen. nov. and 13 new species: Brasiliogovea aphantostylus Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, sp. nov., Brasiliogovea microstylus Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, sp. nov., Brasiliogovea yacambuensis Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, sp. nov., Metagovea matapi Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, sp. nov., Metagovea planada Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, sp. nov., Microgovia chenepau Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, sp. nov., Neogovea branstetteri Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, sp. nov., Neogovea enigmatica Martens, sp. nov., Neogovea matawai Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, sp. nov., Parogovia montealensis Benavides & Giribet, sp. nov., Parogovia prietoi Benavides & Giribet, sp. nov., Parogovia putnami Benavides & Giribet, sp. nov. and Waiwaigovia schultzi Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, sp. nov. Phylogenetic analyses based on maximum likelihood, parsimony and Bayesian inference support the monophyly of Neogoveidae and a sister group relationship of Neogoveidae + Ogoveidae with Troglosironidae (a clade named Sternophthalmi). Relationships among neogoveid genera are largely congruent between methods as follows: ((Leggogovia gen. nov., Metasiro), (Parogovia, ((Canga, Microgovia gen. nov.), ((Brasiliogovea, Neogovea), (Huitaca, (Waiwaigovia gen. nov., Metagovea)))))). In light of our results, the following taxonomic changes are proposed: Metagovea oviformis Martens, 1969 is transferred to Microgovia, gen. nov.; Parogovia pabsgarnoni Legg, 1990 is transferred to Leggogovia, gen. nov.; ‘? Gen. enigmaticus Martens, 1969’ is an invalid name according to the ICZN; the corresponding taxon is redescribed and formally named as Neogovea enigmatica Martens, sp. nov.

Corrigendum to: Phylogeny, evolution and systematic revision of the mite harvestman family Neogoveidae (Opiliones Cyphophthalmi)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ligia R. Benavides ◽  
Gustavo Hormiga ◽  
Gonzalo Giribet
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Molecular Study ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
Systematic Revision ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Usa

Mite harvestmen of the family Neogoveidae have a tropical trans-Atlantic distribution with representatives in equatorial West Africa and the Neotropics, specifically in the south-east region of the USA and in northern South America, being conspicuously absent from Central America. We provide a comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the family including representatives of all genera but the monotypic Tucanogovea Karaman, 2013, and new information on the type species described by Jochen Martens in 1969 that were unavailable for molecular study until now: Brasiliogovea microphaga, Metagovea oviformis and ‘? Gen. enigmaticus'. Additionally, we revisit the somatic and male genitalic morphology of representatives of all genera by means of scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy, and describe the new genera Leggogovia Benavides & Giribet, gen. nov., Microgovia Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, gen. nov., Waiwaigovia Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, gen. nov. and 13 new species: Brasiliogovea aphantostylus Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, sp. nov., Brasiliogovea microstylus Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, sp. nov., Brasiliogovea yacambuensis Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, sp. nov., Metagovea matapi Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, sp. nov., Metagovea planada Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, sp. nov., Microgovia chenepau Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, sp. nov., Neogovea branstetteri Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, sp. nov., Neogovea enigmatica Martens, sp. nov., Neogovea matawai Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, sp. nov., Parogovia montealensis Benavides & Giribet, sp. nov., Parogovia prietoi Benavides & Giribet, sp. nov., Parogovia putnami Benavides & Giribet, sp. nov. and Waiwaigovia schultzi Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, sp. nov. Phylogenetic analyses based on maximum likelihood, parsimony and Bayesian inference support the monophyly of Neogoveidae and a sister group relationship of Neogoveidae + Ogoveidae with Troglosironidae (a clade named Sternophthalmi). Relationships among neogoveid genera are largely congruent between methods as follows: ((Leggogovia gen. nov., Metasiro), (Parogovia, ((Canga, Microgovia gen. nov.), ((Brasiliogovea, Neogovea), (Huitaca, (Waiwaigovia gen. nov., Metagovea)))))). In light of our results, the following taxonomic changes are proposed: Metagovea oviformis Martens, 1969 is transferred to Microgovia, gen. nov.; Parogovia pabsgarnoni Legg, 1990 is transferred to Leggogovia, gen. nov.; ‘? Gen. enigmaticus Martens, 1969' is an invalid name according to the ICZN; the corresponding taxon is redescribed and formally named as Neogovea enigmatica Martens, sp. nov.

