In situ detection of laccase activity and immunolocalisation of a compression-wood-specific laccase (CoLac1) in differentiating xylem of Chamaecyparis obtusa

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideto Hiraide ◽  
Masato Yoshida ◽  
Saori Sato ◽  
Hiroyuki Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Laccase Activity ◽  
Outer Part ◽  
Chamaecyparis Obtusa ◽  
Wall Layer ◽  
Wall Thickening ◽  
Lignin Concentration

The secondary cell wall of compression wood tracheids has a highly lignified region (S2 L) in its outermost portion. To better understand the mechanism of S2 L formation, we focussed on the activity of laccase (a monolignol oxidase) and performed in situ studies of this enzyme in differentiating compression wood. Staining of differentiating compression wood demonstrated that laccase activity began in all cell wall layers before the onset of lignification. We detected no activity of peroxidase (another monolignol oxidase) in any cell wall layer. Thus, laccase likely plays the major role in monolignol oxidisation during compression wood differentiation. Laccase activity was higher in the S2 L region than in other secondary wall regions, suggesting that this enzyme was responsible for the high lignin concentration in this region of the cell wall. Immunolabelling demonstrated the expression of a compression-wood-specific laccase (CoLac1) immediately following the onset of secondary wall thickening, this enzyme was localised to the S2 L region, whereas much less abundant in the S1 layer or inner S2 layer. Thus, the CoLac1 protein is most likely localised to the outer part of S2 and responsible for the high lignin concentration in the S2 L region.

Juvenile and Compression Wood Cell Wall Layers Differ in Lignin Structure in Norway Spruce and Scots Pine

IAWA Journal ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eija Kukkola ◽  
Pekka Saranpää ◽  
Kurt Fagerstedt
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Wood Cell Wall ◽  
Outer Part ◽  
Wall Layer ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Normal Wood

Dibenzodioxocin, an 8-ring substructure of lignin identified in the mid- 1990's, is known to occur in softwood cell walls especially in the S3-layers of normal wood. In this study the lignin substructure was immunolocalised in juvenile and mature wood as well as in different degrees of compression wood of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). In juvenile wood of Norway spruce, dibenzodioxocin was hardly present in the tracheid cell wall, while in Scots pine some dibenzodioxocin was found evenly distributed in the S2-layers. In mature normal wood, dibenzodioxocin was localised in the S3-layers in both Scots pine and Norway spruce. In contrast, in compression wood tracheids of Scots pine, where the S3-layer is not present, dibenzodioxocin was found in the S1-layers and in the outer part of the S2-layers, while in Norway spruce the innermost cell wall layer showed a strong signal. These findings support the idea that in mature wood the condensed dibenzodioxocin structure is formed in Norway spruce at the end of lignification, when the supply of monolignols and probably also hydrogen peroxide is diminishing. The reasons for Scots pine juvenile and compression wood showing a different pattern of dibenzodioxocin labelling is discussed.

Abnormal Tissue in Swollen Stemwood of Chamaecyparis Obtusa Sieb. ' Zucco

IAWA Journal ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsuji Yamanaka
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Chamaecyparis Obtusa ◽  
Wall Layer ◽  
Wall Thickening ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Secondary Wall Thickening ◽  
Abnormal Cells ◽  
Very High ◽  
Abnormal Tissue

Abnormal tissue which was laid down in the boundary between the annual rings in 1973 and 1974 in the swollen stem wood of Chamaecyparis obtusa Sieb. ' Zucco has been studied. The abnormal tissue was an aggregation of polyhederal-shaped thick-walled parenchyma cells containing dark-coloured deposits, and shaped like radially elongated spindles in transverse section. The axial length of these tissues was very high, measuring 50 to 80 mm longitudinally. The thin-walled tracheids adjacent to the abnormal tissue were collapsed in a region over 20 cells wide radially. The formation of the abnormal tissue containing the darkcoloured deposits, tracheids with additional wall layer and trabeculae, indicate the structure to be caused by injury. It is suggested that moisture stress induced the collapse of tracheids during secondary wall thickening, and thus forming radial fissures which are in turn filled with callus tissue arising from a proliferation of growth from the ray cells. The subsequent swelling appears to be a secondary effect caused by the proliferation of abnormal cells.

