Metabolomics deciphers quantitative resistance mechanisms in diploid potato clones against late blight

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalenahalli N. Yogendra ◽  
Ajjamada C. Kushalappa ◽  
Felipe Sarmiento ◽  
Ernesto Rodriguez ◽  
Teresa Mosquera
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Quantitative Resistance ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Wall Thickening ◽  
Diploid Potato ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Molecular And Biochemical Mechanisms ◽  
Chemical Groups ◽  
Resistant Genotypes

Resistance to late blight in potato is either qualitative or quantitative in nature. The quantitative resistance is durable, but the molecular and biochemical mechanisms underlying quantitative resistance are poorly understood, and are not efficiently utilised in potato breeding. A non-targeted metabolomics, using high resolution hybrid mass spectrometry, was applied to decipher the mechanisms of resistance in the advanced breeding diploid potato genotypes (Solanum tuberosum L. Group Phureja), with valuable sources of genetic diversity. The metabolomics profiles of resistant genotypes (AC04 and AC09) were compared with a susceptible commercial genotype (Criolla Colombia), following Phytophthora infestans or mock-inoculation, to identify the resistance related (RR) metabolites. Metabolites belonging to phenylpropanoids, flavonoid and alkaloid chemical groups were highly induced in resistant genotypes relative to susceptible. Concurrently, the biosynthetic genes, tyrosine decarboxylase (TyDC) and tyramine hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (THT), involved in the biosynthesis of hydroxycinnamic acid amides (HCAAs), and chalcone synthase (CHS) and flavonol synthase (FLS), involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, were also upregulated, as confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. Probable genes coding for these enzymes were sequenced and nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) were identified. The resistance to late blight observed in this study was mainly associated with cell wall thickening due to deposition of HCAAs, flavonoids and alkaloids.

Corrigendum to: Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics reveal induction of hierarchies of resistance genes in potato against late blight

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 1205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalenahalli N. Yogendra ◽  
Ajjamada C. Kushalappa
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Quantitative Resistance ◽  
Potato Production ◽  
Metabolic Reprogramming ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Molecular Events ◽  
Pathway Regulation ◽  
Molecular And Biochemical Mechanisms ◽  
Resistant Genotypes

Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans is a devastating disease affecting potato production worldwide. The quantitative resistance is durable, but the underlying molecular and biochemical mechanisms are poorly understood, limiting its application in breeding. Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics approach was used for the first time to study the hierarchies of molecular events occurring, following inoculation of resistant and susceptible potato genotypes with P. infestans. RNA sequencing revealed a total of 4216 genes that were differentially expressed in the resistant than in the susceptible genotype. Genes that were highly expressed and associated with their biosynthetic metabolites that were highly accumulated, through metabolic pathway regulation, were selected. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to confirm the RNA-seq expression levels. The induced leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) are considered to be involved in pathogen recognition. These receptor genes are considered to trigger downstream oxidative burst, phytohormone signalling-related genes, and transcription factors that regulated the resistance genes to produce resistance related metabolites to suppress the pathogen infection. It was noted that several resistance genes in metabolic pathways related to phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, alkaloids and terpenoid biosynthesis were strongly induced in the resistant genotypes. The pathway specific gene induction provided key insights into the metabolic reprogramming of induced defence responses in resistant genotypes.

Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics reveal induction of hierarchies of resistance genes in potato against late blight

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalenahalli N. Yogendra ◽  
Ajjamada C. Kushalappa
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Quantitative Resistance ◽  
Potato Production ◽  
Metabolic Reprogramming ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Molecular Events ◽  
Pathway Regulation ◽  
Molecular And Biochemical Mechanisms ◽  
Resistant Genotypes

Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans is a devastating disease affecting potato production worldwide. The quantitative resistance is durable, but the underlying molecular and biochemical mechanisms are poorly understood, limiting its application in breeding. Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics approach was used for the first time to study the hierarchies of molecular events occurring, following inoculation of resistant and susceptible potato genotypes with P. infestans. RNA sequencing revealed a total of 4216 genes that were differentially expressed in the resistant than in the susceptible genotype. Genes that were highly expressed and associated with their biosynthetic metabolites that were highly accumulated, through metabolic pathway regulation, were selected. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to confirm the RNA-seq expression levels. The induced leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) are considered to be involved in pathogen recognition. These receptor genes are considered to trigger downstream oxidative burst, phytohormone signalling-related genes, and transcription factors that regulated the resistance genes to produce resistance related metabolites to suppress the pathogen infection. It was noted that several resistance genes in metabolic pathways related to phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, alkaloids and terpenoid biosynthesis were strongly induced in the resistant genotypes. The pathway specific gene induction provided key insights into the metabolic reprogramming of induced defence responses in resistant genotypes.

