Southern hemisphere distributional patterns in plant bugs (Hemiptera:Miridae:Phylinae): Xiphoidellus, gen. nov. from Australia and Ampimpacoris, gen. nov. from Argentina, show transantarctic relationships

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christiane Weirauch ◽  
Randall T. Schuh
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Distributional Patterns ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Tree Topologies ◽  
Cladistic Analyses

Transantarctic distributional patterns are common in many groups of insects and plants including Coleorrhyncha, the sister group of Heteroptera. In contrast, evidence for such patterns within Heteroptera, or true bugs, is rare. We here describe two new genera of Phylini (Miridae : Phylinae) – Xiphoidellus, gen. nov. from Australia with six included species, and the monotypic Ampimpacoris, gen. nov. from Argentina. Xiphoidellus shows relationships to taxa in New Zealand and southern South America. Two sets of cladistic analyses, using equal and implied weights approaches, analyse relationships of the seven new species and 19 or 29 additional phyline taxa using 54 and 45 morphological characters, respectively. Both analyses support the New Zealand endemic genus Xiphoides Eyles & Schuh as the sister group to the Australian Xiphoidellus; Araucanophylus pacificus Carvalho from Chile is the sister taxon to the Xiphoides + Xiphoidellus clade. Affinities of the monotypic genus Ampimpacoris, gen. nov. are less clear cut and may be with a clade of Australian plant bugs or a Nearctic taxon. A primary Brooks parsimony analysis, based on one of the tree topologies, resulted in an area cladogram that proposes a close relationship between Australia and New Zealand, with southern South America being the sister to that area. This pattern differs from the classical vicariance pattern reported for many groups of insects, but is consistent with the ‘southern pattern’ frequently observed in plants.

Phylogenetic placement of the Australian Pharetis, gen. nov., and Spherita, gen. nov., in a revised classification of the circum-Antarctic Moriomorphini (Coleoptera : Carabidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
James K. Liebherr
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
Phylogenetic Placement ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eastern Australia

The carabid beetle tribe Moriomorphini attains a disjunct austral geographical distribution, with member taxa occupying Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, the Sundas, southern South America and Polynesia. The group arose in Australia, the area exhibiting the greatest generic diversity for the tribe. In this contribution, two new genera are added to the Australian fauna. Pharetis thayerae, gen. nov., sp. nov., is described from Grenvillia, New South Wales, and Spherita newtoni, gen. nov., sp. nov., is described from Avon Valley National Park, Western Australia. Their phylogenetic placement within the tribe is accomplished by parsimony analysis based on 208 morphological characters across 124 taxa, 114 in-group species and 10 outgroup taxa representing Trechini, Psydrini and Patrobini. Nearly all polytypic moriomorphine genera are represented in the analysis by at least two exemplars, allowing initial tests of generic monophyly. A revised classification is proposed for Moriomorphini, with subtribal clades related as (Amblytelina + (Moriomorphina + Tropopterina)). The Western Australian genus Spherita is placed as adelphotaxon to Sitaphe Moore, a genus restricted to tropical montane Queensland. From the phylogenetic analysis, other non-contemporaneous east–west Australian disjunctions can be inferred, as well as multiple trans-Tasman area relationships between eastern Australia and New Zealand, all proposed to be of Miocene age. Pharetis exhibits a disjunct, trans-Antarctic relationship with Tropopterus Solier, its sister-group, distributed in southern South America. Alternative vicariance-based and dispersal-based hypotheses are discussed for the origin of Tropopterus. A review of the taxonomic development of the tribe illustrates the signal importance of monotypic genera in elucidating biological diversity.

