scholarly journals GROWSCREEN-Rhizo is a novel phenotyping robot enabling simultaneous measurements of root and shoot growth for plants grown in soil-filled rhizotrons

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerstin A. Nagel ◽  
Alexander Putz ◽  
Frank Gilmer ◽  
Kathrin Heinz ◽  
Andreas Fischbach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
High Throughput Screening ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Shoot Height

Root systems play an essential role in ensuring plant productivity. Experiments conducted in controlled environments and simulation models suggest that root geometry and responses of root architecture to environmental factors should be studied as a priority. However, compared with aboveground plant organs, roots are not easily accessible by non-invasive analyses and field research is still based almost completely on manual, destructive methods. Contributing to reducing the gap between laboratory and field experiments, we present a novel phenotyping system (GROWSCREEN-Rhizo), which is capable of automatically imaging roots and shoots of plants grown in soil-filled rhizotrons (up to a volume of ~18 L) with a throughput of 60 rhizotrons per hour. Analysis of plants grown in this setup is restricted to a certain plant size (up to a shoot height of 80 cm and root-system depth of 90 cm). We performed validation experiments using six different species and for barley and maize, we studied the effect of moderate soil compaction, which is a relevant factor in the field. First, we found that the portion of root systems that is visible through the rhizotrons’ transparent plate is representative of the total root system. The percentage of visible roots decreases with increasing average root diameter of the plant species studied and depends, to some extent, on environmental conditions. Second, we could measure relatively minor changes in root-system architecture induced by a moderate increase in soil compaction. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the good potential of this methodology to characterise root geometry and temporal growth responses with relatively high spatial accuracy and resolution for both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species. Our prototype will allow the design of high-throughput screening methodologies simulating environmental scenarios that are relevant in the field and will support breeding efforts towards improved resource use efficiency and stability of crop yields.

Water Relations of Winter Wheat: the Root System, Petiolar Resistance and Development of a Root Abstraction Equation

1985 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. McGowan ◽  
E. Tzimas
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Root System ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Winter Wheat Crop

SUMMARYThe vertical distribution of water potentials within the leaf canopy, along the stem and within the soil profile of a winter wheat crop was analysed and it is concluded the failure by previous workers to recognize the significance of petiolar resistance has probably resulted in over-estimates of the resistance of the soil to water uptake by root systems of field crops.From an analysis of the water relations of several winter wheat crops an equation is developed to describe the extraction of soil water reserves by crop root systems, based upon values of soil water potential, root xylem potential and ‘effective’ resistance to water uptake which can be obtained from field experiments. The equation provides an empirical basis to specify the minimum desirable root system for efficient capture of soil water reserves, to analyse the effects of differing root distributions and thus to help identify situations where it would be profitable to modify rooting either by tillage or by plant breeding.

scholarly journals Effects of Root Morphology on Nursery and First-Year Field Growth of Rooted Cuttings of Loblolly Pine

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 231-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Goldfarb ◽  
Scott E. Surles ◽  
Mack Thetford ◽  
Frank A. Blazich
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Root Number ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Rooted Cutting

Abstract Stem cuttings of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were rooted in a greenhouse and then scored for the number of roots per rooted cutting, the number of vertically oriented roots per rooted cutting, and symmetry of the arrangement of adventitious roots on the lower stem. Rooted cuttings were transplanted to a nursery bed, grown for 7 months, lifted and rescored, transplanted to a field location, and then measured after 1 yr in the field. Shoot height after the rooting period was correlated weakly with the number of roots per rooted cutting, but not with the number of vertical roots or root system symmetry. Nursery culture slightly reduced the number of roots per cutting and root system symmetry. Root orientation changed dramatically as roots elongated, with 94% of all roots scored as vertical after nursery growth. Shoot height after the period of nursery growth was still correlated weakly with root number, but not with the number of vertical roots. Rooted cuttings with symmetrical root systems were slightly taller than cuttings with asymmetrical root systems after growth in the nursery. After 1 yr in the field, shoot height was no longer correlated with root number. On average, cuttings with symmetrical root systems were only 2 mm taller than cuttings with asymmetrical root systems. These early growth data suggest it is not beneficial to impose culling criteria for cuttings rooted in a greenhouse and transplanted to a nursery based on the root system architecture at the time of rooting. However, growth and stability of rooted cuttings over a longer time period must be assessed. South. J. Appl. For. 22(4): 231-234.

