scholarly journals Evolution in the deep sea: a combined analysis of the earliest diverging living chitons (Mollusca : Polyplacophora : Lepidopleurida)

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia D. Sigwart ◽  
Enrico Schwabe ◽  
Hiroshi Saito ◽  
Sarah Samadi ◽  
Gonzalo Giribet
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
Current View ◽  
Cold Seeps ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic Study ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Living Species

Lepidopleurida is the earliest diverged group of living polyplacophoran molluscs. They are found predominantly in the deep sea, including sunken wood, cold seeps, other abyssal habitats, and a few species are found in shallow water. The group is morphologically identified by anatomical features of their gills, sensory aesthetes, and gametes. Their shell features closely resemble the oldest fossils that can be identified as modern polyplacophorans. We present the first molecular phylogenetic study of this group, and also the first combined phylogenetic analysis for any chiton, including three gene regions and 69 morphological characters. The results show that Lepidopleurida is unambiguously monophyletic, and the nine genera fall into five distinct clades, which partly support the current view of polyplacophoran taxonomy. The genus Hanleyella Sirenko, 1973 is included in the family Protochitonidae, and Ferreiraellidae constitutes another distinct clade. The large cosmopolitan genus Leptochiton Gray, 1847 is not monophyletic; Leptochiton and Leptochitonidae sensu stricto are restricted to North Atlantic and Mediterranean taxa. Leptochitonidae s. str. is sister to Protochitonidae. The results also suggest two separate clades independently inhabiting sunken wood substrates in the south-west Pacific. Antarctic and other chemosynthetic-dwelling species may be derived from wood-living species. Substantial taxonomic revision remains to be done to resolve lepidopleuran classification, but the phylogeny presented here is a dramatic step forward in clarifying the relationships within this interesting group.

Nomenclatural novelties in Astraea (Euphorbiaceae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 159 (2) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Beatriz Rossi Caruzo ◽  
Otávio Luis Marques Da Silva ◽  
Paul E. Berry ◽  
Inês Cordeiro
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Neotropical Region ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
Valid Genus ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic Study ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Morphological Differences

Astraea Klotzsch (1841: 194) was considered a synonym of Croton Linnaeus (1753: 1004) by many authors (Baillon 1858, Müller 1866, Pax & Hoffmann 1931, Webster 1994, Radcliffe-Smith 2001), but based on a molecular phylogenetic study of Croton and related groups, Berry et al. (2005a) justified recognizing Astraea again as a valid genus. De-Paula et al. (2011) showed morphological differences in the flowers of these two genera, corroborating the findings of Berry et al. (2005a). Riina et al. (2014) discussed additional morphological characters separating Astraea from both Croton and its sister genus Brasiliocroton Berry & Cordeiro in Berry et al. (2005b: 357). Some species that were originally described under Croton have already been transferred to Astraea (Berry et al. 2005a, Caruzo & Cordeiro 2007, Zuloaga et al. 2007, Van Ee 2011), and Van Ee (2011) accounted for numerous names of Astraea invalidly published by Klotzsch (1841). However, there are still several species of Croton that should be transferred to Astraea. As part of an ongoing taxonomic revision of the genus Astraea, we herein propose the necessary remaining transfers. Astraea has an estimated 13 species, most of them distributed in South America, especially in Brazil. Astraea lobata (Linnaeus 1753: 1005) Klotzsch (1841: 194) is the only species occurring throughout the Neotropical region and is also found, introduced, in Africa and Yemen.

Dianthus recticaulis, the correct name for Gypsophila stricta and G. alpina (≡ Petrorhagia alpina) (Caryophyllaceae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 347 (4) ◽  
pp. 297
Author(s):  
SERGEI L. MOSYAKIN ◽  
MYKOLA M. FEDORONCHUK
Keyword(s):  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic Study ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic

A recent molecular phylogenetic study of Caryophylleae (Caryophyllaceae) by Madhani et al. (2018: 96) showed that “Velezia and the second group of Petrorhagia (including P. armerioides, P. alpina and P. candica)” are phylogenetically rooted in Dianthus Linnaeus (1753: 409) sensu stricto. New names and new combinations were proposed by Madhani et al. (l.c.) to reflect the revealed phylogenetic patterns in an updated nomenclatural scheme.

scholarly journals Molecular phylogenetics, seed morphometrics, chromosome number evolution and systematics of EuropeanElatineL. (Elatinaceae) species

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gábor Sramkó ◽  
Attila Molnár V. ◽  
János Pál Tóth ◽  
Levente Laczkó ◽  
Anna Kalinka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Phylogenetics ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
Mediterranean Species ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic Study ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Chromosome Number Evolution ◽  
High Degree

