scholarly journals Changes in the concentration of organic acids in roots and leaves of carob-tree under Fe deficiency

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro José Correia ◽  
Florinda Gama ◽  
Teresa Saavedra ◽  
Maria Graça Miguel ◽  
José Paulo Da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Quinic Acid ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Fe Deficiency ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Tartaric Acids ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Carob Tree

Several fruit trees are able to cope with iron (Fe) deficiency when grown in calcareous soils in the Mediterranean region, although information regarding well adapted slow-growing species is scarce, and the mechanisms activated by these species are not described in the literature. A crucial issue related to tolerance is the need to transport Fe over relatively long distances inside the plant. To evaluate the possible role of organic acids in the movement of Fe in tolerant plants, we studied the concentration of low molecular weight organic acids in several organs of 1-year old carob plants grown for 55 days in nutrient solutions without Fe (0 µM Fe) or with 1 µM Fe and 10 µM Fe. Roots, stems and leaves were harvested, and the biomass, Fe and organic acid contents quantified. Total leaf chlorophyll (Chl) was evaluated in young leaves over the experimental period and the activity of root ferric chelate-reductase (FC-R; EC 1.16.1.17) was determined after 35 days, when deficiency symptoms appeared. Iron chlorosis was observed only at the end of the experiment in plants grown in the absence of Fe, and these plants had a smaller DW of leaves and also significant greater activity of root FC-R. Iron deficiency (Fe0 and Fe1 treatments) induced significant changes in the concentrations of succinic, malic, citric and fumaric acids, which increased in roots, or in basal, middle and apical leaves. There were significant correlations between most organic acids (with the exceptions of 2-oxoglutaric and tartaric acids) and leaf Chl. Analysis of each type of leaf showed that more succinic and malic acids were present in young chlorotic leaves while the reverse was true for quinic acid. These changes in organic acids followed a root-to-foliage pathway that was similar in all leaf types and particularly evident in young chlorotic leaves. We hypothesised that it was associated with Fe transport from roots to aboveground tissues, as there were significant differences in Fe contents between treatments with and without Fe.

Tolerance to iron deficiency of lupins grown on calcareous soils

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
O Plessner ◽  
A Dovrat ◽  
Y Chen
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Fe Deficiency ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Resistant Genotypes

Lupins differ in their efficiency to utilize Fe3+ in soils containing CaCO3. Most lupin species are susceptible to Fe deficiency. The objective of this study was to screen different lupin species, including introduced cultivars and wild types collected in Israel, for susceptibility to Fe deficiency. In a greenhouse experiment, inoculated seedlings, 7 to 10 days old, were planted in 1 L pots filled with a mountain rendzina soil from Emek Haela (pH=7.3, CaCO3- 45%), or with a brown-red sandy-loam soil from Rehovot (pH=7.7) not containing CaCO3. On the calcareous soil, susceptible lupin plants from day 7 onward showed various degrees of chlorosis, suggesting Fe deficiency, which at a later stage caused reduction of growth, necrosis of the leaf tissue, leaf abscission and ultimately death of the plants. Soil application of FeEDDHA resulted in an immediate remedy of the deficiency symptoms. No deficiency symptoms were observed on plants growing on the sandy-loam soil lacking CaCO3. Ranking of lupins based on visual symptoms of Fe deficiency and on chlorophyll concentration of young leaves relative to their tolerance to soil lime was as follows (location of source plants in brackets). Very good: Lupinus pilosw (Emek Haela), L. cosentinii cv. Erregulla and L. angustifolfus cv. Yorrel. Moderate L. angustifolius cv. Illyarrie. Low L. palaestinus (Gesher Haziv), L. albus cv. L221, L. angustifolius (Gesher Haziv). Very low: L. angustifolius (Givat Brenner), L. palaestinus (Rehovot). The need for further exploration of wild lime-resistant genotypes is emphasized.

Poor soil aeration or excess soil CaCO3 induces Fe deficiency in lupins

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
PF White ◽  
AD Robson
Keyword(s):  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Fe Deficiency ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Mn Deficiency ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Water Field ◽  
Soil Caco3 ◽  
Mn Concentrations

The poor growth and chlorosis suffered by lupins when grown on fine-textured alkaline soils appears primarily related to Fe deficiency which is affected by the level of HCO3-; and CaCO3 in the soil.Plants of Lupinus angustifolius were grown on an alkaline, sandy clay loam which was either acidified or limed. Additionally, plants received either adequate water (field capacity) or excess water to adjust the aeration of the soil.Plant growth was closely related to the concentration of Fe within the young leaves. Liming the soil or watering above field capacity reduced the Fe concentrations in shoots, induced chlorosis and reduced growth. Chlorosis and reduced growth was not caused by Mn deficiency, even though treatments that reduced growth also reduced Mn concentrations in shoots.The lime chlorosis disorder in lupins therefore is primarily caused by an inability of the plants to obtain Fe in calcareous soils and not caused by Mn deficiency or by inactivation of Fe within the shoots.