scholarly journals Phytophthora infestans induced defense response in calli of wild and cultivated potato genotypes: Pathogen induced cell death in cultures - a marker for resistance

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 105-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kumari N Aruna ◽  
Veena S Anil ◽  
B. T. Krishnaprasad
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Late Blight ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Defense Response ◽  
Induced Defense ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Potato Cultivar ◽  
Extracellular Secretion ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Resistant Genotypes

Late Blight caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary is the most destructive foliar disease causing 30% yield losses in the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) crop globally. Wild potato genotypes AC1 and AC4, and potato cultivar Kufri Girdhari are highly resistant, whereas wild genotype AC6, and cultivars Kufri Chandramuki and Kufri Jyoti are susceptible to Late Blight. In the current study, the calli of these six potato genotypes were used to understand the mechanism of cellular resistance to Late Blight. Exposure to P. infestans or its elicitors significantly induced peroxidase (POX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, and induced accumulation of phenolics and flavonoids, indicating the capability of the calli cells to mount a defense response. The study is the first to report the extracellular secretion of defense enzymes, SOD and POX when cells encounter the pathogen, implicating a similar whole-plant phenomenon of enhanced defense in the apoplast. Interestingly, the calli of resistant genotypes showed poor survival upon exposure to pathogen or when grown on elicitor medium, while the susceptible genotypes showed better survival. The percentage of calli cells accumulating intracellular H2O2 was high in resistant genotypes, and directly correlated with the observed higher cell death. The study shows that H2O2 accumulation in the cells of resistant genotypes is indeed self-destructive, a whole plant phenomenon termed hypersensitive response - cell death at site of infection. The potato callus system thus can be used to gain new insights into the plant-defense response to P. infestans.

scholarly journals Identification of the Dominant Genotypes of Phytophthora infestans in Canada Using Real-Time PCR with ASO-PCR Assays

Plant Disease ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (7) ◽  
pp. 1482-1491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Claude Gagnon ◽  
Lawrence Kawchuk ◽  
D. Mathieu Tremblay ◽  
Odile Carisse ◽  
Giovanna Danies ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Blind Test ◽  
Phytophthora Spp ◽  
Allele Specific ◽  
Flanking Sequences ◽  
Pcr Assays ◽  
And Control

Phytophthora infestans, a pathogenic oomycete that is the causal agent of potato and tomato late blight, has devastating effects worldwide. The genetic composition of P. infestans populations in Canada has changed considerably over the last few years, with the appearance of several new genotypes showing different mating types and sensitivity to the fungicide metalaxyl. Genetic markers allowing for a rapid assessment of genotypes from small amounts of biological material would be beneficial for the early detection and control of this pathogen throughout Canada. Mining of the P. infestans genome revealed several regions containing single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) within both nuclear genes and flanking sequences of microsatellite loci. Allele-specific oligonucleotide polymerase chain reaction (ASO-PCR) assays were developed from 14 of the 50 SNP found by sequencing. Nine optimized ASO-PCR assays were validated using a blind test comprising P. infestans and other Phytophthora spp. The assays revealed diagnostic profiles unique to each of the five dominant genotypes present in Canada. The markers developed in this study can be used with environmental samples such as infected leaves, and will contribute to the genomic toolbox available to assess the genetic diversity of P. infestans at the intraspecific level. For late blight management, early warning about P. infestans genotypes present in potato and tomato fields will help growers select the most appropriate fungicides and application strategies.

scholarly journals Emergence of Resistance Mutations in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Against Fluoroquinolones

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Matono ◽  
Masatomo Morita ◽  
Koji Yahara ◽  
Ken-ichi Lee ◽  
Hidemasa Izumiya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Single Mutation ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Resistance Mutations ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhi ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Emergence Of Resistance

Abstract Background Little is known about the evolutionary process and emergence time of resistance mutations to fluoroquinolone in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Methods We analyzed S. Typhi isolates collected from returned travelers between 2001 and 2016. Based on ciprofloxacin susceptibility, isolates were categorized as highly resistant (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] ≥ 4 μg/mL [CIPHR]), resistant (MIC = 1–2 μg/mL [CIPR]), intermediate susceptible (MIC = 0.12–0.5 μg/mL [CIPI]), and susceptible (MIC ≤ 0.06 μg/mL [CIPS]). Results A total of 107 isolates (33 CIPHR, 14 CIPR, 30 CIPI, and 30 CIPS) were analyzed by whole-genome sequencing; 2461 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified. CIPS had no mutations in the gyrA or parC genes, while each CIPI had 1 of 3 single mutations in gyrA (encoding Ser83Phe [63.3%], Ser83Tyr [33.3%], or Asp87Asn [3.3%]). CIPHR had the same 3 mutations: 2 SNPs in gyrA (encoding Ser83Phe and Asp87Asn) and a third in parC (encoding Ser80Ile). CIPHR shared a common ancestor with CIPR and CIPI isolates harboring a single mutation in gyrA encoding Ser83Phe, suggesting that CIPHR emerged 16 to 23 years ago. Conclusions Three SNPs—2 in gyrA and 1 in parC—are present in S. Typhi strains highly resistant to fluoroquinolone, which were found to have evolved in 1993–2000, approximately 10 years after the beginning of the ciprofloxacin era. Highly resistant strains with survival advantages arose from strains harboring a single mutation in gyrA encoding Ser83Phe. Judicious use of fluoroquinolones is warranted to prevent acceleration of such resistance mechanisms in the future.

