Genotypic differences in deep water extraction associated with drought tolerance in wheat

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (11) ◽  
pp. 1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric S. Ober ◽  
Peter Werner ◽  
Edward Flatman ◽  
William J. Angus ◽  
Peter Jack ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Screening Tools ◽  
Root Activity ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Genotypic Differences

The ability of roots to extract soil moisture is critical for maintaining yields during drought. However, the extent of genotypic variation for rooting depth and drought tolerance in Northern European wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germplasm is not known. The objectives of this study were to measure genotypic differences in root activity, test relationships between water use and yield, examine trade-offs between yield potential and investment of biomass in deep roots, and identify genotypes that contrast in deep root activity. A diverse set of 21 wheat genotypes was evaluated under irrigated and managed drought conditions in the field. Root activity was inferred from patterns of water extraction from the soil profile. Genotypes were equally capable of exploiting soil moisture in the upper layers, but there were significant genotypic differences in rates of water uptake after anthesis in deeper soil layers. For example, across the three years of the study, the variety Xi19 showed consistently deeper root activity than the variety Spark; Xi19 also showed greater drought tolerance than Spark. There were positive correlations between water extraction from depth and droughted yields and drought tolerance, but correlations between deep water use and yield potential were not significant or only weakly negative. With appropriate screening tools, selection for genotypes that can better mine deep soil water should improve yield stability in variable rainfall environments.

scholarly journals Which way forward in the quest for drought tolerance in perennial ryegrass?

2012 ◽  
pp. 195-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Matthew ◽  
A. Van der Linden ◽  
S. Hussain ◽  
H.S. Easton ◽  
J.-H B. Hatier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Rooting Depth

Pasture moisture stress for "summer" (November to March) was calculated for five main pastoral regions of New Zealand, and 9 or 10 years' weather data were modelled in each case. Amelioration of water deficit with deeper rooting, stronger plant tissue osmotic potential for greater water extraction, or increased photosynthetic water use efficiency (WUE) was also modelled. Regional mean summer moisture deficits ranged from 34 mm in Taranaki to 447 mm in Canterbury. For a 10-cm increase in rooting depth, the model predicted an additional 16 mm water extraction. Increased plant osmotic potential was predicted to only slightly increase water extraction and paradoxically reduce yield. The assumed increase in photosynthetic WUE improved production by 240 kg DM ha-1 for the same water use. Drought tolerance traits exhibited by a range of ryegrass cultivars were measured in a series of glasshouse experiments and the potential to improve New Zealand ryegrass drought tolerance by introgression with germplasm originating from North Africa was assessed. North African germplasm possesses a trait of deep rootedness but has low summer productivity as a soil moisture conservation strategy and a high percentage of tillers flowering, so initial evaluations of this material for suitability for use in New Zealand are not promising. Ryegrass cultivars incorporating germplasm of Spanish origin appear to maintain summer production with enhanced WUE. Keywords: drought tolerance, root depth, Lolium perenne, perennial ryegrass, water deficit

Genetic Variability in Root Development in Relation to Drought Tolerance in Spring Wheats

1969 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. F. Derera ◽  
D. R. Marshall ◽  
L. N. Balaam
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Plant Maturity ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
The Impact

SummaryFifteen Australian and exotic wheat varieties revealed genotypic differences in their patterns of root development and drought tolerance. Earliness in plant maturity, which accounted for 40 to go per cent of the observed variation in drought tolerance, appeared to be by far the most important characteristic of tolerant genotypes, but there nevertheless appeared to be a measurable relationship between some parameters of root development, water use efficiency and drought tolerance. The impact of study of this kind on the problem of breeding for drought tolerance is briefly discussed.

scholarly journals Drought Tolerance is Associated with Rooting Depth and Stomatal Control of Water Use in Clones of Coffea canephora

2005 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
HUGO A. PINHEIRO ◽  
FÁBIO M. DaMATTA ◽  
AGNALDO R. M. CHAVES ◽  
MARCELO E. LOUREIRO ◽  
CARLOS DUCATTI
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Coffea Canephora ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Stomatal Control

RESPONSE OF FABABEAN YIELD, PROTEIN PRODUCTION, AND WATER USE TO IRRIGATION

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. K. KROGMAN ◽  
E. H. HOBBS ◽  
R. C. McKENZIE
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Soil Moisture Stress ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Irrigated Crops

