Delayed greening in phosphorus-efficient Hakea prostrata (Proteaceae) is a photoprotective and nutrient-saving strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 218
Author(s):  
Thirumurugen Kuppusamy ◽  
Dorothee Hahne ◽  
Kosala Ranathunge ◽  
Hans Lambers ◽  
Patrick M. Finnegan
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Sequential Allocation ◽  
Delayed Greening ◽  
Photosynthetic Machinery

Hakea prostrata R.Br. (Proteaceae) shows a ‘delayed greening’ strategy of leaf development characterised by reddish young leaves that become green as they mature. This trait may contribute to efficient use of phosphorus (P) during leaf development by first investing P in the development of leaf structure followed by maturation of the photosynthetic machinery. In this study, we investigated the properties of delayed greening in a highly P-efficient species to enhance our understanding of the ecological significance of this trait as a nutrient-saving and photoprotective strategy. In glasshouse-grown plants, we assessed foliar pigments, fatty acids and nutrient composition across five leaf developmental stages. Young leaves had higher concentrations of anthocyanin, P, nitrogen (N), copper (Cu), xanthophyll-cycle pigments and saturated fatty acids than mature leaves. As leaves developed, the concentration of anthocyanins decreased, whereas that of chlorophyll and the double bond index of fatty acids increased. In mature leaves, ~60% of the fatty acids was α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3). Mature leaves also had higher concentrations of aluminium (Al), calcium (Ca) and manganese (Mn) than young leaves. We conclude that delayed greening in H. prostrata is a strategy that saves P as well as N and Cu through sequential allocation of these resources, first to cell production and structural development, and then to supplement chloroplast development. This strategy also protects young leaves against photodamage and oxidative stress during leaf expansion under high-light conditions.

Sorbitol Versus Sucrose as Photosynthesis and Translocation Products in Developing Apricot Leaves

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 657 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL Bieleski ◽  
RJ Redgwell
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Main Product ◽  
Mature Leaf ◽  
Young Leaf ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Specific Transport ◽  
Young Leaves

Very young apricot leaves behave like the young leaves of most plants; that is, [14C]sucrose is formed as the main product of 14CO2 photosynthesis, and also when the leaves are supplied with [14C]glucose. [14C]sorbitol is not produced, and is poorly metabolized when fed to the leaf. Expanding leaves behave differently: [14C]sorbitol and [14C]sucrose are formed in similar amounts from both 14CO2 and [14C]glucose; and when [14C]sorbitol is supplied, it is readily metabolized and utilized for growth. Mature leaves are different again. They form [14C]sorbitol as the main product from 14CO2 and from [14C]glucose, and they do not metabolize [14C]sorbitol at all. Thus during development, apricot leaves gain but then lose the ability to utilize sorbitol. They also gain and keep the ability to synthesize sorbitol. This suggests that different biochemical paths exist for sorbitol formation and utilization, and that these paths are differently developed in the various stages of leaf development. Although the very young leaves did not synthesize sorbitol from CO2 or glucose, they contained it as their major sugar. Translocation behaviour was therefore studied. Neither the very young leaves nor the expanding leaves export any photosynthate, but the mature leaf rapidly translocates carbohydrate, mainly in the form of sorbitol, to the younger leaves as well as the rest of the plant. [14C]sorbitol supplied to the mature leaf can be recovered in that form from the very young leaf on the same shoot. This further establishes the role of sorbitol in apricot as a specific transport carbohydrate.

scholarly journals The Evolution of Leaf Function during Development Is Reflected in Profound Changes in the Metabolic Composition of the Vacuole

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 848
Author(s):  
Alice Destailleur ◽  
Théo Poucet ◽  
Cécile Cabasson ◽  
Ana Paula Alonso ◽  
Jean-Christophe Cocuron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Growth ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
Cell Fractionation ◽  
Growth Phases ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Inorganic Molecules

