DNA synthesis pattern, proteome, and ABA and GA signalling in developing seeds of Norway maple (Acer platanoides)

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra M. Staszak ◽  
Monika Rewers ◽  
Elwira Sliwinska ◽  
Ewelina A. Klupczynska ◽  
Tomasz A. Pawlowski
Keyword(s):  
Seed Development ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Embryo Axis ◽  
Norway Maple ◽  
Physiological Dormancy ◽  
Antioxidant Proteins ◽  
Mature Seeds

Mature seeds of Norway maple exhibit desiccation tolerance and deep physiological dormancy. Flow cytometry, proteomics, and immunodetection have been combined to investigate seed development of this species. DNA content analysis revealed that cell cycle/endoreduplication activity differs between seed organs and developmental stages. In the embryo axis, the proportion of the nuclei with the highest DNA content (4C) increases at the beginning of maturation (17 weeks after flowering; WAF), and then is stable until the end of maturation, to increase again after drying. In cotyledons, during maturation endopolyploid nuclei (8C) occur and the intensity of endoreduplication increases up to 21 WAF, and then is stable until development is completed. In dry mature seeds, the proportion of 4C nuclei is high, and reaches 36% in the embryo axis and 52% in cotyledons. Proteomic studies revealed that energy and carbon metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, storage and antioxidant proteins are associated with seed development. Study of the ABI5 protein, a transcription factor involved in ABA signalling, and the RGL2 protein, a repressor of the GA signalling indicates that the highest accumulation of these proteins occurs in fully-matured and dried seeds. It is suggested that this increase in accumulation can be associated with completion of maturation, mainly with desiccation and dormancy acquisition.

scholarly journals Seed Genome Hypomethylated Regions Are Enriched In Transcription Factor Genes

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Chen ◽  
Jer-Young Lin ◽  
Jungim Hur ◽  
Julie M. Pelletier ◽  
Russell Baden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Seed Formation ◽  
Epigenetic Events ◽  
Transcription Factor Genes

AbstractThe precise mechanisms that control gene activity during seed development remain largely unknown. Previously, we showed that several genes essential for seed development, including those encoding storage proteins, fatty acid biosynthesis enzymes, and transcriptional regulators, such as ABI3 and FUS3, are located within hypomethylated regions of the soybean genome. These hypomethylated regions are similar to the DNA methylation valleys (DMVs), or canyons, found in mammalian cells. Here, we address the question of the extent to which DMVs are present within seed genomes, and what role they might play in seed development. We scanned soybean and Arabidopsis seed genomes from post-fertilization through dormancy and germination for regions that contain < 5% or < 0.4% bulk methylation in CG-, CHG-, and CHH-contexts over all developmental stages. We found that DMVs represent extensive portions of seed genomes, range in size from 5 to 76 kb, are scattered throughout all chromosomes, and are hypomethylated throughout the plant life cycle. Significantly, DMVs are enriched greatly in transcription factor genes, and other developmental genes, that play critical roles in seed formation. Many DMV genes are regulated with respect to seed stage, region, and tissue - and contain H3K4me3, H3K27me3, or bivalent marks that fluctuate during development. Our results indicate that DMVs are a unique regulatory feature of both plant and animal genomes, and that a large number of seed genes are regulated in the absence of methylation changes during development - probably by the action of specific transcription factors and epigenetic events at the chromatin level.SignificanceWe scanned soybean and Arabidopsis seed genomes for hypomethylated regions, or DNA Methylation Valleys (DMVs), present in mammalian cells. A significant fraction of seed genomes contain DMV regions that have < 5% bulk DNA methylation, or, in many cases, no detectable DNA methylation. Methylation levels of seed DMVs do not vary detectably during seed development with respect to time, region, and tissue, and are present prior to fertilization. Seed DMVs are enriched in transcription factor genes and other genes critical for seed development, and are also decorated with histone marks that fluctuate with developmental stage, resembling in significant ways their animal counterparts. We conclude that many genes playing important roles in seed formation are regulated in the absence of detectable DNA methylation events, and suggest that selective action of transcriptional activators and repressors, as well as chromatin epigenetic events play important roles in making a seed - particularly embryo formation.

