Cellulosic fibres of flax recruit both primary and secondary cell wall cellulose synthases during deposition of thick tertiary cell walls and in the course of graviresponse

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Mokshina ◽  
Oleg Gorshkov ◽  
Nadezda Ibragimova ◽  
Tatyana Chernova ◽  
Tatyana Gorshkova
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Specific Mechanism ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum L ◽  
Cellulose Synthases ◽  
Cellulosic Fibres ◽  
Coexpression Networks ◽  
Cesa Genes

Cellulose synthesising complex consists of cellulose synthase (CESA) subunits encoded by a multigene family; different sets of CESA genes are known to be expressed during primary and secondary cell wall formation. We examined the expression of LusCESAs in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) cellulosic fibres at various stages of development and in the course of graviresponse by means of RNA-Seq and quantitative PCR. Transcripts for both primary and secondary cell wall-related CESAs were abundant in fibres depositing highly cellulosic tertiary cell walls. Gravistimulation of flax plants temporally increased the abundance of CESA transcripts, specifically in phloem fibres located at the pulling stem side. Construction of coexpression networks for LusCESAs revealed that both primary and secondary cell wall-related CESAs were involved in the joint coexpression group in fibres depositing tertiary cell walls, as distinct from other tissues, where these genes were within separate groups. The obtained data suggest that fibres depositing tertiary cell walls have a specific mechanism of cellulose biosynthesis and a specific way of its regulation.

Lignification of spruce tracheid secondary cell walls related to longitudinal hardness and modulus of elasticity using nano-indentation

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (10) ◽  
pp. 1029-1033 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Gindl ◽  
H S Gupta ◽  
C Grünwald
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Nano Indentation ◽  
Secondary Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Wall Development ◽  
The One

The lignin content and the mechanical properties of lignifying and fully lignified spruce tracheid secondary cell walls were determined using UV microscopy and nano-indentation, respectively. The average lignin content of developing tracheids was 0.10 g·g–1, as compared with 0.21 g·g–1 in mature tracheids. The modulus of elasticity of developing cells was on average 22% lower than the one measured in mature, fully lignified cells. For the longitudinal hardness, a larger difference of 26% was observed. As lignifying cells in the cambial zone are undergoing cell wall development, spaces in the cellulose–hemicellulose structure are filled with lignin and the density of the cell wall is believed to increase. It is therefore suggested that the observed difference in modulus of elasticity between developing and fully lignified cell walls is due to the filling of spaces with lignin and an increase of the packing density of the cell wall during lignification. Although remarkably less stiff than the composite polysaccharide structure in the secondary cell wall, lignin may be considered equally hard. Therefore, the observed increase in lignin content may contribute directly to the measured increase of hardness.Key words: secondary cell wall, hardness, lignin, modulus of elasticity, wood formation.

scholarly journals The structure of the endodermis during the development of pea (Pisum sativum L.) roots

2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Kopcińska ◽  
Władysław Golinowski
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Pea Root ◽  
Suberin Lamellae ◽  
Cell Components ◽  
Casparian Strips ◽  
Root Endodermis

It is shown on the basis of cytological studies that during the development of the pea root endodermis, the following structures were formed (in order of appearance): proendodermis, Casparian strips, suberin lamellae and secondary cell walls. The proendodermis cells had, in addition to the commonly occurring cell components, small vacuoles filled with phenols. The Casparian strips developed in the radial walls and accounted for no more than 1/3 of their length. The suberin layer, found on all of the endodermis walls, was deposited last over the Casparian strips. The secondary cell wall was formed only in the cells located over the phloem bundles. Its thickness was uniform over the entire circumference of the cell.

scholarly journals Integrative lncRNA landscape reveals lncRNA-coding gene networks in the secondary cell wall biosynthesis pathway of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis)

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiongliang Wang ◽  
Yinguang Hou ◽  
Yu Wang ◽  
Hansheng Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Gene Networks ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Molecular Study ◽  
Moso Bamboo ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Machine Learning Approach ◽  
Flavonoids Biosynthesis

Abstract Background LncRNAs are extensively involved in plant biological processes. However, the lack of a comprehensive lncRNA landscape in moso bamboo has hindered the molecular study of lncRNAs. Moreover, the role of lncRNAs in secondary cell wall (SCW) biosynthesis of moso bamboo is elusive. Results For comprehensively identifying lncRNA throughout moso bamboo genome, we collected 231 RNA-Seq datasets, 1 Iso-Seq dataset, and 1 full-length cDNA dataset. We used a machine learning approach to improve the pipeline of lncRNA identification and functional annotation based on previous studies and identified 37,009 lncRNAs in moso bamboo. Then, we established a network of potential lncRNA-coding gene for SCW biosynthesis and identified SCW-related lncRNAs. We also proposed that a mechanism exists in bamboo to direct phenylpropanoid intermediates to lignin or flavonoids biosynthesis through the PAL/4CL/C4H genes. In addition, we identified 4 flavonoids and 1 lignin-preferred genes in the PAL/4CL/C4H gene families, which gained implications in molecular breeding. Conclusions We provided a comprehensive landscape of lncRNAs in moso bamboo. Through analyses, we identified SCW-related lncRNAs and improved our understanding of lignin and flavonoids biosynthesis.