During its development, the leaf undergoes profound metabolic changes to ensure, among other things, its growth. The subcellular metabolome of tomato leaves was studied at four stages of leaf development, with a particular emphasis on the composition of the vacuole, a major actor of cell growth. For this, leaves were collected at different positions of the plant, corresponding to different developmental stages. Coupling cytology approaches to non-aqueous cell fractionation allowed to estimate the subcellular concentrations of major compounds in the leaves. The results showed major changes in the composition of the vacuole across leaf development. Thus, sucrose underwent a strong allocation, being mostly located in the vacuole at the beginning of development and in the cytosol at maturity. Furthermore, these analyses revealed that the vacuole, rather rich in secondary metabolites and sugars in the growth phases, accumulated organic acids thereafter. This result suggests that the maintenance of the osmolarity of the vacuole of mature leaves would largely involve inorganic molecules.

scholarly journals Resveratrol Synthesis under Natural Conditions and after Ultraviolet-C Irradiation in Grape Leaves at Different Leaf Developmental Stages

HortScience ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 727-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junfang Wang ◽  
Yuxia Sun ◽  
Hengzhen Wang ◽  
Xueqiang Guan ◽  
Lijun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Ultraviolet C ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Uv C ◽  
Grape Cultivars

The biosynthesis and accumulation of resveratrol in grape may be regulated by genetic and environmental factors [i.e., ultraviolet-C (UV-C) irradiation]. However, there is a lack of research on the biosynthesis and accumulation of resveratrol in grape leaves responding to UV-C irradiation at sequential developmental stages. In this study, leaf resveratrol concentration during different developmental stages of three grape cultivars, Jingxiu, Beifeng, and MRH3, under natural conditions, and of ‘Beifeng’ leaves exposed to UV-C irradiation was investigated. Results showed that resveratrol synthesis was related to the developmental stages under natural conditions. In young leaves, resveratrol concentration was low, but it increased continuously during leaf development, mainly as piceid forms. UV-C irradiation greatly stimulated resveratrol synthesis in ‘Beifeng’ leaves, and young leaves at 20 days were most sensitive to the irradiation. The total resveratrol in the skin of UV-C irradiated berries is about 19 times higher than that of the control, mainly in the forms of trans-resveratrol (trans-res)/cis-resveratrol (cis-res). These results provide a basis for increasing resveratrol concentration by artificial means.

Surface Structure and Chemical Composition of Epicuticular Waxes during Leaf Development of Tilia tomentosa Moench

1991 ◽  
Vol 46 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 743-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul-Gerhard Gülz ◽  
R. B. N. Prasad ◽  
Edith Müller
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Coming Out ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Epicuticular Waxes ◽  
De Novo Biosynthesis ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Tilia Tomentosa ◽  
First Time

Abstract The very young leaflets of silver lime trees (Tilia tomtentosa), just unfolding from buds, con ­ tained a continuous wax layer without any wax sculptures. The wax on young leaves is quite different in yield and composition than that of mature leaves. After unfolding of leaves a very dynamic biosynthesis of most wax lipids was started. Fifteen days after leaf unfolding the de novo biosynthesis of β-amyrenyl acetate and later on of aldehydes could be detected for the first time. The biosynthesis of wax components in silver lime leaves was finished at the end of June and the wax remained nearly constant in amount and composition during the remaining season. At the same time, when β-amyrenyl acetate was found for the first time, wax sculptures were observed in silver lime leaf waxes coming out of the continuous wax layer, exclusively on the upper leaf side. These wax sculptures increased in quantity in the next weeks and resulted in a crystalloid shape of most solitaire quadrangular rodlets. These crystals were remained all over the season and were formed from β-amyrenyl acetate, the dominating main wax compo­nent {ca. 49% wax).

scholarly journals Anatomical and ultrastructural aspects of leaf galls in Ficus microcarpa L.f. (Moraceae) induced by Gynaikothrips ficorum Marchal (Thysanoptera)

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvana Cristina P. M. de Souza ◽  
Jane Elizabeth Kraus ◽  
Rosy Mary S. Isaias ◽  
Lea de Jesus Neves
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Tissue Differentiation ◽  
Ornamental Plant ◽  
Leaf Lamina ◽  
Structural Alterations ◽  
Cellular Hypertrophy ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Ficus Microcarpa