scholarly journals In situ observation of shrinking and swelling of normal and compression Chinese fir wood at the tissue, cell and cell wall level

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianyi Zhan ◽  
Jianxiong Lyu ◽  
Michaela Eder
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Chinese Fir ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Tissue Cell ◽  
In Situ Observation ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Moisture Variation ◽  
Hierarchical Levels

AbstractThe shrinking and swelling of wood due to moisture changes are intrinsic material properties that control and limit the use of wood in many applications. Herein, hygroscopic deformations of normal and compression wood of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata [Lamb.] Hook.) were measured during desorption and absorption processes. The dimensional changes were observed in situ by an environmental scanning electron microscope and analyzed at different hierarchical levels (tissue, cell and cell wall). The relationship between moisture variation and hygroscopic deformation was measured. During initial desorption periods from 95 to 90 or 75% RH, an expansion of the lumen and a shrinkage of the cell wall were observed, revealing a non-uniform and directional deformation of single wood cells. The variation of shrinking or swelling at different hierarchical levels (tissue, cell and cell wall) indicates that the hygroscopic middle lamella plays a role in the deformation at the tissue level. Higher microfibril angles and helical cavities on the cell wall in compression wood correlate with a lower shrinking/swelling ratio. Normal wood showed a more pronounced swelling hysteresis than compression wood, while the sorption hysteresis was almost the same for both wood types. This finding is helpful to elucidate effects of micro- and ultrastructure on sorption. The present findings suggest that the sophisticated system of wood has the abilities to adjust the hygroscopic deformations by fine-tuning its hierarchical structures.

scholarly journals The Nature of Reaction Wood III. Cell Division and Cell Wall Formation in Conifer Stems

1952 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 385 ◽  
Author(s):  
ABW Ardrop ◽  
HE Dadswell
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Primary Wall ◽  
Wall Formation ◽  
Tracheid Length ◽  
Secondary Wall Formation

Cell division, the nature of extra-cambial readjustment, and the development of the secondary wall in the tracheids of conifer stems have been investigated in both compression wood and normal wood. It has been shown that the reduction in tracheid length, accompanying the development of compression wood and, in normal wood, increased radial growth after suppression, result from an increase in the number of anticlinal divisions in the cambium. From observations of bifurcated and otherwise distorted cell tips in mature tracheids, of small but distinct terminal canals connecting the lumen to the primary wall in the tips of mature tracheids, and of the presence of only primary wall at the tips of partly differentiated tracheids, and from the failure to observe remnants of the parent primary walls at the ends of differentiating tracheids, it has been concluded that extra-cambial readjustment of developing cells proceeds by tip or intrusive growth. It has been further concluded that the development of the secondary wall is progressive towards the cell tips, on the bases of direct observation of secondary wall formation in developing tracheids and of the increase found in the number of turns of the micellar helix per cell with increasing cell length. The significance of this in relation to the submicroscopic organization of the cell wall has been discussed. Results of X-ray examinations and of measurements of� tracheid length in successive narrow tangential zones from the cambium into the xylem have indicated that secondary wall formation begins before the dimensional changes of differentiation are complete.