Character evolution and the origin of Caimaninae (Crocodylia) in the New World Tropics: new evidence from the Miocene of Panama and Venezuela

2016 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander K. Hastings ◽  
Moritz Reisser ◽  
Torsten M. Scheyer
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
New World ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Character Evolution ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Cladistic Analyses ◽  
North And South America ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
North And South

AbstractAlligators and caimans share a close relationship, supported by both molecular and morphological characters. The divergence between alligators and caimans has been difficult to discern in the fossil record. Two basal taxa have recently been described from the Miocene of Panama and Venezuela but have not yet been presented in a joint phylogeny. Continued preparation of the type material of the Venezuelan Globidentosuchus brachyrostris Scheyer et al., 2013 has revealed new characters for scoring in a cladistic framework. In addition, the first lower jaw of the Panamanian Centenariosuchus gilmorei Hastings et al., 2013 is described herein, and additional characters were scored. In total, we conducted five cladistic analyses to better understand the character evolution involved in the establishment of Caimaninae. In each case, Globidentosuchus appears as the basal-most of the caimanine lineage, followed by Culebrasuchus mesoamericanus Hastings et al., 2013 from Panama. Stepwise character additions of synapomorphies define progressively more derived caimanines, but stratigraphic context creates ghost lineages extending from the Miocene to Paleocene. The persistence of two basal taxa into the Miocene of northern South America and Central America supports the concept of a relict basal population in this region. This further supports biogeographic hypotheses of dispersals in both directions between North and South America prior to full land connection.

Phylogenetic relationships of the Australian Leptophlebiidae (Ephemeroptera)

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faye Christidis
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Sister Group Relationship

Phylogenetic relationships among the Australian Leptophlebiidae genera and selected genera from South America and New Zealand were investigated using a cladistic analysis of 43 morphological characters. The outcomes of this analysis were largely consistent with the higher-level relationships previously proposed by Pescador and Peters (1980). The monophyly of the Meridialaris lineage (comprising Austrophlebioides, Tillyardophlebia, Kirrara, ‘WT sp. 1’ and ‘WT sp. 2’ from Australia, Meridialaris from South America and Deleatidium and Atalophlebioides from New Zealand) was strongly supported, as was the monophyly of the Nousia lineage (Nyungara, Nousia and Koorrnonga). However, Australian genera assigned to the Hapsiphlebia lineage (Atalophlebia, Kalbaybaria, Ulmerophlebia, Jappa and Atalomicria) did not form a monophlyletic group. There was support for a sister-group relationship between the Dactylophlebia and Meridialaris lineages, and for the placement of Garinjuga (Penaphlebia lineage) as the sister-group to a large clade comprising genera of the Nousia, Dactylophlebia and Meridialaris lineages. The phylogenetic analysis provided some clarification of the affinities of Neboissophlebia, Bibulmena, Loamaggalangta and Kaninga. These genera appear to belong to lineages not recognised previously among the Gondwanan Leptophlebiidae.

Revised circumscription of Nothofagus and recognition of the segregate genera Fuscospora, Lophozonia, and Trisyngyne (Nothofagaceae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 146 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER B. HEENAN ◽  
ROB D. SMISSEN
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
South America ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
New Genus ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
Dna Sequence Data

The generic taxonomy of the Nothofagaceae is revised. We present a new phylogenetic analysis of morphological characters and map these characters onto a recently published phylogenetic tree obtained from DNA sequence data. Results of these and previous analyses strongly support the monophyly of four clades of Nothofagaceae that are currently treated as subgenera of Nothofagus. The four clades of Nothofagaceae are robust and well-supported, with deep stem divergences, have evolutionary equivalence with other genera of Fagales, and can be circumscribed with morphological characters. We argue that these morphological and molecular differences are sufficient for the four clades of Nothofagaceae to be recognised at the primary rank of genus, and that this classification will be more informative and efficient than the currently circumscribed Nothofagus with four subgenera.        Nothofagus is recircumscribed to include five species from southern South America, Lophozonia and Trisyngyne are reinstated, and the new genus Fuscospora is described. Fuscospora and Lophozonia, with six and seven species respectively, occur in New Zealand, southern South America and Australia. Trisyngyne comprises 25 species from New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. New combinations are provided where necessary in each of these genera.

