scholarly journals Gender differences in general practice utilisation in New Zealand

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santosh Jatrana ◽  
Peter Crampton
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
General Practice ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Service Use ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Gp Services ◽  
Nationally Representative

INTRODUCTION: This paper aims to examine gender differences in general practice utilisation in New Zealand. METHODS: The data for this research came from 10 506 visit records gathered from 246 general practitioners (GPs) who took part in the National Primary Medical Care Survey (NatMedCa), a nationally representative, multistage, probability sample survey of GPs and patient visits conducted in 2001/2002. The number of visits to a general practice in the last 12 months among those patients who visited the GP at least once during the past 12 months was used as the outcome variable. Poisson regression was used for analysis. RESULTS: Women were more likely than men to visit a GP over the last 12 months (IRR=1.13; 95% CI: 1.03–1.24). We also found significant female excess in utilisation of GP services even after excluding gynaecological and obstetric conditions and across all age groups. Asian were 39% less likely than European women to visit a GP (IRR=0.61; 95% CI: 0.43–0.85); a result that was not reflected in men’s utilisation of GP services. In addition, we found that women visiting GPs were 39% more likely to have reported ‘life-threatening’ problems as compared to ‘self-limiting’ problems (IRR=1.39; 95% CI: 1.00–1.94). CONCLUSION: Our results do not support the body of literature that suggests that women’s excess in service use can largely be attributed to gynaecological and obstetrical conditions or that the female excess in visits is focussed in the childbearing years. Ethnicity and the severity of a problem contributed significantly to explaining women’s, but not men’s, utilisation of GPs. KEYWORDS: Gender differences; health services utilisation; New Zealand

Gender Differences in Reading, Writing and Language Development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Reilly
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Educational Achievement ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Careful Evaluation ◽  
Language Abilities ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Achievement Data ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Representative Samples

The topic of gender differences in reading, writing, and language development has long been of interest to parents, educators, and public-policy makers. While some researchers have claimed that gender differences in verbal and language abilities are disappearing, careful evaluation of the scientific research shows otherwise. Examination of nationally representative samples of educational achievement data show that there are moderately sized gender differences in reading achievement favoring girls and women (d = −0.19 to −0.44 across age groups), and substantially larger gender differences in writing (d = −0.42 to −0.62), spelling (d = −0.39 to −0.50), and grammar (d = −0.39 to −0.42). Explanations for observed gender differences in verbal and language abilities suggest a complex network of biological, social, and cultural forces rather than any single factor.

scholarly journals An Investigation of Successful Implementation of Social Media by Small and Medium-Sized Businesses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Veronica A. Garrett
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Computer Mediated Communication ◽  
The Body ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Marketing Theory ◽  
Innovation Implementation ◽  
Mediated Communication

<p>This study investigates the successful implementation of social media by small and medium-sized New Zealand businesses. The reasons for selecting social media as the focal innovation were twofold. Firstly, it is vital that marketers embrace it. Social media has revolutionised the way in which marketers can communicate and promote to customers. Fundamentally, message control has passed from the marketer to the customer. Secondly, it provided an opportunity to explore innovation implementation from a business perspective early on in its diffusion cycle. Although businesses were only recently invited to join social media platforms, it was anticipated that many businesses would have adopted it within the last three years. This research contributes to the sparse literature on social media. It also contributes to the growing body of literature on innovation implementation, businesses as the unit of analysis, and research which uses implementation success as its outcome variable. Additionally, it contributes to the body of research for businesses that have less than 20 employees, defined as either small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) or micro-organisations, depending on the country. The objectives of this research were to identify which characteristics were most significant in influencing the successful implementation of social media and to propose a conceptual model. Due to the scarcity of literature on social media, constructs and measures were developed from other disciplines and innovation types. Research was grounded in innovation and implementation theory. The Organisational Innovativeness theory and the Variance theory (particularly the Technology-Organisation-Environment or TOE framework) were found to be of particular relevance. Marketing theory was also referred to, with the outcomes being marketing-based measures. The research was conducted in three steps. Firstly, in the pre-test phase senior managers from the New Zealand Retailers Association and academics provided feedback on the questionnaire. The Association then sent a pilot survey to their members, generating 53 usable responses. Secondly, the main survey was distributed via Facebook to businesses operating in that medium. Following analysis, the third phase involved interviews which further explored themes identified from the quantitative stage. Theoretical, methodological and managerial contributions were made from the research. Theoretical contributions included the development and empirical testing of a conceptual model for successful social media implementation. Significant predictor variables identified included complexity, a clear strategy, resources, access to training and education, and competition. These were measured by a number of dependent variables including use, overall management satisfaction and newly-developed scales for net benefits (including increased profit and increased brand loyalty). Methodological contributions included the timing of the survey. As social media has only been implemented relatively recently, information was easily recalled and bias as to whether it was likely to be a successful innovation or not was reduced. Additionally, the survey was distributed through Facebook, a new channel with viral opportunities and subsequent response rate measurement limitations. Managers will also find the results of interest not only in the implementation of social media but also for other strategic types of computer-mediated communication innovations.</p>