scholarly journals Distribution and pathogenicity of Pseudomonas cichorii (Swingle) Stapp in coffee in Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 87 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 123-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Sánchez ◽  
Mildred Zapata ◽  
Rocío del P. Rodríguez ◽  
James S. Beaver
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Leaf Age ◽  
Coffea Canephora ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Pseudomonas Cichorii ◽  
Inoculation Methods ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Resistant Genotypes ◽  
Coffee Species

Seventeen pathogenic strains of Pseudomonas cichorii were isolated from leaf samples of coffee (Coffea arabica) collected from nurseries in eight municipalities of Puerto Rico. Two different inoculation methods were evaluated under in vitro conditions: inoculation of plant-attached old and young leaves grown under greenhouse conditions, and plant-detached young coffee leaves grown under field conditions. Pseudomonas cichorii was more virulent in older leaves, thus indicating that resistance mechanisms differ according to leaf age. Both inoculation methods were reliable in identifying resistant genotypes. Three commercial varieties of coffee (Borbón, Pacas and Caturra) were susceptible to bacterial leaf blight, whereas coffee species Coffea liberica var. Excelsa and Coffea canephora var. Robusta were resistant.

scholarly journals Alternaria Late Blight (Alternaria alternata) Resistance in Pistachio (Pistacia vera) and Selection of Resistant Genotypes

2001 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih-Cheng T. Chao ◽  
Dan E. Parfitt ◽  
Themis J. Michailides
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Pistacia Vera ◽  
Narrow Sense ◽  
Cultivar Selection ◽  
Resistant Genotypes ◽  
Selection Of

Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) progeny were evaluated at two locations in California for resistance to alternaria late blight caused by Alternaria alternata (Fries) Keissler in 1995 and 1997. Large differences in alternaria late blight infection among seedlings were observed. Narrow sense heritabilities based on half-sib analysis of 20 open pollinated families were 0.48 and 0.11 at Kearney Agricultural Center in 1995 and 1997, respectively, and 0.56 and 0.54 at the Wolfskill Experimental Orchard near Davis in 1995 and 1997, respectively. Differences among families to alternaria late blight infection were highly significant and associated with the female parents. Fifty-eight highly resistant seedlings were identified for future cultivar selection efforts.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Association Mapping of Late Blight Tolerance Trait in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Wang ◽  
Meiling Zou ◽  
Long Zhao ◽  
Zhiqiang Xia ◽  
Jian Wang
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Late Blight ◽  
Potato Breeding ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Potato Cultivars ◽  
Genome Wide Association ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Population Structure Analysis ◽  
A Genome

Uncovering the genetic basis and optimizing the late blight tolerance trait in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) are crucial for potato breeding. Late blight disease is one of the most significant diseases hindering potato production. The traits of late blight tolerance were evaluated for 284 potato cultivars to identify loci significantly associated with the late blight tolerance trait. Of all, 37 and 15 were the most tolerant to disease, and 107 and 30 were the most susceptible. A total of 22,489 high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphisms and indels were identified in 284 potato cultivars. All the potato cultivars were clustered into eight subgroups using population structure analysis and principal component analysis, which were consistent with the results of the phylogenetic tree analysis. The average genetic diversity for all 284 potato cultivars was 0.216, and the differentiation index of each subgroup was 0.025–0.149. Genome-wide linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis demonstrated that the average LD was about 0.9 kb. A genome-wide association study using a mixed linear model identified 964 loci significantly associated with the late blight tolerance trait. Fourteen candidate genes for late blight tolerance traits were identified, including genes encoding late blight tolerance protein, chitinase 1, cytosolic nucleotide-binding site–leucine-rich repeat tolerance protein, protein kinase, ethylene-responsive transcription factor, and other potential plant tolerance-related proteins. This study provides novel insights into the genetic architecture of late blight tolerance traits and will be helpful for late blight tolerance in potato breeding.

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