Response of fababeans (Vicia faba L.) to irrigation was studied by subjecting the crop to soil moisture stress (withholding irrigation) during the latter parts of the growing season or to levels of soil moisture (varying the frequency of irrigation) throughout the growing season. Increased soil moisture supply under either of these procedures increased yields of seed, straw and crude protein. Evapotranspiration (ET) for the growing season averaged 544 mm, which is 16% greater than that of irrigated cereals. Efficiency of water use (plant product per unit of ET) was about constant over the range of treatments and yields were linearly correlated with ET. Soil moisture must be maintained at least above 50% of the available range to achieve the full yield potential of fababeans. The potential yield of crude protein equals or exceeds that of other irrigated crops in southern Alberta.

scholarly journals Water use efficiency of fodder beet crops

2014 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 125-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Chakwizira ◽  
J.M. De Ruiter ◽  
S. Maley ◽  
S.J. Dellow ◽  
M.J. George ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Fodder Beet ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In New Zealand, summer rainfall is unpredictable and usually insufficient to meet crop water requirements. The impact of water availability on yield potential of fodder beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is unknown. A single year, single site replicated field experiment investigating biomass production, water use (WU) and water use efficiency (WUE) was carried out on a deep Templeton silt loam soil at Lincoln in 2013. The experiment had four water treatments: 1: Rain fed control, 2: Full potential evapotranspiration (ETo) replaced weekly, 3: 50% of ETo replaced every 3 weeks and 4: 50% of ETo replaced weekly. Final dry matter (DM) yield differed with treatments, increasing from an average of 24 t/ha for the rain fed crops and those receiving 50% of ETo weekly to 28 t/ha for the full ETo replacement crops and those receiving 50% of ETo once every 3 weeks. Water use more than doubled with full irrigation compared with the rain fed crops (774 vs 316 mm). The WU for the intermediate crops was 483 mm. However, DM yield was higher for the treatment with 50% of ETo replaced every 3 weeks rather than weekly. Water use was related to DM yield and accounted for the observed variation (R2=0.75) in final yield. The WUE decreased with water supply, from 80 kg DM/ha/mm for the rain fed crops to 46 kg DM/ha/mm for the full ETo replacement treatments, and 64 and 57 kg DM/ha/mm for the 50% of ETo replaced weekly and every 3 weeks, respectively. Similar DM yield and marginal WUE for the full ETo treatments and those receiving 50% of ETo replaced every 3 weeks, meant that the most economic WUE was 57 kg DM/ha/mm. Although these results are from a single and site, they suggest that full ETo replacement was uneconomic in this type of soil and therefore partial irrigation to 50% of ETo replaced every 3 weeks may be the optimum for this type of soil. It is recommended to investigate similar treatments on shallow and stony soils. Keywords: Beta vulgaris L., evapotranspiration, water use, water use efficiency, water extraction pattern, water extraction depth.

Drought tolerance in potatoes

1979 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joyce R. A. Steckel ◽  
D. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tuber Formation ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Yield Response

SummaryIn field experiments made over 3 years Pentland Crown and Majestic gave, in general, higher total and dry matter yields from plots given no supplementary water and protected from rainfall throughout growth than King Edward or Maris Piper. However, on plots kept at or near to field capacity all varieties gave similar yields. Pentland Crown and Majestic were deeper rooting than the other two varieties at the time of tuber formation (when the production of new roots ceased) but the differences in rooting depth (ca. 100 mm) between the varieties were small. Except for the top 150 mm of soil, differences in water extraction between the varieties throughout the profile were also small. Neither these differences in water extraction nor the differences in rooting depth could be related consistently to the differences in varietal yield response between ‘wet’ and ‘dry’ plots.

Can early vigour occur in combination with drought tolerance and efficient water use in rice genotypes?