The New Zealand lichen Pannaria leproloma (Nyl.) P. M. Jørg. and its panaustral relative P. farinosa nom. nov.

2007 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arve ELVEBAKK ◽  
Janne FRITT-RASMUSSEN ◽  
John A. ELIX
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
South Eastern

Abstract:Pannaria leproloma is shown to be a New Zealand endemic, and is characterized by coarse isidiomorphs/isidia, a high frequency of apothecia and the presence of two cytotoxic scabrosin esters, previously unknown from Pannariaceae, and present in 40 of the samples studied. It is not a member of the Pannaria sphinctrina group, as previously thought. It has frequently been confused with a related, finely sorediate, very sparingly fertile species, which lacks scabrosin esters in more than 99 of the specimens studied. This latter species is widely distributed both in southern South America (where it is one of the most common corticolous lichens), south-eastern areas of Australia and in New Zealand. It was originally described as Psoroma isidiosum, but had to be renamed when transferred to Pannaria, and is here named Pannaria farinosa.

scholarly journals Salvia reflexa (Lamiaceae): a new record for Pakistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-21
Author(s):  
Wahid Hussain ◽  
Lal Badshah ◽  
Sayed Afzal Shah ◽  
Farrukh Hussain ◽  
Asghar Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Range Expansion ◽  
New Record ◽  
New World ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
Tribal Areas

Salvia reflexa Hornem., a member of the New World subgenus Calosphace, ranges from North America to southern South America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Afghanistan in Asia, and still continues to expand its range. Here we report further range expansion for S. reflexa into the tribal areas of Pakistan and hypothesize that it has been introduced from Afghanistan. This represents a new record for the flora of Pakistan.

A molecular phylogeny of the circum-Antarctic Opiliones family Neopilionidae

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Giribet ◽  
Kate Sheridan ◽  
Caitlin M. Baker ◽  
Christina J. Painting ◽  
Gregory I. Holwell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
Morphological Study ◽  
18S Rrna ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
28S Rrna ◽  
South American ◽  
Australian Species ◽  
The Family

The Opiliones family Neopilionidae is restricted to the terranes of the former temperate Gondwana: South America, Africa, Australia, New Caledonia and New Zealand. Despite decades of morphological study of this unique fauna, it has been difficult reconciling the classic species of the group (some described over a century ago) with recent cladistic morphological work and previous molecular work. Here we attempted to investigate the pattern and timing of diversification of Neopilionidae by sampling across the distribution range of the family and sequencing three markers commonly used in Sanger-based approaches (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA and cytochrome-c oxidase subunit I). We recovered a well-supported and stable clade including Ballarra (an Australian ballarrine) and the Enantiobuninae from South America, Australia, New Caledonia and New Zealand, but excluding Vibone (a ballarrine from South Africa). We further found a division between West and East Gondwana, with the South American Thrasychirus/Thrasychiroides always being sister group to an Australian–Zealandian (i.e. Australia + New Zealand + New Caledonia) clade. Resolution of the Australian–Zealandian taxa was analysis-dependent, but some analyses found Martensopsalis, from New Caledonia, as the sister group to an Australian–New Zealand clade. Likewise, the species from New Zealand formed a clade in some analyses, but Mangatangi often came out as a separate lineage from the remaining species. However, the Australian taxa never constituted a monophyletic group, with Ballarra always segregating from the remaining Australian species, which in turn constituted 1–3 clades, depending on the analysis. Our results identify several generic inconsistencies, including the possibility of Thrasychiroides nested within Thrasychirus, Forsteropsalis being paraphyletic with respect to Pantopsalis, and multiple lineages of Megalopsalis in Australia. In addition, the New Zealand Megalopsalis need generic reassignment: Megalopsalis triascuta will require its own genus and M. turneri is here transferred to Forsteropsalis, as Forsteropsalis turneri (Marples, 1944), comb. nov.