Resolving the phylogenetic position of enigmatic New Guinea and Seychelles Scutigeromorpha (Chilopoda): a molecular and morphological assessment of Ballonemini

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aodhán D. Butler ◽  
Gregory D. Edgecombe ◽  
Alexander D. Ball ◽  
Gonzalo Giribet
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Sister Group Relationship

Recent phylogenetic analyses of scutigeromorph centipedes omitted New Guinea endemics for lack of modern data, either from morphology or molecular sequences. Among these is the tribe Ballonemini, originally established for Ballonema Verhoeff, 1904, and Parascutigera Verhoeff, 1904, based on similar tergal prominences. Subsequent systematic revision led to their separation into different subfamilies. Combined analyses of morphology and sequence data including Ballonema gracilipes Verhoeff, 1904, resolve Ballonema either in a grade of Scutigerinae or as sister to all other Scutigerinae + Thereuoneminae. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of the types of B. gracilipes demonstrates the utility of this technique for non-destructive imaging of historical museum material at a resolution comparable to scanning electron microscopy. A possible record of Ballonema in the Seychelles is dismissed; a collection from Silhouette samples a member of Thereuoneminae described as Seychellonema gerlachi, gen. nov. sp. nov. Morphological data, analysed with sequence data for other Scutigeromorpha, ally Seychellonema with the Oriental–Australian genus Thereuopoda Verhoeff, 1904, but it displays a novel patterning of its tergal spinula and tarsal papillae. The phylogenetic analyses include sequence data for African Pselliodidae, corroborating a sister group relationship to remaining Scutigeromorpha and generating a more stable result than in earlier analyses using only Neotropical species.

Cuticular structures in the copulatory apparatus of Planorbis planorbis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Planorbidae)

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
E.V. Soldatenko ◽  
A.A. Petrov
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser Scanning ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Copulatory Apparatus ◽  
The Family ◽  
Cuticular Structures

The morphology of the copulatory apparatus and associated cuticular structures in Planorbis planorbis was studied by light microscopy, SEM, TEM and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The significance of these cuticular structures for the taxonomic status of the species and for the systematics of the family Planorbidae in general is discussed.

First pentasetacid mite from Australasian Araucariaceae: morphological description and molecular phylogenetic position of Pentasetacus novozelandicus n. sp. (Eriophyoidea, Pentasetacidae) and remarks on anal lobes in eriophyoid mites

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 1284-1309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Chetverikov ◽  
C. CRAEMER C. CRAEMER ◽  
T. CVRKOVIĆ T. CVRKOVIĆ ◽  
P.G. EFIMOV P.G. EFIMOV ◽  
P.B. KLIMOV P.B. KLIMOV ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Mite Species ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Coi Gene ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Morphological Description ◽  
Eriophyoid Mites ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic

A new vagrant eriophyoid mite species of the archaic genus Pentasetacus (Schliesske 1985), P. novozelandicus n. sp., is described with the aid of conventional microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. It was found on Araucaria heterophylla, which is an araucarian that is endemic to Norfolk Island and introduced to New Zealand. Partial sequences of mitochondrial barcode COI gene and D1–D2 domains of nuclear rDNA of two pentasetacid mites, P. araucariae (MK903025 and MK898944) and P. novozelandicus n. sp. (MK903024 and MK898943) are provided. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of full-length D1–D2 eriophyoid sequences, including GenBank sequences and newly generated sequences of pentasetacids, confirmed the monophyly of Pentasetacidae but failed to resolve the basal phylogeny of Eriophyoidea. This may be because the D1–D2 domains of 28S are hypervariable in Eriophyoidea. Moreover, in pentasetacids D1–D2 sequences are about 20% shorter than in other eriophyoids, and thus harder to align. Two types of anal lobes are described in Eriophyoidea: (1) Eriophyidae s.l. and Phytoptidae s.l. have bilaterally symmetric lobes; (2) pentasetacids have non-divided lobes. The presence of an anal secretory apparatus, comprising internal structures that have previously been described in Eriophyidae s.l. and Phytoptidae s.l., is confirmed in pentasetacid genera. The phylogeny of pentasetacids is also discussed in the context of the paleobiography of Araucariaceae.

scholarly journals Morphology of Stephanella hina (Bryozoa, Phylactolaemata): common phylactolaemate and unexpected, unique characters

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas F. Schwaha ◽  
Masato Hirose
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Mouth Opening ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Neurosecretory Cells ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Immunocytochemical Staining ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Microscopy Techniques