scholarly journals The Persistence of Vaccine Hesitancy: COVID-19 Vaccination Intention

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jagadish Thaker
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
The Public ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Communication Campaign ◽  
Scientific Experts ◽  
Nationally Representative

AbstractBuilding public trust and willingness to vaccinate against COVID-19 is as important as developing an effective vaccine. However, a significant minority of the public are unwilling or hesitant to take a COVID-19 vaccine, when available. A nationally representative sample survey (N=1040) was conducted in July 2020 in New Zealand to identify factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine intention. Trust in experts and general vaccine hesitancy were significantly associated with COVID-19 vaccine intention. A communication campaign from trusted scientific experts, with information that addresses prevailing concerns about vaccines, is likely to help increase COVID-19 vaccine uptake.

scholarly journals An Investigation of Successful Implementation of Social Media by Small and Medium-Sized Businesses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Veronica A. Garrett
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Computer Mediated Communication ◽  
The Body ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Marketing Theory ◽  
Innovation Implementation ◽  
Mediated Communication

<p>This study investigates the successful implementation of social media by small and medium-sized New Zealand businesses. The reasons for selecting social media as the focal innovation were twofold. Firstly, it is vital that marketers embrace it. Social media has revolutionised the way in which marketers can communicate and promote to customers. Fundamentally, message control has passed from the marketer to the customer. Secondly, it provided an opportunity to explore innovation implementation from a business perspective early on in its diffusion cycle. Although businesses were only recently invited to join social media platforms, it was anticipated that many businesses would have adopted it within the last three years. This research contributes to the sparse literature on social media. It also contributes to the growing body of literature on innovation implementation, businesses as the unit of analysis, and research which uses implementation success as its outcome variable. Additionally, it contributes to the body of research for businesses that have less than 20 employees, defined as either small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) or micro-organisations, depending on the country. The objectives of this research were to identify which characteristics were most significant in influencing the successful implementation of social media and to propose a conceptual model. Due to the scarcity of literature on social media, constructs and measures were developed from other disciplines and innovation types. Research was grounded in innovation and implementation theory. The Organisational Innovativeness theory and the Variance theory (particularly the Technology-Organisation-Environment or TOE framework) were found to be of particular relevance. Marketing theory was also referred to, with the outcomes being marketing-based measures. The research was conducted in three steps. Firstly, in the pre-test phase senior managers from the New Zealand Retailers Association and academics provided feedback on the questionnaire. The Association then sent a pilot survey to their members, generating 53 usable responses. Secondly, the main survey was distributed via Facebook to businesses operating in that medium. Following analysis, the third phase involved interviews which further explored themes identified from the quantitative stage. Theoretical, methodological and managerial contributions were made from the research. Theoretical contributions included the development and empirical testing of a conceptual model for successful social media implementation. Significant predictor variables identified included complexity, a clear strategy, resources, access to training and education, and competition. These were measured by a number of dependent variables including use, overall management satisfaction and newly-developed scales for net benefits (including increased profit and increased brand loyalty). Methodological contributions included the timing of the survey. As social media has only been implemented relatively recently, information was easily recalled and bias as to whether it was likely to be a successful innovation or not was reduced. Additionally, the survey was distributed through Facebook, a new channel with viral opportunities and subsequent response rate measurement limitations. Managers will also find the results of interest not only in the implementation of social media but also for other strategic types of computer-mediated communication innovations.</p>

scholarly journals Demographic differences in use of household tap water in a representative sample of US adults, FallStyles 2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayla L. Vanden Esschert ◽  
Catherine E. Barrett ◽  
Sarah A. Collier ◽  
Amanda G. Garcia-Williams ◽  
Elizabeth Hannapel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Rate ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Demographic Differences ◽  
Complex Sample ◽  
Legionnaires Disease ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Nationally Representative