scholarly journals Towards a phylogeny of the Metazoa: evaluating alternative phylogenetic positions of Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, and Gnathostomulida, with a critical reappraisal of cladistic characters

2004 ◽  
Vol 73 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 3-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald A. Jenner
Keyword(s):  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Total Evidence ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
Cladistic Analyses ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypotheses ◽  
Data Matrices

This paper critically assesses all morphological cladistic analyses of the Metazoa that were published during the last one and a half decades. Molecular and total evidence analyses are also critically reviewed. This study focuses on evaluating alternative phylogenetic positions of the ‘acoelomate’ worms: Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, and Gnathostomulida. This paper consists of two parts. In Part I, all recently proposed sister group hypotheses and the supporting synapomorphies for these phyla are evaluated. Discrepancies in the treatment of corresponding characters in different cladistic analyses are identified, and where possible, resolved. In Part II, the overall phylogenetic significance across the Metazoa of all characters relevant for placing the ‘acoelomate’ worms is examined. The coding and scoring of these characters for other phyla are evaluated, and uncertainties in our understanding are pointed out in order to guide future research. The characters discussed in this paper are broadly categorized as follows: epidermis and cuticle, reproduction and sexual condition, development, larval forms, coeloms and mesoderm source, nervous system and sensory organs, nephridia, musculature, digestive system, and miscellaneous characters. Competing phylogenetic hypotheses are compared in terms of several criteria: 1) taxon sampling and the fulfillment of domain of definition for each character; 2) character sampling; 3) character coding; 4) character scoring and quality of primary homology; 5) quality of the proposed diagnostic synapomorphies as secondary homologies. On the basis of this study I conclude that a sister group for the Platyhelminthes has not yet been unambiguously established. A clade minimally composed of Neotrochozoa (Mollusca, Sipuncula, Echiura, Annelida) emerges as the most likely sister group of the Nemertea on the basis of morphological and total evidence analyses. Finally, morphological data currrently favor a sister group relationship of Gnathostomulida and Syndermata (probably plus Micrognathozoa). In contrast, molecular or total evidence analyses have not identified a reliable sister group of Gnathostomulida.Further progress in our understanding of metazoan phylogeny crucially depends on the improvement of the quality of currently adopted cladistic data matrices. A thorough reassessment of many of the more than 70 morphological characters discussed here is necessary. Despite the recent compilation of comprehensive data matrices, the power to test competing hypotheses of higher-level metazoan relationships is critically compromised due to uncritical data selection and poor character study in even the most recently published cladistic analyses.

Generic classification for the Gasteruptiinae (Hymenoptera: Gasteruptiidae) based on a cladistic analysis, with the description of two new Neotropical genera and the revalidation of Plutofoenus Kieffer

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2075 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANTONIO CARLOS CRUZ MACEDO
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
Biogeographic Regions

Gasteruptiinae is the largest Gasteruptiidae subfamily, with circa 400 species that have been grouped into the worldwide Gasteruption Latreille. Based on a cladistic analysis with 43 morphological characters, 40 ingroup taxa representing all biogeographic regions, and seven outgroups (four Hyptiogastrinae, two Aulacidae and one Evaniidae), I confirm the monophyly of Gasteruptiinae and Gasteruption and recognize three exclusively Neotropical small genera: Plutofoenus Kieffer (revalidated) (southern South America), Spinolafoenus Macedo n. gen. (Chile) and Trilobitofoenus Macedo n. gen. (Central and South America). Gasteruption, supported by four synapomorphies, remains the most speciose genus in the subfamily. The four Gasteruptiinae genera are keyed and described. Seven species are keyed and described or redescribed: Plutofoenus chaeturus (Schletterer) n. comb., P. edwardsi Turner, P. paraguayensis (Schrottky), Spinolafoenus ruficornis (Spinola) n. comb., Trilobitofoenus alvarengai Macedo n. sp., T. plaumanni Macedo n. sp. and T. sericeus (Cameron) n. comb. (lectotype designated).

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