Desiccation sensitivity and cell cycle aspects in seeds of Inga vera subsp. affinis

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Marcio Rocha Faria ◽  
André A.M. van Lammeren ◽  
Henk W.M. Hilhorst
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Cell Elongation ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Cortical Microtubule ◽  
Embryonic Axis ◽  
Cellular Damage ◽  
Desiccation Sensitivity ◽  
Microtubular Cytoskeleton ◽  
Mature Seeds

The desiccation sensitivity of seeds ofInga veraWilld. subsp.affinis, a recalcitrant-seeded tree from Brazil, was analysed, focusing on water relations and cell-cycle aspects, including DNA content and the microtubular cytoskeleton. Seeds were collected at four developmental stages, dried to different moisture contents (MCs), assessed regarding water activity and set to germinate. Samples of fresh (non-dried) developing and mature seeds were used for assessment of DNA content by flow cytometry. Immunohistochemical detection of microtubules (MTs) was done in mature seeds at different MCs. Slight desiccation of immature seeds increased germination, but further drying resulted in a quick decline of germinability. During seed development the desiccation sensitivity decreased slightly, but DNA content of the embryonic axis cells remained constant, suggesting no relation between those two parameters. Embryonic axis cells of mature seeds showed abundant cortical microtubule arrays, which were not affected by mild desiccation, but broken down by further drying. It appeared that, upon rehydration, damaged cells were not able to reconstitute the microtubular cytoskeleton. The failure of germination ofInga veraseeds after drying could not be attributed to cellular damage to DNA synthesis and mitosis, since the radicle protruded by means of cell elongation, without a need for cell division. However, the breakdown of MTs during desiccation, and their subsequent inability to reassemble upon rehydration, may be related to the decreased germination, since MTs are required for cell elongation.

scholarly journals Seed genome hypomethylated regions are enriched in transcription factor genes

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (35) ◽  
pp. E8315-E8322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Chen ◽  
Jer-Young Lin ◽  
Jungim Hur ◽  
Julie M. Pelletier ◽  
Russell Baden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Seed Formation ◽  
Epigenetic Events ◽  
Transcription Factor Genes ◽  
Plant Life Cycle

The precise mechanisms that control gene activity during seed development remain largely unknown. Previously, we showed that several genes essential for seed development, including those encoding storage proteins, fatty acid biosynthesis enzymes, and transcriptional regulators (e.g., ABI3, FUS3) are located within hypomethylated regions of the soybean genome. These hypomethylated regions are similar to the DNA methylation valleys (DMVs), or canyons, found in mammalian cells. Here, we address the question of the extent to which DMVs are present within seed genomes and what role they might play in seed development. We scanned soybean and Arabidopsis seed genomes from postfertilization through dormancy and germination for regions that contain <5% or <0.4% bulk methylation in CG, CHG, and CHH contexts over all developmental stages. We found that DMVs represent extensive portions of seed genomes, range in size from 5–76 kb, are scattered throughout all chromosomes, and are hypomethylated throughout the plant life cycle. Significantly, DMVs are enriched greatly in transcription factor (TF) genes and other developmental genes that play critical roles in seed formation. Many DMV genes are regulated with respect to seed stage, region, and tissue, and contain H3K4me3, H3K27me3, or bivalent marks that fluctuate during development. Our results indicate that DMVs are a unique regulatory feature of both plant and animal genomes, and that a large number of seed genes are regulated in the absence of methylation changes during development, probably by the action of specific TFs and epigenetic events at the chromatin level.

scholarly journals Asymbiotic germination of Vanilla planifolia in relation to the timing of seed collection and seed pretreatments

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih-Hsin Yeh ◽  
Kai-Yi Chen ◽  
Yung-I. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Vanilla Planifolia ◽  
Outermost Layer ◽  
Seed Collection ◽  
Seed Pretreatment ◽  
Immature Seeds ◽  
Mature Seeds

Abstract Background Vanilla planifolia is an important tropical orchid for production of natural vanilla flavor. Traditionally, V. planifolia is propagated by stem cuttings, which produces identical genotype that are sensitive to virulent pathogens. However, propagation with seed germination of V. planifolia is intricate and unstable because the seed coat is extremely hard with strong hydrophobic nature. A better understanding of seed development, especially the formation of impermeable seed coat would provide insights into seed propagation and conservation of genetic resources of Vanilla. Results We found that soaking mature seeds in 4% sodium hypochlorite solution from 75 to 90 min significantly increased germination. For the culture of immature seeds, the seed collection at 45 days after pollination (DAP) had the highest germination percentage. We then investigated the anatomical features during seed development that associated with the effect of seed pretreatment on raising seed germination percentage. The 45-DAP immature seeds have developed globular embryos and the thickened non-lignified cell wall at the outermost layer of the outer seed coat. Seeds at 60 DAP and subsequent stages germinated poorly. As the seed approached maturity, the cell wall of the outermost layer of the outer seed coat became lignified and finally compressed into a thick envelope at maturity. On toluidine blue O staining, the wall of outer seed coat stained greenish blue, indicating the presence of phenolic compounds. As well, on Nile red staining, a cuticular substance was detected in the surface wall of the embryo proper and the innermost wall of the inner seed coat. Conclusion We report a reliable protocol for seed pretreatment of mature seeds and for immature seeds culture based on a defined time schedule of V. plantifolia seed development. The window for successful germination of culturing immature seed was short. The quick accumulation of lignin, phenolics and/or phytomelanins in the seed coat may seriously inhibit seed germination after 45 DAP. As seeds matured, the thickened and lignified seed coat formed an impermeable envelope surrounding the embryo, which may play an important role in inducing dormancy. Further studies covering different maturity of green capsules are required to understand the optimal seed maturity and germination of seeds.