Several species of Ficus present leaf galls and the goal of this research is to study the structural alterations involved in the formation of leaf galls caused by Gynaikothrips ficorum on F. microcarpa, an ornamental plant. The galls of young and mature leaves were separated into two developmental stages based on the presence of lesions on leaf lamina and the degree of leaf folding. Swellings of the lamina were observed in young and mature leaves during gall development which coincided with the areas of cellular hypertrophy and tissue hyperplasia. Swellings were detected in a greater amount and more precociously on young leaves when compared to mature ones. In young leaves, the cecidogenetic responses were quicker and led to further structural differences because younger cells are not completely differentiated. Cell hypertrophy and tissue hyperplasia were striking processes involved in the ontogenesis of the studied gall, similar to other galls induced by thrips. Nevertheless, in spite of the numerous sites of feeding and the wide area of attack, F microcarpa galls can be considered rudimentary, since no new tissue differentiation was observed.

scholarly journals The Effects of Development and Salinity Stress on Mannitol Biosynthesis in Celery Leaves

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 491F-492
Author(s):  
J.D. Everard ◽  
W.H. Loescher
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Northern Blotting ◽  
Apium Graveolens ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
The Relationship

In celery (Apium graveolens L.), up to 50% of newly assimilated carbon may be partitioned into mannitol in mature leaves. Mannitol biosynthesis involves three unique enzymatic steps, and mannose 6-phosphate reductase (M6PR) is the critical regulatory step in the pathway. We measured M6PR enzyme activities, M6PR protein levels (using an immunological method) and M6PR transcript levels (by Northern blotting) to assess effects of leaf development on mannitol biosynthesis. M6PR was limited to green tissues and was under tight transcriptional regulation during leaf initiation, expansion, and maturation. M6PR expression was also closely correlated with the capacity of leaves to partition newly fixed carbon into mannitol (measured by 14C pulse/chase on intact leaves). Previous studies have also shown salt stress to lead to mannitol accumulation in celery. Using the methods outlined above we also investigated the combined effects of salt stress and leaf development on M6PR expression and the capacity of leaves to partition C to mannitol. Under salt stress M6PR expression and the capacity to synthesize mannitol occurred in younger leaves than in control plants. Thus, the increase in mannitol pool size in salt-stressed celery plants is due, in part, to enhanced de novo synthesis in young leaves. The data also confirmed the relationship between development of photosynthetic capacity, mannitol synthesis and M6PR activity. Supported by USDA-NRI grant # 940-1439.

scholarly journals Nutritional Composition of Apis mellifera Drones from Korea and Denmark as a Potential Sustainable Alternative Food Source: Comparison Between Developmental Stages

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sampat Ghosh ◽  
Ho-Yong Sohn ◽  
Su-Jin Pyo ◽  
Annette Bruun Jensen ◽  
Victor Benno Meyer-Rochow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Human Consumption

We compared nutrient compositions of honey bee (Apis mellifera) drones of different developmental stages from two different populations—the Italian honey bee reared in Korea and Buckfast bees from Denmark. Analyses included amino acid, fatty acid, and mineral content as well as evaluations of antioxidant properties and haemolysis activities. The compositions of total amino acids, and thus protein content of the insects, increased with development. A similar trend was observed for minerals presumably due to the consumption of food in the adult stage. In contrast, total fatty acid amounts decreased with development. Altogether, seventeen amino acids, including all the essential ones, except tryptophan, were determined. Saturated fatty acids dominated over monounsaturated fatty acids in the pupae, but the reverse held true for the adults. Drones were found to be rich in minerals and the particularly high iron as well as K/Na ratio was indicative of the nutritional value of these insects. Among the three developmental stages, adult Buckfast drones exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. Bearing in mind the overall high nutritional value, i.e., high amino acids, minerals and less fatty acids, late pupae and adult drones can be useful for human consumption while the larvae or early pupal stage can be recommended as feed. However, owing to their relatively high haemolysis activity, we advocate processing prior to the consumption of these insects.