Biosynthèse des pectines et différenciation des fibres cellulosiques au cours de la croissance du lin

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Morvan ◽  
A. Jauneau ◽  
C. Morvan ◽  
H. Voreux ◽  
M. Demarty
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Pectin Content ◽  
Cellulose Deposition ◽  
Cellulosic Fibres ◽  
Elongation Phase

During the first stage of flax growth, stem elongation reaches 2.4 cm per day and the percentage of cell wall remains quite constant (4–15%). Cellulosic fibres develop principally during capsule formation and seed maturation. During the latter stage, the proportion of walls increases from 15 to 60% and the elongation is diminished to 0.5 cm per day. The lowering of the cation exchange capacity and of the pectin content of the cell walls during growth results principally from increased cellulose deposition in the fibre cells. The changes in the cation exchange capacity and in the percentage of cell wall show that when cellulose biosynthesis predominates, there is a continuous synthesis of pectins (10–15%) during the development of the plant. Methylated pectins are synthesized during the elongation phase. During maturation, the relative amounts of highly and less methylated pectins remain the same and thus it is not possible to determine what type of pectin is preferentially synthesized.

The class II KNOX transcription factors KNAT3 and KNAT7 synergistically regulate monolignol biosynthesis in Arabidopsis

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (18) ◽  
pp. 5469-5483
Author(s):  
Wenqi Qin ◽  
Qi Yin ◽  
Jiajun Chen ◽  
Xianhai Zhao ◽  
Fengxia Yue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Double Mutant ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Dwarf Phenotype ◽  
Syringyl Lignin ◽  
Exact Function ◽  
Inflorescence Stems

Abstract The function of the transcription factor KNOTTED ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA7 (KNAT7) is still unclear since it appears to be either a negative or a positive regulator for secondary cell wall deposition with its loss-of-function mutant displaying thicker interfascicular and xylary fiber cell walls but thinner vessel cell walls in inflorescence stems. To explore the exact function of KNAT7, class II KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX (KNOX II) genes in Arabidopsis including KNAT3, KNAT4, and KNAT5 were studied together. By chimeric repressor technology, we found that both KNAT3 and KNAT7 repressors exhibited a similar dwarf phenotype. Both KNAT3 and KNAT7 genes were expressed in the inflorescence stems and the knat3 knat7 double mutant exhibited a dwarf phenotype similar to the repressor lines. A stem cross-section of knat3 knat7 displayed an enhanced irregular xylem phenotype as compared with the single mutants, and its cell wall thickness in xylem vessels and interfascicular fibers was significantly reduced. Analysis of cell wall chemical composition revealed that syringyl lignin was significantly decreased while guaiacyl lignin was increased in the knat3 knat7 double mutant. Coincidently, the knat3 knat7 transcriptome showed that most lignin pathway genes were activated, whereas the syringyl lignin-related gene Ferulate 5-Hydroxylase (F5H) was down-regulated. Protein interaction analysis revealed that KNAT3 and KNAT7 can form a heterodimer, and KNAT3, but not KNAT7, can interact with the key secondary cell wall formation transcription factors NST1/2, which suggests that the KNAT3–NST1/2 heterodimer complex regulates F5H to promote syringyl lignin synthesis. These results indicate that KNAT3 and KNAT7 synergistically work together to promote secondary cell wall biosynthesis.

scholarly journals Impairment of Cellulose Synthases Required for Arabidopsis Secondary Cell Wall Formation Enhances Disease Resistance

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 890-903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilo Hernández-Blanco ◽  
Dong Xin Feng ◽  
Jian Hu ◽  
Andrea Sánchez-Vallet ◽  
Laurent Deslandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Wall Formation ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall Formation ◽  
Wall Formation ◽  
Cellulose Synthases

scholarly journals Bordered Pit Formation in Cell Walls of Spruce Tracheids

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1968
Author(s):  
Dmitry G. Chukhchin ◽  
Ksenia Vashukova ◽  
Evgeniy Novozhilov
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Mechanical Deformation ◽  
Enzymatic Treatment ◽  
Bordered Pit ◽  
Pit Formation ◽  
Bordered Pits ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The process of pit formation in plants still has various questions unaddressed and unknown, which opens up many interesting and new research opportunities. The aim of this work was elucidation of the mechanism for the formation of bordered pits of the spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) tracheid with exosomes participation and mechanical deformation of the cell wall. Sample sections were prepared from spruce stem samples after cryomechanical destruction with liquid nitrogen. The study methods included scanning electron microscopy and enzymatic treatment. Enzymatic treatment of the elements of the bordered pit made it possible to clarify the localization of cellulose and pectin. SEM images of intermediate stages of bordered pit formation in the radial and tangential directions were obtained. An asynchronous mechanism of formation of bordered-pit pairs in tracheids is proposed. The formation of the pit pair begins from the side of the initiator cell and is associated with enzymatic hydrolysis of the secondary cell wall and subsequent mechanical deformation of the primary cell walls. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the S1 layer of the secondary cell wall is carried out by exosome-delivered endoglucanases.

scholarly journals Interactions between membrane-bound cellulose synthases involved in the synthesis of the secondary cell wall

FEBS Letters ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 583 (6) ◽  
pp. 978-982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaap Timmers ◽  
Samantha Vernhettes ◽  
Thierry Desprez ◽  
Jean-Paul Vincken ◽  
Richard G.F. Visser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Cellulose Synthases
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