Identification of a DNA region required for growth of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato on tomato plants

1992 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 883-890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis P. Jackson ◽  
Douglas A. Gray ◽  
Vincent L. Morris ◽  
Diane A. Cuppels
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Hypersensitive Reaction ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Tartaric Acids ◽  
Nonpathogenic Strain

The prototrophic Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato mutant DC3481, which is the result of a single-site Tn5 insertion, cannot grow and cause disease on tomato plants and cannot use the major organic acids of tomato, i.e., citric, malic, succinic, and tartaric acids, as sole carbon sources. Although nonpathogenic, strain DC3481 can still induce a hypersensitive reaction in nonhost plants. We have identified a 30-kb fragment of P. syringae pv. tomato wild-type DNA that can complement this mutant. EcoRI fragments from this region were subcloned and individually subjected to functional complementation analysis. The 3.8-kb fragment, which was the site of the Tn5 insertion, restored pathogenicity and the ability to use all the major organic acids of tomato as carbon sources. It shares sequence homology with several P. syringae pathovars but not other bacterial tomato pathogens. Our results indicate that sequences on the 3.8-kb EcoRI fragment are required for both the ability to grow on tomato leaves (and thus cause disease) and the utilization of carboxylic acids common to tomato. The 3.8-kb fragment may contain a sequence (or sequences) that regulates both traits. Key words: Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, phytopathogenicity, Tn5, tricarboxylic acid metabolism, bacterial speck, growth in planta.

scholarly journals Assessment of Anti-Tyrosinase, Anti-Elastase and Anti-Acetylcholinesterase Properties of Fermented Mango Leaves at Different Maturity Level

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 2675-2685
Author(s):  
Nur Diyana A. ◽  
Koh S.P. ◽  
Aziz N. ◽  
Hamid N.S.A. ◽  
Abdullah R. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Fermentation Process ◽  
Quinic Acid ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Toxicological Evaluation ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Ic50 Value ◽  
Mango Leaves ◽  
Kidney Liver ◽  
Light Green

Mango leaves are known to possess many health benefits but the industry only focused on mango fruit production, resulting in abundant leaves being underutilized. In this study, we managed to transform mango leaves into a new fermented drink, which has a pleasant taste through the bio-fermentation process. Different maturity levels of mango leaves were selected; premature leaves (light brown, LBML), intermediate mature leaves (light green, LGML) and mature leaves (green, ML), which were subjected to a fermentation process using bacteria and yeast. Tannin content, organic acids profile and various enzymes functionality activities (e.g. inhibition of tyrosinase, elastase and acetylcholinesterase) studies were determined on fermented mango leaves drink. The reduction of tannins content in all fermented mango leaves resulted in a less astringent taste as a consequence of the microbial action to break down tannins. Acetic, oxalic, kojic and quinic acid are some of the organic acids detected in fermented mango leaves that contributed to its slightly acidic taste. In comparison to non-fermented mango leaves, all fermented samples, particularly LBML drink showed a significant improvement (P<0.05) in tyrosinase inhibition (87.96%). Fermented mango leaves also exhibited good inhibition activity towards elastase (>80%) and acetylcholinesterase (>90%). Further histopathology examination on various rat’s organs (kidney, liver, spleen, and stomach) showed no sign of inflammation symptoms. Through limit toxicological evaluation, the safety consumption rate (IC50 value) for fermented mango leaves was 1000 mL/50 kg of human bodyweight. The improvement functionality activities of fermented mango leaves with a higher inhibition rate against tyrosinase, elastase, and acetylcholinesterase indicate its great potential as a food remedy for anti-ageing treatment.

scholarly journals Nutrients Assimilation and Chlorophyll Contents for Different Grapevine Varieties in Calcareous Soils in the Somontano DO (Spain)

Beverages ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 90 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Casanova-Gascón ◽  
Pablo Martín-Ramos ◽  
Clara Martí-Dalmau ◽  
David Badía-Villas
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Pinot Noir ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
The Impact