Cell wall structures of Epicoccum nigrum (Hyphomycetes)

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 1071-1073 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Brushaber ◽  
R. H. Haskins
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Outer Layer ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Outer Wall ◽  
Wall Layer ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Primary Wall ◽  
Electron Dense Material ◽  
Wall Structures

Two structurally distinct types of secondary wall layers are present in older hyphae in addition to the primary wall. A coarsely fibrous outer wall layer often becomes quite massive and frequently fuses with the outer wall layers of adjacent cells in the formation of hyphal strands. The uneven deposition of this outer layer often produces large verrucosities. The inner secondary wall layer is relatively electron transparent and contains a reticulum of electron-dense lines. The interface of the inner secondary wall with the cytoplasm is often very irregular, and sections of the plasma membrane are frequently overlain by wall material. The outer secondary wall of conidia is composed of an electron-dense material different from that of the outer wall of hyphae. Cells in the multicellular conidia tend to be polyhedral in shape with either very thick primary walls or thin primary walls having a thick inner wall deposit.

scholarly journals OCCURRENCES OF MILD COMPRESSION WOOD IN AGATHIS BORNEENSIS AND DACRYDIUM ELATUM

IAWA Journal ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 378-386
Author(s):  
Yoon Soo Kim ◽  
Kwang Ho Lee ◽  
Andrew H.H. Wong
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wood Species ◽  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Outer Part ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Staining Intensity ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Over Exploitation

Studies on the compression wood in tropical gymnosperms are uncommon due to their limited distribution and over-exploitation. Microscopic examination of the heartwood of two tropical gymnosperms, Agathis borneensis (local name: bindang, damar minyak) and Dacrydium elatum (local name: sempilor) growing on higher elevations in Sarawak, Malaysia showed the occurrence of mild compression wood. Intercellular spaces were present in the compression wood of A. borneensis, but not in D. elatum. Rounded shapes of tracheids, typical of severe compression wood, were not observed in any of the samples examined. In D. elatum helical cavities were present, which corresponded in location to cell wall checks seen in cross-sectional views. The S1 layer was relatively thick in both wood species but a distinct S3 layer was observable only in the mild compression wood of D. elatum. Although the main feature of the mild compression wood tracheids of both wood species was greater lignification of the outer S2 region, autofluorescence and KMnO4 staining showed the fluorescence and staining intensity in the corner middle lamella in some cases to be much stronger than that in the outer part of S2 layer.

scholarly journals Cellulose synthase complexes display distinct dynamic behaviors during xylem transdifferentiation

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (27) ◽  
pp. E6366-E6374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoichiro Watanabe ◽  
Rene Schneider ◽  
Sarah Barkwill ◽  
Eliana Gonzales-Vigil ◽  
Joseph L. Hill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Cell Expansion ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Cellulose Synthase ◽  
Wall Thickening ◽  
Cellulose Synthesis ◽  
Primary Wall ◽  
Dynamic Behaviors

In plants, plasma membrane-embedded CELLULOSE SYNTHASE (CESA) enzyme complexes deposit cellulose polymers into the developing cell wall. Cellulose synthesis requires two different sets of CESA complexes that are active during cell expansion and secondary cell wall thickening, respectively. Hence, developing xylem cells, which first undergo cell expansion and subsequently deposit thick secondary walls, need to completely reorganize their CESA complexes from primary wall- to secondary wall-specific CESAs. Using live-cell imaging, we analyzed the principles underlying this remodeling. At the onset of secondary wall synthesis, the primary wall CESAs ceased to be delivered to the plasma membrane and were gradually removed from both the plasma membrane and the Golgi. For a brief transition period, both primary wall- and secondary wall-specific CESAs coexisted in banded domains of the plasma membrane where secondary wall synthesis is concentrated. During this transition, primary and secondary wall CESAs displayed discrete dynamic behaviors and sensitivities to the inhibitor isoxaben. As secondary wall-specific CESAs were delivered and inserted into the plasma membrane, the primary wall CESAs became concentrated in prevacuolar compartments and lytic vacuoles. This adjustment in localization between the two CESAs was accompanied by concurrent decreased primary wall CESA and increased secondary wall CESA protein abundance. Our data reveal distinct and dynamic subcellular trafficking patterns that underpin the remodeling of the cellulose biosynthetic machinery, resulting in the removal and degradation of the primary wall CESA complex with concurrent production and recycling of the secondary wall CESAs.

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