Seed development in Malva parviflora: onset of germinability, dormancy and desiccation tolerance

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pippa J. Michael ◽  
Kathryn J. Steadman ◽  
Julie A. Plummer
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Desiccation Tolerance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Physical Dormancy ◽  
Seed Moisture Content ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Seed Moisture ◽  
Physiological Dormancy ◽  
Malva Parviflora

Seed development was examined in Malva parviflora. The first flower opened 51 days after germination; flowers were tagged on the day that they opened and monitored for 33 days. Seeds were collected at 12 stages during this period and used to determine moisture content, germination of fresh seeds and desiccation tolerance (seeds dried to 10% moisture content followed by germination testing). Seed moisture content decreased as seeds developed, whereas fresh (max. 296 mg) and dry weight (max. 212 mg) increased to peak at 12–15 and ~21 days after flowering (DAF), respectively. Therefore, physiological maturity occurred at 21 DAF, when seed moisture content was 16–21%. Seeds were capable of germinating early in development, reaching a maximum of 63% at 9 DAF, but germination declined as development continued, presumably due to the imposition of physiological dormancy. Physical dormancy developed at or after physiological maturity, once seed moisture content declined below 20%. Seeds were able to tolerate desiccation from 18 DAF; desiccation hastened development of physical dormancy and improved germination. These results provide important information regarding M. parviflora seed development, which will ultimately improve weed control techniques aimed at preventing seed set and further additions to the seed bank.

scholarly journals Asymbiotic Germination of Mature Seeds and the Seed Development of Vanilla Planifolia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih-Hsin Yeh ◽  
Kai-Yi Chen ◽  
Yung-I Lee
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Vanilla Planifolia ◽  
Outermost Layer ◽  
Seed Pretreatment ◽  
Immature Seeds ◽  
Mature Seeds

Abstract Background: Vanilla planifolia is an important tropical orchid for production of natural vanilla flavor. Traditionally, V. planifolia is propagated by stem cuttings, which produces identical genotype that are sensitive to virulent pathogens. However, sexual propagation with seed germination of V. planifolia is intricate and unstable because of the extremely hard seed coat. A better understanding of seed development, especially the formation of impermeable seed coat would provide insights into seed propagation and conservation of genetic resources of Vanilla.Results: We found that soaking mature seeds in 4 % sodium hypochlorite solution from 75 to 90 min significantly increased germination and that immature seeds collected at 45 days after pollination (DAP) had the highest germination percentage. We then investigated the anatomical features during seed development that associated with the effect of seed pretreatment on raising seed germination percentage. The 45-DAP immature seeds have developed globular embryos and the thickened non-lignified cell wall at the outermost layer of the outer seed coat. After 60 DAP, the cell wall of the outermost layer of the outer seed coat became lignified and finally compressed into a thick envelope. These features matches the significant decreases of immature seed germination percentage after 60 DAP. Conclusion: We report a reliable protocol for seed pretreatment of mature seeds and for immature seeds culture based on a defined time schedule of V. plantifolia seed development. The thickened and lignified seed coat formed an impermeable envelope surrounding the embryo, and might play an important role in seed dormancy of V. plantifolia.

scholarly journals Gene expression profiling identifies pathways involved in seeds maturation of Jatropha curcas

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Maghuly ◽  
Tamas Deak ◽  
Klemens Vierlinger ◽  
Stephan Pabinger ◽  
Hakim Tafer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Seed Maturation ◽  
Nutrient Mobilization ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Maturation Stages

