scholarly journals On the relationship between C and N fixation and amino acid synthesis in nodulated alfalfa (Medicago sativa)

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gemma Molero ◽  
Guillaume Tcherkez ◽  
Jose Luis Araus ◽  
Salvador Nogués ◽  
Iker Aranjuelo
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
N2 Fixation ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Total Organic Matter ◽  
C And N ◽  
Turn Over ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
N Remobilisation

Legumes such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) are vital N2-fixing crops accounting for a global N2 fixation of ~35 Mt N year–1. Although enzymatic and molecular mechanisms of nodule N2 fixation are now well documented, some uncertainty remains as to whether N2 fixation is strictly coupled with photosynthetic carbon fixation. That is, the metabolic origin and redistribution of carbon skeletons used to incorporate nitrogen are still relatively undefined. Here, we conducted isotopic labelling with both 15N2 and 13C-depleted CO2 on alfalfa plants grown under controlled conditions and took advantage of isotope ratio mass spectrometry to investigate the relationship between carbon and nitrogen turn-over in respired CO2, total organic matter and amino acids. Our results indicate that CO2 evolved by respiration had an isotopic composition similar to that in organic matter regardless of the organ considered, suggesting that the turn-over of respiratory pools strictly followed photosynthetic input. However, carbon turn-over was nearly three times greater than N turn-over in total organic matter, suggesting that new organic material synthesised was less N-rich than pre-existing organic material (due to progressive nitrogen elemental dilution) or that N remobilisation occurred to sustain growth. This pattern was not consistent with the total commitment into free amino acids where the input of new C and N appeared to be stoichiometric. The labelling pattern in Asn was complex, with contrasted C and N commitments in different organs, suggesting that neosynthesis and redistribution of new Asn molecules required metabolic remobilisation. We conclude that the production of new organic material during alfalfa growth depends on both C and N remobilisation in different organs. At the plant level, this remobilisation is complicated by allocation and metabolism in the different organs.

The effects of partial neutralization with sodium bicarbonate or ammonia and the feeding of blood meal on the voluntary intake of a whole-crop barley silage by sheep

1974 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Wllkins
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
The Other ◽  
Total Organic Matter ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Partial Neutralization ◽  
Barley Silage

SUMMARYSilage made from a whole crop of barley was offered to sheep without neutralization or after partial neutralization to pH 5·4 to 5·5 with sodium bicarbonate or ammonia. In a further treatment the un-neutralized silage was supplemented with blood meal administered each day as a drench. Total organic-matter intake and nitrogen retention were significantly higher for the sheep receiving the blood meal supplement than for any of the other treatments, which did not differ significantly one from another. It is suggested that the intake of the un-supplemented silage was limited by a low uptake of amino acids from the intestine.

scholarly journals Natural organic matter – the relationship between character and treatability

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 43-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon A. Parsons ◽  
Bruce Jefferson ◽  
Emma H. Goslan ◽  
Peter R. Jarvis ◽  
David A. Fearing
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
The World ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Relationship

The characterisation and treatment of natural organic matter are becoming more important to the water utilities in the UK and around the world. This paper looks at the relationship between bulk and fractionated organic material and the performance of conventional water treatment processes.

Carbon and nitrogen mineralization in soil treated with chloride and phosphate salts

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Curtin ◽  
H. Steppuhn ◽  
C. A. Campbell ◽  
V. O. Biederbeck
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Inhibition Of Nitrification ◽  
Chloride Sulfate ◽  
C And N ◽  
Phosphate Salts ◽  
The Relationship

This study was undertaken to characterize the response of organic matter mineralization to soluble electrolyte concentration. We added salts (either KCl or KH2PO4) to a non-saline Black Chernozem at rates of 0 to 64 mmol kg−1 and measured the amounts of C and N mineralized in a 40 d incubation (21 °C and field capacity). Precipitation of calcium phosphate in KH2PO4-treated soil resulted in electrical conductivity (EC), measured in a 1:2 soil:water extract, being lower than in KCl-treated soil. Dissolved organic C (DOC) was increased (up to twofold) by KH2PO4 addition but KCl had little effect. The relationship between C mineralization and EC appeared to be independent of salt type. Mineralization decreased sharply (by 50%) when EC increased from 0.5 dS m−1 (check value) to 1.3 dS m−1. Inhibition of nitrification was not detected until EC increased to about 2 dS m–1. Key words: Mineralization, organic matter, salinity, chloride, sulfate