Vitamin C content in leaves and roots of horseradish (Armoracia rusticana): seasonal variation in fresh tissues and retention as affected by storage conditions

2017 ◽  
pp. 799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Rita Rivelli ◽  
Marisa Carmela Caruso ◽  
Susanna De Maria ◽  
Fernanda Galgano
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Medical Field ◽  
Residual Content ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Leaves And Roots

Since antiquity, horseradish is known as folk medicinal herb and food condiment. The richness in phytochemicals has recently encouraged its use in the medical field and as functional food. In this study, vitamin C content by HPLC analysis in young and mature leaves and roots of two horseradish accessions collected at different developmental stages was evaluated. The effect of freezing and freeze-drying on vitamin C loss after different storage time was also analyzed. The vitamin C content varied in fresh tissues depending on accessions and developmental stages. Roots contained the highest values of vitamin C when plant approximated to senescence (about 80 mg 100 g-1 fw). A great content of vitamin C was found in young leaves during the full developmental stages (up to 350 mg 100 g-1 fw) and in mature ones toward plant senescence (up to 280 mg 100 g-1 fw, respectively). By freezing tissues at ˗20°C, a monthly vitamin C loss of 5% was estimated, while by freezing at ˗80°C the losses did not exceed 6% after 8 months of storage. By freeze-drying tissues, a loss of vitamin C of about 40% was found after 4 months of storage at 4°C. Despite the losses associated with food processing, the residual content of vitamin C in horseradish remains still higher compared to other vegetables.

The dense indumentum with its polyphenol content may replace the protective role of the epidermis in some young xeromorphic leaves

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Karabourniotis ◽  
Costas Fasseas
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Damage ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Olea Europaea ◽  
Quercus Ilex ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Olea Europaéa

The bright, yellow-green, ammonia-induced fluorescence of polyphenol compounds contained in the nonglandular hairs and within the epidermis of Olea europaea and Quercus ilex leaves was age dependent. Epifluorescence microscopic examination of transverse sections of leaves from both species showed that abaxial and adaxial epidermal layers emitted the characteristic green-yellow bright fluorescence only in late developmental stages, when a considerable decrease of the trichome density had already occurred. At earlier developmental stages, only the dense and thick trichome layer emitted the bright green-yellow fluorescence. In addition, the trichomes of young leaves of Olea and Quercus resembled the glandular ones of other species morphologically and possibly functionally. These findings suggest that the protective role of the trichome against ultraviolet-B radiation damage and (or) other environmental factors is particularly significant during the early stages of leaf development and may be less important at later stages, when the protective role is taken over by the epidermis. Keywords: leaf hairs, phenolics, UV-B radiation damage, leaf development, Olea europaea L., Quercus ilex L.

Dietary Changes in Fasting Levels of Factor VII Coagulant Activity (FVII: C) Are Accompanied by Changes in Factor VII Protein and other Vitamin K-dependent Proteins

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (02) ◽  
pp. 239-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
E M Bladbjerg ◽  
T Tholstrup ◽  
P Marckmann ◽  
B Sandström ◽  
J Jespersen
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Vitamin K ◽  
Protein C ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Factor Vii ◽  
Dietary Regimen ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Dietary Changes ◽  
Coagulant Activity ◽  
Before And After

SummaryThe mechanisms behind dietary effects on fasting coagulant activity of factor VII (FVII: C) are not clarified. In the present study of 15 young volunteers, two experimental diets differing in composition of saturated fatty acids (C18:0 [diet S] or C12:0 + C14:0 [diet ML]) were served for 3 weeks each. Fasting blood samples were collected before and after the dietary regimen and analysed for triglycerides, FVII:C, and protein concentrations of FVII, FII, FX, protein C, CRP, albumin, fibrinogen, and F1+2. FVII:C was significantly reduced on diet S compared with diet ML. This was accompanied by a decrease in FVII protein, F1+2 and the vitamin K-dependent proteins FII, FX, and protein C. In contrast, no changes were observed in triglycerides, FVII:C/FVII: Ag, albumin and CRP. Fibrinogen was increased on diet S compared with diet ML. Our findings suggest that the change in fasting FVII:C was part of a general change in concentrations of vitamin K-dependent proteins.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document