Abstract Tap water that is safe to consume may cause respiratory illness (e.g., Legionnaires’ disease) when water conditions allow for proliferation and aerosolization of biofilm-associated pathogens. This study assessed household tap water consumption, exposure to aerosolized tap water, and associated demographics. A nationally representative FallStyles survey administered by Porter Novelli Public Services was sent to 4,677 US adult panelists in October 2019. There were 3,624 adults that completed the survey (77.5% response rate). Respondents were asked about self-reported use of household tap water for consumption (i.e., drinking, rinsing produce, or making ice) and use through water-aerosolizing devices (e.g., showerheads, humidifiers). Demographics included gender, age, race/ethnicity, education, income, region, and health status. Weighted analyses using complex sample survey procedures were used to assess tap water exposure by route and demographics. Most US adults are exposed to aerosolized tap water through showering (80.6%), and one in five are exposed through other water-aerosolizing devices (20.3%). Consumption and showering were greatest among older, White, higher educated, and higher-income adults. Aerosolized tap water can transmit waterborne pathogens and cause respiratory illness, especially among older age groups and people with weakened immune systems. These results will help target health messages for using water-aerosolizing devices safely.

scholarly journals Work and Timing of First Live Births in New Zealand

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Dharmalingam ◽  
Ian Pool ◽  
Kim Johnstone
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Proportional Hazard ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Live Births ◽  
First Child ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
First Job

In this paper we have used data from a nationally representative sample survey of New Zealand women (N=2673) aged between 20 and 59 years. We employ life-table technique and proportional hazard modelling to assess the role of individual and group level variables in determining the timing of first live births. This study suggests that a woman's decision to work and to have children and when to have them are intimately linked. While the age at which women obtain their first job has not changed much over the generations the age of the mother when her first child was born has risen considerably over recent generations. The result has been a widening period of time between the first job and the first child (for both Maori and non-Maori). Our analysis suggests that the number of years a woman has worked is very closely associated with when she has her first child having worked increases the chances of having a child, but as the work experience lengthens so this chance declines.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Weight-Related Attitudes and Behaviors Among Overweight and Obese Adults in the United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 389-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra A. Tsai ◽  
Nan Lv ◽  
Lan Xiao ◽  
Jun Ma
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Weight Perception ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Body ◽  
Obese Adults ◽  
Weight Loss Strategies ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Successful Weight Loss ◽  
Male Specific

Few studies have used nationally representative data to focus specifically on gender differences in weight-related outcomes. This article examines gender differences in weight-related outcomes across the body mass index (BMI) spectrum in overweight and obese adults. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009–2010 was analyzed. Weight-related outcomes were accurate weight perception, weight dissatisfaction, attempted weight loss, successful weight loss, and weight loss strategies. Compared with women, overweight and obese men were less likely to have accurate weight perception (odds ratio [OR] = 0.36; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.30–0.44), weight dissatisfaction (OR = 0.39; 95% CI = 0.32–0.47), and attempted weight loss (OR = 0.55; 95% CI = 0.48–0.63). The modifying effect of gender on these associations decreased as BMI increased. By BMI 35, the mean probability of women and men to have accurate weight perception and weight dissatisfaction was 90%; attempted weight loss was 60% (women) and 50% (men). At lower BMIs, men had up to 40% less probability than women for these weight loss outcomes. Men who attempted weight loss were more likely than women to lose and maintain ≥10 lb over 1 year (OR = 1.41; 95% CI = 1.20–1.65) and increase exercise and eat less fat as weight loss strategies; women were more likely to join weight loss programs, take prescription diet pills, and follow special diets. A need exists for male-specific interventions to improve overweight and obese men’s likelihood for accurate weight perception, attempted weight loss, and ultimately, successful weight loss.