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN TEKSTUR SEDIMEN DAN BAHAN ORGANIK DENGAN MAKROZOOBENTOS DI HABITAT MANGROVE PANTAI TIRANG SEMARANG

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-254
Author(s):  
Hiskia Arapenta Sinulingga ◽  
Max Rudolf Muskananfola ◽  
Siti Rudiyanti
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Laboratory Analysis ◽  
Field Analysis ◽  
Dominance Index ◽  
Organic Matters ◽  
Clay Concentration ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRAK Pantai Tirang merupakan salah satu pantai di Semarang, terletak di sebelah barat dari bandara Ahmad Yani, pantai Maron dan Muara Kali Angke di Desa Tambakrejo, Kecamatan Tugu, Kabupaten Semarang. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tekstur sedimen dan bahan organik, mengetahui nilai indeks biologi (indeks keanekaragaman, indeks keseragaman, dan indeks dominasi), dan mengetahui hubungan tekstur sedimen dan bahan organik dengan makrozoobentos di Habitat Mangrove Pantai Tirang Semarang. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah: metode deskriptif (analisa lapangan dan laboratorium). Analisa lapangan di Pantai Tirang Semarang dan analisa laboratorium di Lab Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Ikan dan Lingkungan Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan Universitas Diponegoro. Pengambilan  sampel dilakukan 3 kali dengan interval waktu 2 minggu sekali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tektur sedimen didominasi oleh fraksi pasir berkisar 90,92-94,56% pada sampling pertama; fraksi liat 26,08 – 61,24% pada sampling kedua; fraksi liat berkisar 23,28-59,88 % pada sampling ketiga; dan Nilai bahan organik berkisar antara 1,88-5,88%. Nilai indeks  keanekaragaman berkisar 0,563-1,003, indeks keseragaman berkisar 0,579-0,909, indeks dominasi berkisar 0,371-0,624 dan kelimpahan makrozoobentos berkisar antara 1995,27-5985,83 ind/m3. Jenis makrozoobentos yang mendominasi adalah dari genus Cerithidea. Hubungan tekstur sedimen dominan (fraksi clay) dan bahan organik dengan makrozoobentos: fraksi clay dengan kelimpahan makrozoobentos memiliki hubungan terbalik, semakin tinggi fraksi clay maka kelimpahan makrozoobentos makin rendah dengan koefisien korelasi -0,18. Bahan organik dengan kelimpahan makrozoobentos memiliki keeratan hubungan sedang, bahan organik makin tinggi maka kelimpahan makrozoobentos meningkat. Kata Kunci : Tekstur Sedimen; bahan organik; makrozoobentos; Pantai Tirang Semarang  ABSTRACT Tirang Beach is one of the beaches in Semarang located at the westside of Ahmad Yani airport, Maron Beach and the estuari of Angke River, Tambakrejo village, Tugu subdistrict, Semarang Regency. The objective of the research is to determine the sediment textures and organic matters, to know the biological indices (diversity index, uniformity index, and the dominance index), and to determine the relationship between macrozoobenthos with sediment textures and organic matter in Mangrove habitat at Tirang Beach Semarang.This study adopts a descriptive method (Field and laboratory analysis). Field analysis in Tirang Beach Semarang and laboratory analysis at the Laboratory of Fish Resources Management and Environment Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, University of Diponegoro in Semarang. Sampling was conducted three times at intervals of 2 weeks.The results of this study shows that sediment textures is dominated by sand fraction ranged from 90,92 to 94,56% at fiirst sampling; clay fractions ranged from 26,08 to 61,24 % at second sampling; clay fraction ranged from 23,28-59,88 % at third sampling. Diversity index values ranged from 0,563 to 1,003, uniformity index ranges from 0,579 to 0,909, dominance index ranged from 0,371 to 0,624 and the abundance of macrozoobenthos from 1995.27 to 5985.83 ind/cm3. Macrozoobenthos is dominated by genus Cerithidea. Relation of sediment texture (clay fraction) and organic material with macrozoobenthos. The clay fraction and abundance of macrozoobenthos has a negative correlation, high clay concentration low macrozoobenths abundance and correlation value of -0.18. Organic matter and abundance of macrozoobenthos has a moderate correlation, high organic material high macrozoobenthos abundance and correlation value 0.73. Keywords: Sediment textures, organic matters; Macrozoobenthos; Tirang Beach Semarang