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Camila Rebolledo ◽  
Delphine Luquet ◽  
Brigitte Courtois ◽  
Amelia Henry ◽  
Jean-Christophe Soulié ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Tiller Number ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Early Vigour ◽  
Rice Genotypes

Selection for early vigour can improve rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings’ access to resources, weed competitiveness and yield. Little is known about the relationships between early vigour and drought tolerance. This study explored a panel of 176 rice genotypes in a controlled environment regarding a diversity of traits and trait combinations related to early vigour and water use under drought. The design excluded genotypic differences for root depth. We hypothesised that early vigour (as determined by biomass accumulation under well-watered conditions) was not independent from drought tolerance (determined by biomass accumulation maintenance under drought). Leaf size, developmental rate (DR) and tiller number contributed positively to shoot DW and leaf area, and thus vigour. Early vigour was negatively correlated with growth maintenance and water use efficiency under drought, suggesting tradeoffs. Three clusters of genotypes were identified based on the constitutive traits DR, specific leaf area, tiller number and leaf size. The less drought-tolerant cluster, mainly with lowland O. sativa indica rices, showed a sensitive transpiration response to the fraction of transpirable soil water; however, under well-watered conditions these genotypes were vigorous, with small leaves, high DR and high tillering. This experiment showed that the tradeoff between early vigour and drought tolerance was physiological and not a matter of access to water. The results are discussed with a view to identify drought adaptation strategies for crop improvement. Further improvement of multitrait phenotyping approaches is proposed.

Genotypic Differences in Root and Shoot Growth of Barley (Hordeum vulgare). II. Field Studies of Growth and Water Use of Crops Grown in Northern Syria

1989 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Wahbi ◽  
P. J. Gregory
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Seasonal Water Use

SUMMARYFive genotypes of barley (Arabic Abiad, Beecher, Cytris, Rihane ‘S’ and Swanneck) were grown under rainfed conditions at Breda and Ghrerife in northern Syria. During the winter, rates of shoot growth were similar at both sites but by anthesis crops at Breda were almost twice as large as crops at Ghrerife. Overall, Arabic Abiad was heavier and had a greater green area than other genotypes at both stem elongation and anthesis and, by maturity, had the greatest shoot dry mass and grain yield.Differences in root dry mass between sites were small so that crops at Ghrerife had a higher ratio of root:total plant mass at anthesis and maturity than those at Breda. Rooting depth was shallower at Ghrerife but root length densities in the layers below 15 cm were greater than at Breda. Arabic Abiad had the longest root system below 15 cm at both sites. The genotypes did not differ in total seasonal water use at either site but there were differences in the patterns of water use during the early spring. Arabic Abiad used more water below 15 cm in the period from mid-February to mid-March and less during grain-filling than other genotypes.The greater yields of Arabic Abiad may be associated with the greater root lengths below 15 cm and the correspondingly faster rates of water use during early spring. Yields of barley were greater when more water was used before anthesis; there appeared to be no advantages in saving water for use during grain-filling in this region.

Drought resistance, water-use efficiency, and yield potential—are they compatible, dissonant, or mutually exclusive?

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (11) ◽  
pp. 1159 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Blum
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Drought Resistance ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
The Other ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Dehydration Avoidance

This presentation is a concept review paper dealing with a central dilemma in understanding, designing, and acting upon crop plant improvement programs for drought conditions. The association among yield potential (YP), drought resistance (DR), and water-use efficiency (WUE) is often misunderstood, which in turn can lead to conceptual oversight and wrong decisions in implementing breeding programs for drought-prone environments. Although high YP is the target of most crop breeding programs, it might not be compatible with superior DR. On the other hand, high YP can contribute to yield in moderate stress environments. Plant production in water-limited environments is very often affected by constitutive plant traits that allow maintenance of a high plant water status (dehydration avoidance). Osmotic adjustment (OA) is a major cellular stress adaptive response in certain crop plants that enhances dehydration avoidance and supports yield under stress. Despite past voiced speculations, there is no proof that OA entails a cost in terms of reduced YP. WUE for yield is often equated in a simplistic manner with DR. The large accumulation of knowledge on crop WUE as derived from research on carbon isotope discrimination allows some conclusions on the relations between WUE on the one hand, and DR and YP on the other, to be made. Briefly, apparent genotypic variations in WUE are normally expressed mainly due to variations in water use (WU; the denominator). Reduced WU, which is reflected in higher WUE, is generally achieved by plant traits and environmental responses that reduce YP. Improved WUE on the basis of reduced WU is expressed in improved yield under water-limited conditions only when there is need to balance crop water use against a limited and known soil moisture reserve. However, under most dryland situations where crops depend on unpredictable seasonal rainfall, the maximisation of soil moisture use is a crucial component of drought resistance (avoidance), which is generally expressed in lower WUE. It is concluded that the effect of a single ‘drought adaptive’ gene on crop performance in water-limited environments can be assessed only when the whole system is considered in terms of YP, DR, and WUE.

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