Abstract Stephanella hina is a little studied freshwater bryozoan belonging to Phylactolaemata. It is currently the only representative of the family Stephanellidae, which in most reconstructions is early branching, sometimes even sister group to the remaining phylactolaemate families. The morphological and histological details of this species are entirely unknown. Consequently, the main aim of this study was to conduct a detailed morphological analysis of S. hina using histological serial sections, 3D reconstruction, immunocytochemical staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy techniques. The general morphology is reminiscent of other phylactolaemates; however, there are several, probably apomorphic, details characteristic of S. hina. The most evident difference lies in the lophophoral base, where the ganglionic horns/extensions do not follow the traverse of the lophophoral arms but bend medially inwards towards the mouth opening. Likewise, the paired forked canal does not fuse medially in the lophophoral concavity as found in all other phylactolaemates. Additional smaller differences are also found in the neuro-muscular system: the rooting of the tentacle muscle is less complex than in other phylactolaemates, the funiculus lacks longitudinal muscles, the caecum has smooth muscle fibres, latero-abfrontal tentacle nerves are not detected and the medio-frontal nerves mostly emerge directly from the circum-oral nerve ring. In the apertural area, several neurite bundles extend into the vestibular wall and probably innervate neurosecretory cells surrounding the orifice. These morphological characteristics support the distinct placement of this species in a separate family. Whether these characteristics are apomorphic or possibly shared with other phylactolaemates will require the study of the early branching Lophopodidae, which remains one of the least studied taxa to date.

A comparison of the early developmental morphologies of Aponogeton madagascariensis and A. boivinianus

Botany ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 93 (11) ◽  
pp. 783-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian N. Dauphinee ◽  
Christian R. Lacroix ◽  
Arunika H.L.A.N. Gunawardena
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Developmental Morphology ◽  
Developmentally Regulated ◽  
The Family ◽  
Early Developmental

Aponogeton madagascariensis (Mirb.) H. Bruggen is an aquatic monocot that develops perforations in its leaves through developmentally regulated programmed cell death (PCD). Aponogeton boivinianus Baill. ex Jum. is a close relative found in comparable environments with leaves that have a similar shape with no perforations. Little is known about the early developmental morphology of the family. This study characterized and compared these two species via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy using both fresh and fixed specimens. The shoot apical meristem (SAM) of A. madagascariensis was significantly larger than that of A. boivinianus, but there was no difference in phyllotaxy observed, as both exhibited a 2/5 spiral pattern. A novel technique using serial dissections and SEM of fresh, hydrated specimens revealed that there are 16 plastochrons before perforation formation in A. madagascariensis and 34 plastochrons until a similar developmental stage in A. boivinianus. The effects on early development of A. madagascariensis plants with supressed ethylene production were also analyzed. Ethylene inhibition alters leaf development by blocking PCD, but had no significant effect on the SAM morphology or early leaf development in A. madagascariensis.

scholarly journals Comparative myoanatomy of Tardigrada: new insights from the heterotardigrades Actinarctus doryphorus (Tanarctidae) and Echiniscoides sigismundi (Echiniscoididae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Krog Persson ◽  
Kenneth Agerlin Halberg ◽  
Ricardo Cardoso Neves ◽  
Aslak Jørgensen ◽  
Reinhardt Møbjerg Kristensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Ground Pattern ◽  
Extreme Stress ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Attachment Sites ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Trunk Musculature

Abstract Background Tardigrada is a group of microscopic invertebrates distributed worldwide in permanent and temporal aquatic habitats. Famous for their extreme stress tolerance, tardigrades are also of interest due to their close relationship with Arthropoda and Cycloneuralia. Despite recent efforts in analyzing the musculature of a number of tardigrade species, data on the class Heterotardigrada remain scarce. Aiming to expand the current morphological framework, and to promote the use of muscular body plans in elucidating tardigrade phylogeny, the myoanatomy of two heterotardigrades, Actinarctus doryphorus and Echiniscoides sigismundi, was analyzed by cytochemistry, scanning electron and confocal laser scanning microscopy and 3D imaging. We discuss our findings with reference to other tardigrades and internal phylogenetic relationships of the phylum. Results We focus our analyses on the somatic musculature, which in tardigrades includes muscle groups spanning dorsal, ventral, and lateral body regions, with the legs being musculated by fibers belonging to all three groups. A pronounced reduction of the trunk musculature is seen in the dorsoventrally compressed A. doryphorus, a species that generally has fewer cuticle attachment sites as compared to E. sigismundi and members of the class Eutardigrada. Interestingly, F-actin positive signals were found in the head appendages of A. doryphorus. Our analyses further indicate that cross-striation is a feature common to the somatic muscles of heterotardigrades and that E. sigismundi—as previously proposed for other echiniscoidean heterotardigrades—has relatively thick somatic muscle fibers. Conclusions We provide new insights into the myoanatomical differences that characterize distinct evolutionary lineages within Tardigrada, highlighting characters that potentially can be informative in future phylogenetic analyses. We focus our current analyses on the ventral trunk musculature. Our observations suggest that seven paired ventromedian attachment sites anchoring a large number of muscles can be regarded as part of the ground pattern of Tardigrada and that fusion and reduction of cuticular attachment sites is a derived condition. Specifically, the pattern of these sites differs in particular details between tardigrade taxa. In the future, a deeper understanding of the tardigrade myoanatomical ground pattern will require more investigations in order to include all major tardigrade lineages.