The relationship of C and N stable isotopes to high-latitude moss-associated N2 fixation

Oecologia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia E. M. Stuart ◽  
Hannah Holland-Moritz ◽  
Mélanie Jean ◽  
Samantha N. Miller ◽  
José Miguel Ponciano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
High Latitude ◽  
N2 Fixation ◽  
C And N ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Diagenetic alterations of amino acids and organic matter in the upper Pearl River Estuary surface sediments

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 555-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Zhang ◽  
R. Zhang ◽  
Q. Wu ◽  
N. Xu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Pearl River Estuary ◽  
Pearl River ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Diagenetic Alteration ◽  
C And N

Abstract. The objective of this study was to investigate the diagenetic alteration of sediment organic matter (OM) in the upper Pearl River Estuary. Sediment analyses were conducted for three size fractions of OM, including coarse particulate OM (CPOM), fine particulate OM (FPOM), and ultrafiltered dissolved OM (UDOM). Results showed that the highest and lowest carbon (C): nitrogen (N) ratios were in CPOM and UDOM, respectively, indicating that CPOM was relatively enriched in organic C. The highest average total N content in the FPOM fraction showed that FPOM was enriched in N-containing molecules. Our study showed that the "size-reactivity continuum" model was applicable to sediment particulate and dissolved OM. Distributions of amino acids and their D-isomers among the sediment fractions indicated that the amino acid-based diagenetic index, C:N ratio, and percentage of total N represented by total hydrolysable amino acids could be used as diagenetic indicators. Furthermore, the diagenetic state of sediment OM could also be characterized by C- and N-normalized yields of total D-amino acids, and C- and N-normalized yields of D-alanine, D-glutamic acid, and D-serine.

scholarly journals Diagenetic alterations of amino acids and organic matter in the upper Pearl River Estuary surface sediments

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 3323-3352
Author(s):  
J. Zhang ◽  
R. Zhang ◽  
Q. Wu ◽  
N. Xu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Vascular Plant ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Pearl River Estuary ◽  
Pearl River ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Estuary Sediment ◽  
C And N

Abstract. The objective of this study was to investigate the sources, diagenetic alterations of, and bacterial contributions to sediment organic matter (OM) in the upper Pearl River Estuary. Sediment analyses were conducted for three size fractions of OM, including coarse particulate OM (CPOM), fine particulate OM (FPOM), and ultrafiltered dissolved OM (UDOM). Results showed that the highest and lowest carbon (C): nitrogen (N) ratios were in CPOM and UDOM, respectively, indicating CPOM was relatively enriched in organic C, whereas FPOM was enriched in N-containing molecules. Distributions of amino acids and their D-isomers among the sediment fractions indicated that the percentage of total N represented by total hydrolysable amino acids, C- and N-normalized yields of total D-amino acids, and C- and N-normalized yields of D-alanine, D-glutamic acid, D-serine could be used as diagenetic indicators of sediment OM. Correlations between the N yields in total D-amino acids and total hydrolysable amino acids, and total N yields suggested that the bacterial N in general reflected the bulk N changes in CPOM, FPOM, and UDOM. Our results demonstrate the crucial role of bacteria as a N source in the terrestrial (soil and vascular plant debris) OM transported by the river.

Isoleucine Plays an Important Role for Maintaining Immune Function

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 644-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changsong Gu ◽  
Xiangbing Mao ◽  
Daiwen Chen ◽  
Bing Yu ◽  
Qing Yang
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Host Defense Peptides ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
The Relationship

Branched chain amino acids are the essential nutrients for humans and many animals. As functional amino acids, they play important roles in physiological functions, including immune functions. Isoleucine, as one of the branched chain amino acids, is also critical in physiological functions of the whole body, such as growth, immunity, protein metabolism, fatty acid metabolism and glucose transportation. Isoleucine can improve the immune system, including immune organs, cells and reactive substances. Recent studies have also shown that isoleucine may induce the expression of host defense peptides (i.e., β-defensins) that can regulate host innate and adaptive immunity. In addition, isoleucine administration can restore the effect of some pathogens on the health of humans and animals via increasing the expression of β-defensins. Therefore, the present review will emphatically discuss the effect of isoleucine on immunity while summarizing the relationship between branched chain amino acids and immune functions.

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