Abstract Background: Jatropha curcas, a tropical shrub, is a promising biofuel crop, which produces seeds with a high content of oil and protein. To better understand the development of its seeds to improve Jatropha`s agronomic performance, a two-step approach was performed: 1) generation of the entire transcriptome of six different maturation stages of J. curcas seeds using 454-Roche sequencing of a cDNA library, 2) comparison of transcriptional expression levels in six different developmental stages of seeds using a custom Agilent 8x60K oligonucleotide microarray. Results: A total of 793,875 high-quality reads were assembled into 19,841 unique full-length contigs, of which 13,705 could be annotated with Gene Ontology (GO) terms. Microarray data analysis identified 9,111 probes (out of 57,842 probes), which were differentially expressed between the six developmental stages. The expression results were validated for 70 randomly selected putative genes. Result from cluster analyses showed that transcripts related to sucrose, fatty acid, flavonoid, phenylpropanoid, lignin, hormone biosynthesis were over-represented in the early stage, while lipid storage, seed dormancy and maturation in the late stage. Generally, the expression of the most over-represented transcripts decrease in the last stage of seed maturation. Further, expression analyses of different maturation stages of J. curcas seed showed that most changes in transcript abundance occurred between the two last stages, suggesting that the timing of metabolic pathways during seed maturation in J. curcas is in late stages. The co-expression result showed a high degree of connectivity between genes that play essential role in fatty acid biosynthesis and nutrient mobilization. Furthermore, seed development and hormone pathways are significantly well connected. Conclusion: The obtained results revealed DESs regulating important pathways related to seed maturation, which could contribute to understanding the complex regulatory network during seed development. This study provides detailed information on transcription changes during J. curcas seed development and provides a starting point for a genomic survey of seed quality traits. The current results highlighted specific genes and processes relevant to the molecular mechanisms involved in Jatropha seed development, and it is anticipated that this data can be delivered to other Euphorbiaceae species of economic value.

scholarly journals Impact of epistasis and QTL×environment interaction on the accumulation of seed mass of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)

2008 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 481-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
YINGPENG HAN ◽  
WEILI TENG ◽  
DESHENG SUN ◽  
YUPING DU ◽  
LIJUAN QIU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Development ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Recombinant Inbred Lines ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Trait Locus ◽  
100 Seed Weight

SummaryThe accumulation of seed mass in soybean is affected by both genotype and environment. The aim of the present study was to measure additive, epistatic and quantitative trait locus (QTL)×environment (QE) interaction effects of QTLs on the development of 100-seed weight in a population of 143 F5 derived recombinant inbred lines (RILs) developed from the cross between the soybean cultivars ‘Charleston’ and ‘Dong Nong 594’. Broad-sense heritability of 100-seed weight from 30 days (30D) to 80D stages was 0·58, 0·52, 0·62, 0·60, 0·66 and 0·57, respectively. A total of 17 QTLs with conditional additive (a) effect and/or conditional additive×environment interaction (ae) effect at specific stages were identified in ten linkage groups by conditional mapping. Of them, only 4 QTLs had significant a effect or ae effect at different stages of seed development. Among QTLs with significant a effect, five acted positively and six acted negatively on seed development. A total of 35 epistatic pairwise QTLs of 100-seed weight were identified by conditional mapping at different developmental stages. Five pairs of QTL showed the additive×additive epistatic (aa) effect and 16 QTLs showed the aa×environment interaction (aae) effect at the different developmental stages. QTLs with aa effect as well with their environmental interaction effect appeared to vary at different developmental stages. Overall, the results indicated that 100-seed weight in soybean is under developmental, genetic and environmental control.

Leek (Allium porrum L.) seed development and germination

1992 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Gray ◽  
J. R. A. Steckel ◽  
L. J. Hands
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Allium Porrum ◽  
Seed Moisture Content ◽  
Subsequent Performance ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Seed Moisture ◽  
Seed Growth

AbstractThe effects of development of leek seeds at 20/10°, 25/15° and 30/20°C (day/night) and drying of seed harvested at different developmental stages on subsequent performance were examined in each of 3 years. An increase in temperature from 20/10° to 30/20°C reduced mean seed weight from 2.90 to 2.55 mg as a result of a reduction in the duration of seed growth from 80 to 55 days; seed growth rate was unaffected. Seed moisture content reached a minimum, up to 35 days after the attainment of maximum seed dry weight and 115, 90 and 70 days after anthesis at 20/10°, 25/15° and 30/20°C, respectively. The curves relating seed moisture to time for each temperature regime were mapped onto a single line accounting for >90% of the variation in moisture content, using accumulated day-degrees >6°C instead of chronological time. Seeds were capable of germinating when seed moisture contents were >60% (fresh weight basis), but maximum viability and minimum mean time to germination were not attained until seed moisture contents at harvest had fallen to 20–30%. Germination was little affected by temperature of seed development. Drying immature seeds increased percentage germination. Growing seeds at 30/20°C and drying at 35°C and 30% RH raised the upper temperature limit of germination compared with growing at 20/10°C and drying at 15°C and 30% RH.

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