Lime-induced chlorosis (LIC) is an important abiotic constraint affecting the growth and yield of grapevines growing in calcareous soils in the Mediterranean region, and the sensory properties of the produced wine. In the work presented herein, the impact of LIC on the nutritional status and chlorophyll content was assessed for eleven varieties and a clone (Merlot, Pinot Noir, Cabernet Sauvignon, Tempranillo, Parraleta, Moristel, Aglianico, Macabeo, Sauvignon, Chardonnay, and Riesling), grafted to the same rootstock (1103 Paulsen). Macro- and micronutrient contents were determined in the fruit set and veraison stages by petiole analyses, while chlorophyll content in young leaves was monitored by SPAD. Significant differences were detected amongst varieties for all nutrients (including Fe), and inverse relationships between Fe and P contents in the petiole and chlorophyll concentration in the young leaves were found. Regarding LIC resistance, the Fe and chlorophyll contents suggest that Cabernet Sauvignon, Tempranillo and Aglianico varieties would show the best performance, while Sauvignon would be the least tolerant.

Organic acid mediated nutrient extraction efficiency in three calcareous soils

Soil Research ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Khademi ◽  
D. L. Jones ◽  
M. J. Malakouti ◽  
F. Asadi ◽  
M. Ardebili
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Ionic Form ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Extractant Solution ◽  
Nutrient Extraction

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of organic acids on the concentrations of metals and anions in soil solution. Three soils with contrasting CaCO3 contents were extracted with organic acid solutions (citrate and oxalate) of different concentrations for different time periods and analysed for Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, P, and Ca. The soils showed a significant change after the addition of the organic acids to the soil. The mobilisation of metals from the solid phase was dependent on concentration and ionic form of organic acid. High concentrations of citric acid were more effective than oxalate in mobilising Ca, Fe, Mn, and Zn. Overall; oxalate was slightly more effective than citrate in mobilising P. Generally, the higher the organic acid concentration of the extractant solution, the greater was the amount of elements extracted from the soil. Citrate tended to be more effective than oxalate at mobilising elements from the soil. All pH changes were dependent on organic acid concentration.

Role of sulphur conferring differential tolerance to iron deficiency in Pisum sativum

Biologia ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad H. Kabir ◽  
Nicholas G. Paltridge ◽  
James Stangoulis
Keyword(s):  
Foliar Application ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Fe Deficiency ◽  
Proton Extrusion ◽  
Severe Stunting ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
S Deficiency ◽  
Growth Features

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of sulphur foliar spray and S deprivation on Fe deficiency responses in two contrasting pea genotypes, Santi (tolerant) and Parafield (sensitive). Foliar application of sulphur enhanced morphological growth features, leaf chlorophyll score and root Fe chelate reductase activity predominantly in Santi and to a lesser extent in Parafield. These capacities eventually contribute to the higher Fe deficiency tolerance in Santi. These results are also important in terms of ameliorating Fe deficiency effects in peas through S foliar spray. Further, targeted investigation was performed on S deprivation in Santi and Parafield. S deprivation caused severe stunting, chlorosis and wrinkling in leaves and caused decrease in leaf Fe concentrations both in Santi and Parafield under Fe deficiency. S deprivation also led to a significant decrease in Fe chelate reductase and proton extrusion activities in both genotypes in Fe shortage. We conclude that S deficiency exacerbates Fe deficiency in peas by preventing the induction of the Fe chelate reductase activity and proton extrusion in roots. Taken together, these data confirm that Fe deficiency symptom expression and the Fe deficiency responses in peas are largely determined by S nutritional status.

scholarly journals Branching System of the Mexican Hawthorn “Tejocote” (Crataegus Spp.)

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-59
Author(s):  
Sergio A. Pérez-Ortega ◽  
Antonio H. Méndez-Santiago ◽  
Raúl Nieto-Angel ◽  
Leszek S. Jankiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Apical Dominance ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Inflorescence Axis ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Inflorescence Structure ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Character

Abstract The architecture of the tejocote (pronounciation: tehocote) - a Mexican fruit trees is described. There is a great morphological diversity among the tejocote clones growing in Germplasm Bank of the Autonomic University of Chapingo, Mexico. The common character of all hawthorns in this bank is that the inflorescence axis dies after shedding the reproductive parts (flowers or fruits) but remains on the tree, and the growth continues from the bud situated below the dead part. The growth and ramification habit were described as long shoots showing marked apical dominance and as the complex of shoots showing week apical dominance. The non-pruned trees of tejocote clones used as fruit trees form strong natural crown. The architecture of it is similar to the “Troll’s model” of Hallé and Oldeman (1970). Metamorphosis and reiteration are relatively frequent. The inflorescence structure was described, as well as the types of thorns in clones, which have thorns. Tejocote hawthorn may probably be an interesting fruit tree for countries with warm climate and a long dry period. It is also well adapted to shallow calcareous soils.

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