An integrative description of a new Cephalothrix species (Nemertea: Palaeonemertea) from the South China Sea

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4908 (4) ◽  
pp. 584-594
Author(s):  
ALEXEI V. CHERNYSHEV ◽  
NEONILA E. POLYAKOVA
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
18S Rrna ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
28S Rrna ◽  
Body Colour ◽  
Mitochondrial Coi ◽  
The Family ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic

A new nemertean species of the genus Cephalothrix from intertidal calcareous red algae off the Vietnam coast is described based on histological sections, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and nucleotide sequences of three nuclear (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, H3) and two mitochondrial (COI, 16S rRNA) DNA fragments. Cephalothrix suni sp. nov. is characterized by a unique body colour pattern consisting of transverse brown on ventral body side. A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the family Cephalotrichidae using a multigene approach has identified three clades for Cephalothrix: Cephalothrix, Procephalothrix, and interstitial cephalotrichids. The new species belongs to clade Procephalothrix sensu Chernyshev & Kajihara 2019 and a subclade of species with red, orange, or dark yellow anterior tip. 

Three-dimensional characterization of first instar horse and rhinoceros stomach bot fly larvae (Oestridae: Gasterophilinae: Gasterophilus, Gyrostigma): novel morphology and evolutionary implications

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin-Yu Li ◽  
Thomas Pape ◽  
Doug Colwell ◽  
Charles Dewhurst ◽  
Dong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Fly Larvae

Abstract Larval characters are of importance in systematic and evolutionary studies of Diptera but lag behind characters of adults due to difficulties in obtaining relevant information. Larvae of stomach bot flies are obligate parasites completing development exclusively in the alimentary tract of equids and rhinoceroses. They possess diversified morphological adaptations, providing remarkable examples to further our understanding of larval evolution. Herein, three-dimensional structures of first instar Gasterophilus pecorum and Gyrostigma rhinocerontis are compared using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We suggest CLSM has a large potential for exploiting cryptic character systems of micro fly larvae, as spectral range and intensity of autofluorescence emitted by sclerotized structures and soft tissues are distinct, presenting a high-contrast mechanism for multistructural visualization with non-destructive sample preparation. Five new potential synapomorphies are proposed to corroborate the sister-group Gasterophilus and Gyrostigma. The upward curving mouth-hooks of first instar Gasterophilus and Gyrostigma are distinctive in Cyclorrhapha and possibly serve to facilitate the larval subcutaneous migration within the host. Three types of mouthhooks are recognized in first instar Oestridae, with the gently curved and gradually tapered type optimized as the ancestral state, from which the gasterophiline and hypodermatine types evolved independently.

scholarly journals Nervous system and ciliary structures of Micrognathozoa (Gnathifera): evolutionary insight from an early branch in Spiralia

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 160289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Bekkouche ◽  
Katrine Worsaae
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Large Brain ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Many ◽  
Collecting Tubules

Recent studies show that Gnathifera, comprising Rotifera, Gnathostomulida and Micrognathozoa, constitute the sister group to the remaining Spiralia (containing, e.g. flatworms, segmented worms and molluscs). Therefore, a better understanding of Gnathifera is central for unravelling the evolution of the highly diverse Spiralia. Here, we describe the previously unstudied nervous system and ciliary structures of Micrognathozoa, using immunohistochemistry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The nervous system is simple with a large brain, paired sub-esophageal ganglia, two trunk commissures, two pairs of ventral longitudinal nerves and peripheral nerves. The paired ventro-lateral nerve cords are confirmed to be a symplesiomorphy of Gnathifera (possibly even Spiralia), whereas the paired ventro-median nerves are not previously reported in Gnathifera. A pharyngeal ganglion is described for Micrognathozoa: a complex structure with two apical tufts of ciliary receptors, now shown to be shared by all Gnathifera. The ventral pattern of external ciliophores is re-described, and protonephridia with multi-ciliated collecting tubules similar to those of Rotifera are confirmed. A range of new details from a simple nervous system and complex set of ciliary structures in a microscopic metazoan are hereby unravelled. The many resemblances with Rotifera corroborate their close relationship, and shed more light on the evolution of Gnathifera.

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