The influence of osteopathic correction on the rate of various rhythms of the body

2019 ◽  
pp. 64-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Chernikova ◽  
Yu. P. Potekhina
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Biomechanical Properties ◽  
Dispersion Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After

Introduction. An osteopathic examination determines the rate, the amplitude and the strength of the main rhythms (cardiac, respiratory and cranial). However, there are relatively few studies in the available literature dedicated to the influence of osteopathic correction (OC) on the characteristics of these rhythms.Goal of research — to study the influence of OC on the rate characteristics of various rhythms of the human body.Materials and methods. 88 adult osteopathic patients aged from 18 to 81 years were examined, among them 30 men and 58 women. All patients received general osteopathic examination. The rate of the cranial rhythm (RCR), respiratory rate (RR) heart rate (HR), the mobility of the nervous processes (MNP) and the connective tissue mobility (CTM) were assessed before and after the OC session.Results. Since age varied greatly in the examined group, a correlation analysis of age-related changes of the assessed rhythms was carried out. Only the CTM correlated with age (r=–0,28; p<0,05) in a statistically significant way. The rank dispersion analysis of Kruskal–Wallis also showed statistically significant difference in this indicator in different age groups (p=0,043). With the increase of years, the CTM decreases gradually. After the OC, the CTM, increased in a statistically significant way (p<0,0001). The RCR varied from 5 to 12 cycles/min in the examined group, which corresponded to the norm. After the OC, the RCR has increased in a statistically significant way (p<0,0001), the MNP has also increased (p<0,0001). The initial heart rate in the subjects varied from 56 to 94 beats/min, and in 15 % it exceeded the norm. After the OC the heart rate corresponded to the norm in all patients. The heart rate and the respiratory rate significantly decreased after the OC (р<0,0001).Conclusion. The described biorhythm changes after the OC session may be indicative of the improvement of the nervous regulation, of the normalization of the autonomic balance, of the improvement of the biomechanical properties of body tissues and of the increase of their mobility. The assessed parameters can be measured quickly without any additional equipment and can be used in order to study the results of the OC.

Size-At-Age Variability and Sexual Dimorphism of Morphometric Characteristics in the Late Ontogenesis of the Marsh Frog, Pelophylax Ridibundus (Anura, Ranidae), from Terrytory of Crimea

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-334
Author(s):  
V. N. Peskov ◽  
N. A. Petrenko ◽  
V. Yu. Reminnyi
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Morphometric Characteristics ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Marsh Frog ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Size At Age ◽  
Linear Body

Abstract We study size-at-age and sexual variability of morphometric characteristics of the marsh frog. According to the size of the body, males were divided into three size-age groups (juvenis, subadultus, adultus), females — into four groups (juvenis, subadultus, adultus, adultus-I). We found that the chronological age of frogs (skeletochronology) does not always correspond to their biological age (size and proportions of the body). We noted that the semi-adult males are reliably larger than females by mean values of 26 studied morphometric characters. Males and females of “adultus” group do not differ by linear body size, significant differences were found in body proportions (7 characters). For the females of “adultus-I” group, the mean values of 26 characters are significantly larger than for “adultus” males. The results of our study showed that with the age of the marsh frog, the level of exhibition, directionality and structure of morphometric sex differences changes.

Gender differences in biochemical measurement reflecting the state of free-radical oxidation and antioxidant protection among workers in metallurgical production

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (10) ◽  
pp. 877-881
Author(s):  
I. A. Umnyagina ◽  
L. A. Strakhova ◽  
T. V. Blinova
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Free Radical ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Free Radical Oxidation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Antioxidant Protection ◽  
Radical Oxidation ◽  
Metallurgical Production ◽  
Production Factors

Introduction. To date, age and sex differences have been established for many biochemical parameters. Gender differences in indicators for systems such as antioxidant, thiol-disulfide, oxidative stress and inflammation systems are absent or under study.The aim of the study was to identify gender differences in biochemical parameters reflecting the functioning of antioxidant systems of the body and free radical oxidation in workers of metallurgical production, in contact with harmful production factors.Materials and methods. The blood of men and women working at the metallurgical enterprise of the Nizhny Novgorod region (n=80) under the influence of a complex of physical and chemical production factors was studied. Total oxidative stress, total antioxidant capacity of serum, glutathione levels were studied by photometric biochemical methods. Levels of C-reactive protein and 8-hydroxy–2-deoxyguanosine were studied by ELISA.Results. The average amount of peroxides in the serum of women exceeded 1.6 times this figure in men. In the group of men, the content of 8-Ondg was higher by 26% (p=0.012), the level of GS-by 12% (p=0.019), the activity of SOD — by 1.5–2 times (p=0.0001), the level of CRP — by 2 times (p=0.008) compared to similar indicators in women.Conclusions. Studies of gender differences in workers under the influence of harmful production factors will allow more effective approach to the etiology, treatment and prognosis of production-related diseases. Indicators of oxidative stress and antioxidant protection can be indicators of the health of workers under the influence of harmful industrial factors and be important in the prevention of diseases associated with oxidative stress.

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