The genusElatinecontainsca25 species, all of which are small, herbaceous annuals distributed in ephemeral waters on both hemispheres. However, due to a high degree of morphological variability (as a consequence of their amphibious life-style), the taxonomy of this genus remains controversial. Thus, to fill this gap in knowledge, we present a detailed molecular phylogenetic study of this genus based on nuclear (rITS) and plastid (accD-psaI,psbJ-petA,ycf6-psbM-trnD) sequences using 27 samples from 13 species. On the basis of this phylogenetic analysis, we provide a solid phylogenetic background for the modern taxonomy of the European members of the genus. Traditionally accepted sections of this tree (i.e., CryptaandElatinella) were found to be monophyletic; onlyE. borchoni—found to be a basal member of the genus—has to be excluded from the latter lineage to achieve monophyly. A number of taxonomic conclusions can also be drawn:E. hexandra, a high-ploid species, is most likely a stabilised hybrid between the main sections;E. campylospermamerits full species status based on both molecular and morphological evidence;E. gussoneiis a more widespread and genetically diverse species with two main lineages; and the presence of the AsianE. ambiguain the European flora is questionable. The main lineages recovered in this analysis are also supported by a number of synapomorphic morphological characters as well as uniform chromosome counts. Based on all the evidence presented here, two new subsections withinElatinellaare described: subsectionHydropiperaconsisting of the temperate species of the section, and subsectionMacropodaeincluding the Mediterranean species of the section.

scholarly journals Phylogeny of Stenopodidea (Crustacea : Decapoda) shrimps inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial genes reveals non-monophyly of the families Spongicolidae and Stenopididae and most of their composite genera

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chien-Lin Chen ◽  
Joseph W. Goy ◽  
Heather D. Bracken-Grissom ◽  
Darryl L. Felder ◽  
Ling Ming Tsang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
12S Rrna ◽  
Reciprocal Monophyly ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Α Subunit ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Living Species

The infraorder Stenopodidea is a relatively small group of marine decapod crustaceans including the well known cleaner shrimps, but their higher taxonomy has been rather controversial. This study provides the most comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analyses of Stenopodidea using sequence data from two mitochondrial (16S and 12S rRNA) and two nuclear (histone H3 and sodium–potassium ATPase α-subunit (NaK)) genes. We included all 12 nominal genera from the three stenopodidean families in order to test the proposed evolutionary hypothesis and taxonomic scheme of the group. The inferred phylogeny did not support the familial ranking of Macromaxillocarididae and rejected the reciprocal monophyly of Spongicolidae and Stenopididae. The genera Stenopus, Richardina, Spongiocaris, Odontozona, Spongicola and Spongicoloides are showed to be poly- or paraphyletic, with monophyly of only the latter three genera strongly rejected in the analysis. The present results only strongly support the monophyly of Microprosthema and suggest that Paraspongiola should be synonymised with Spongicola. The three remaining genera, Engystenopus, Juxtastenopus and Globospongicola, may need to be expanded to include species from other genera if their statuses are maintained. All findings suggest that the morphological characters currently adopted to define genera are mostly invalid and substantial taxonomic revisions are required. As the intergeneric relationships were largely unresolved in the present attempt, the hypothesis of evolution of deep-sea sponge-associated taxa from shallow-water free-living species could not be verified here. The present molecular phylogeny, nevertheless, provides some support that stenopoididean shrimps colonised the deep sea in multiple circumstances.

Onthophagus (Palaeonthophagus) medius (Kugelann, 1792)—a good western palaearctic species in the Onthophagus vacca complex (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Onthophagini)

Zootaxa ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 2629 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
ECKEHARD RÖSSNER ◽  
JOACHIM SCHÖNFELD ◽  
DIRK AHRENS
Keyword(s):  
Sibling Species ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
Palaearctic Species ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic Study ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Western Palaearctic

Based on a morphological taxonomic revision of available species, and supported by a separate molecular phylogenetic study, we identified Onthophagus (Palaeonthophagus) medius (Kugelann, 1792) as a good western palaearctic species and a sibling species of O. vacca (Linnaeus, 1767). In this paper we diagnose and illustrate the key morphological features and distribution of both species. A neotype is designated for Copris medius Kugelann, 1792.

scholarly journals Carajasia (Rubiaceae), a new and endangered genus from Carajás mountain range, Pará, Brazil

Phytotaxa ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 206 (1) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Manuel Salas ◽  
PEDRO L. VIANA ◽  
ELSA L. CABRAL ◽  
STEVEN DESSEIN ◽  
STEVEN JANSSENS
Keyword(s):  
New Genus ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Dichotomous Key ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic Study ◽  
Pollen Types ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic

Carajasia is described as a new genus of Rubiaceae. It is so far known only from the mountain summits of Serra dos Carajás (Pará, Brazil), where it is part of a shrubby vegetation surrounded by tropical rainforest. The new genus belongs to the tribe Spermacoceae and is positioned within it to the Spermacoce clade. Carajasia is unique within the clade in having a very particular combination of characters: flowering branches with two axillary flowers per node, homostylous flowers, corollas with a fringe of moniliform hairs, pubescent styles with distinct stigma lobes, bilobed nectariferous discs covered by triangular papillae, pollen with a double reticulum and fruits with a peculiar type of dehiscence. A detailed description of Carajasia is presented, including observations of the fruit and pollen, along with distribution maps and images of the plant in its habitat. A dichotomous key to distinguish Carajasia from other genera with deeply divided stigmas is provided. A molecular phylogenetic study was carried out using ITS and ETS sequences to determine the phylogenetic position of the new genus within the Spermacoce clade. The results of the combined analyses demonstrated that Carajasia is sister to Galianthe with moderate to high support. Both genera form a weakly supported clade with Schwendenera. This clade is sister to the other genera of the Spermacoce clade studied in this work. Galianthe and Schwendenera share with Carajasia pollen with a double reticulum, but they are clearly differentiated by suffruticose habit, heterostylous flowers and the pattern of fruit dehiscence. To clarify the phylogenetic position of Carajasia, some morphological characters are discussed based on the molecular results: division of the stigma, pollen types and floral syndrome.

CIRCUMSCRIPTION AND PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF GYMNOCARPOS (CARYOPHYLLACEAE-PARONYCHIOIDEAE)

2002 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. OXELMAN ◽  
B. AHLGREN ◽  
M. THULIN
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic Study ◽  
The Status ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Sequences

A molecular phylogenetic study based on nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequences and plastid rps16 intron sequences on the status of the genus Gymnocarpos (Paronychioideae, Caryophyllaceae) is presented. Gymnocarpos decandrus and Sclerocephalus arabicus form a strongly supported clade within a well-supported group consisting also of G. przewalskii, and the rest of Gymnocarpos. Re-examination of morphological characters also supports this conclusion. Paronychia is found to be polyphyletic, with the subgenera Paronychia and Siphonychia forming a strongly supported sister group to Gymnocarpos, whereas P. kapela and P. chlorothyrsa (representing subgen. Anoplonychia) are found to be related to Herniaria and Philippiella. A key to the 10 species recognized in Gymnocarpos is presented, as well as synoptical information on nomenclature and distributions.

scholarly journals Molecular phylogeny of the Lichen Tiger Moths (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini) of the Western Hemisphere

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D Palting ◽  
Wendy Moore
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Large Subunit ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
The North ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic Study ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Tiger Moths

Few molecular-based studies have tested the monophyly of the Lithosiini subtribes proposed by Bendib and Minet (2000), and those have been limited by meager taxon sampling. Several studies have suggested some subtribes are not monophyletic as they are currently defined. We conducted a molecular phylogenetic study of representatives of the North American lithosiine fauna which are currently classified within the subtribes Acsalina, Lithosiina, Cisthenina and Eudesmiina, the latter having never been included in a molecular-based analysis before. Based on analyses of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), ribosomal protein S5 (RPS5) and the large subunit 28S ribosomal DNA (28S), we assign some of the North American genera to subtribe for the first time and re-assign others contrary to previous placements. Then, we discuss the morphological characters that Bendib and Minet (2000) proposed to define subtribes and re-consider them in the context of our inferred phylogeny. We report high support for a monophyletic Lithosiina+ Agylla + Inopsis + Gnamptonychia, three genera being unplaced or of uncertain placement (Agylla) by Bendib and Minet (2000). We remove Gardinia from the subtribe Lithosiina and place it in the Cisthenina, along with Eudesmia, formerly placed in its own subtribe, the Eudesmiina. Two other genera, Bruceia and Ptychoglene, not previously assigned to a subtribe are found to be members of the Cisthenina. We remove Clemensia from the Cisthenina and report it, along with the neotropical Pronola, as part of undefined clade. After these changes, our phylogeny shows strong support for the monophyly of Cisthenina + Gardinia + Eudesmia + Bruceia + Ptychoglene. We find Acsala anomala occurs on a long branch by itself, confirming the uniqueness of this species and its placement in a monotypic subtribe. Finally, we confirm that Afrida exegens, sometimes considered a member of the Lithosiini, is not even an erebid, but rather it is a member of the Nolidae, as proposed by Holloway (1998) and Kitching and Rawlins (1998).

scholarly journals Taxonomic Monograph of Saxicolella (Podostemaceae), African waterfall plants highly threatened by Hydro-Electric projects, with five new species.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Cheek ◽  
Denise Molmou ◽  
Sekou Magassouba ◽  
Jean Paul Ghogue
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic Study ◽  
The Family ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Distribution And Ecology ◽  
Silt Load

The genus Saxicolella Engl. (Podostemaceae) are African rheophytes, restricted to rapids and waterfalls as are all members of the family. Previously, Saxicolella sensu lato was shown to be polyphyletic with two separate clades in the molecular phylogenetic study of Koi et al. (2012). The name Pohliella Engl. was recently resurrected for one clade that is sister to the American genera Ceratolacis (Tul.)Wedd., Podostemum Michx. and all Old World Podostemoideae (podostemoids) (Cheek 2020). Pohliella has distichous phyllotaxy, bilocular ovaries, filiform roots with paired holdfasts, and rootcaps. The second clade, Saxicolella sensu stricto, including the type of the generic name, has spiral phyllotaxy, unilocular ovaries, ribbon-like or crustose roots that lack both holdfasts and rootcaps. Saxicolella sensu stricto, sampled from the type species, S. nana Engl. of Cameroon, is embedded within and near the base of the major clade of African podostemoids and is sister to all other African genera apart from Inversodicraea R.E.Fr. and Monandriella Engl. Recently reduced to three species in Cameroon and S.E. Nigeria by the resurrection of Pohliella (3 to 4 species in Ghana and Nigeria and Cameroon), Saxicolella sensu stricto is expanded to eight species in this monograph by description of five new taxa. Saxicolella futa Cheek and S. deniseae Cheek are newly described from Guinea, S. ijim Cheek from Cameroon, the informally named S. sp. A from Gabon, and S. angola Cheek from Angola. The known geographic range of the genus is thus expanded c. 2,500 km westwards to Guinea from eastern Nigeria and c.1,500 km southeastwards from Cameroon to Cuanza do Sul, Angola. The greatest concentration of species occurs in the Cross Sanaga interval of western Cameroon and eastern Nigeria, with three species. Cameroon (3 species) followed by Nigeria and Guinea (2 species each) are the countries with highest species diversity. The genus can be expected to be found in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast and Congo Republic. A classification is proposed grouping the species into three subgenera (Saxicolella, Butumia (G.Taylor) Cheek comb. et. stat. nov. and Kinkonia Cheek subgen. nov.) based on root morphology and shoot position and morphology. The discovery, morphology, circumscription, distribution, and ecology of Saxicolella is reviewed, an identification key to the species is presented, together with descriptions, synonymy, links to illustrations, and extinction risk assessments for each of the eight species now recognised. All of the species are provisionally assessed as either Endangered or Critically Endangered using the IUCN 2012 standard, making this genus among the most threatened of its size globally. The major threats, above all, are hydro-electric projects. Saxicolella deniseae may already be globally extinct, and two of the four known locations of S. angola appear lost, S. sp. A of Gabon is threatened at at least one of its three locations, while Saxicolella futa is threatened at all three locations, all due to incipient or active hydro electric projects. Contamination of watercourses by increased turbidity from silt-load due anthropic changes and by eutrophication from pollution are also threats for the majority of the species.

Corrigendum to: Phylogeny of Stenopodidea (Crustacea : Decapoda) shrimps inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial genes reveals non-monophyly of the families Spongicolidae and Stenopididae and most of their composite genera

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 650
Author(s):  
Chien-Lin Chen ◽  
Joseph W. Goy ◽  
Heather D. Bracken-Grissom ◽  
Darryl L. Felder ◽  
Ling Ming Tsang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
12S Rrna ◽  
Reciprocal Monophyly ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Atpase Subunit ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Living Species

The infraorder Stenopodidea is a relatively small group of marine decapod crustaceans including the well known cleaner shrimps, but their higher taxonomy has been rather controversial. This study provides the most comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analyses of Stenopodidea using sequence data from two mitochondrial (16S and 12S rRNA) and two nuclear (histone H3 and sodium–potassium ATPase ?-subunit (NaK)) genes. We included all 12 nominal genera from the three stenopodidean families in order to test the proposed evolutionary hypothesis and taxonomic scheme of the group. The inferred phylogeny did not support the familial ranking of Macromaxillocarididae and rejected the reciprocal monophyly of Spongicolidae and Stenopididae. The genera Stenopus, Richardina, Spongiocaris, Odontozona, Spongicola and Spongicoloides are showed to be poly- or paraphyletic, with monophyly of only the latter three genera strongly rejected in the analysis. The present results only strongly support the monophyly of Microprosthema and suggest that Paraspongiola should be synonymised with Spongicola. The three remaining genera, Engystenopus, Juxtastenopus and Globospongicola, may need to be expanded to include species from other genera if their statuses are maintained. All findings suggest that the morphological characters currently adopted to define genera are mostly invalid and substantial taxonomic revisions are required. As the intergeneric relationships were largely unresolved in the present attempt, the hypothesis of evolution of deep-sea sponge-associated taxa from shallow-water free-living species could not be verified here. The present molecular phylogeny, nevertheless, provides some support that stenopoididean shrimps colonised the deep sea in multiple circumstances.

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