scholarly journals Clifford Spinors and Root System Induction: $$H_4$$ and the Grand Antiprism

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Philippe Dechant
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Invariant Sets ◽  
Simple Construction ◽  
Reflection Groups ◽  
Computational Work ◽  
Algebraic Framework ◽  
Underlying Geometry ◽  
Coxeter Plane ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractRecent work has shown that every 3D root system allows the construction of a corresponding 4D root system via an ‘induction theorem’. In this paper, we look at the icosahedral case of $$H_3\rightarrow H_4$$ H 3 → H 4 in detail and perform the calculations explicitly. Clifford algebra is used to perform group theoretic calculations based on the versor theorem and the Cartan–Dieudonné theorem, giving a simple construction of the $${\mathrm {Pin}}$$ Pin and $${\mathrm {Spin}}$$ Spin covers. Using this connection with $$H_3$$ H 3 via the induction theorem sheds light on geometric aspects of the $$H_4$$ H 4 root system (the 600-cell) as well as other related polytopes and their symmetries, such as the famous Grand Antiprism and the snub 24-cell. The uniform construction of root systems from 3D and the uniform procedure of splitting root systems with respect to subrootsystems into separate invariant sets allows further systematic insight into the underlying geometry. All calculations are performed in the even subalgebra of $${\mathrm {Cl}}(3)$$ Cl ( 3 ) , including the construction of the Coxeter plane, which is used for visualising the complementary pairs of invariant polytopes, and are shared as supplementary computational work sheets. This approach therefore constitutes a more systematic and general way of performing calculations concerning groups, in particular reflection groups and root systems, in a Clifford algebraic framework.

On Closed Subsets of Root Systems

1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 338-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Ž. Doković ◽  
P. Check ◽  
J.-Y. Hée
Keyword(s):  
Weyl Group ◽  
Root System ◽  
Irreducible Component ◽  
Product Space ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Inner Product Space ◽  
Inner Product ◽  
Closed Sets ◽  
Finite Dimensional ◽  
Real Inner Product Space

AbstractLet R be a root system (in the sense of Bourbaki) in a finite dimensional real inner product space V. A subset P ⊂ R is closed if α, β ∊ P and α + β ∊ R imply that α + β ∊ P. In this paper we shall classify, up to conjugacy by the Weyl group W of R, all closed sets P ⊂ R such that R\P is also closed. We also show that if θ:R —> R′ is a bijection between two root systems such that both θ and θ-1 preserve closed sets, and if R has at most one irreducible component of type A1, then θ is an isomorphism of root systems.

Extension and Longitudinal Growth During the Development of Red Pine Root Systems

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. F. Fayle
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Longitudinal Growth ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Moisture Availability ◽  
Below Ground

Extension of the root system and stem during the first 30 years of growth of plantation-grown red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) on four sites was deduced by root and stem analyses. Maximum rooting depth was reached in the first decade and maximum horizontal extension of roots was virtually complete between years 15 and 20. The main horizontal roots of red pine seldom exceed 11 m in length. Elongation of vertical and horizontal roots was examined in relation to moisture availability and some physical soil conditions. The changing relations within the tree in lineal dimensions and annual elongation of the roots and stem are illustrated. The development of intertree competition above and below ground is considered.

Factors affecting the yield of winter cereals in crop margins

2000 ◽  
Vol 135 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. WILCOX ◽  
N. H. PERRY ◽  
N. D. BOATMAN ◽  
K. CHANEY
Keyword(s):  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Edge Field ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Non Linear

Yields of arable crops are commonly lower on the crop margins or headlands, but the nature of the relationship between yield and distance from the crop edge has not been clearly defined, nor have the reasons for lower marginal yields. Surveys of 40 winter wheat headlands were carried out in 2 years to determine how yield changed with distance, and what factors might influence this relationship. Two field experiments were also conducted over 3 years in winter cereal headlands, in which the effect of distance was measured under conservation headland and conventional (fully sprayed) management.Yields in the headland surveys varied from 0·8 to 10·2 t/ha. An inverse polynomial regression model was fitted to yield and weed data. Best fits were obtained by using separate parameters for each site. Adjusting yields to take account of weed dry matter improved the non-linear fit between yield and distance from crop edge. Field experiments provided similar results but the non-linear relationship was not as apparent.There was a negative relationship between soil compaction, as measured by a cone penetrometer, and yield in one field experiment, where soil density values were relatively constant. No relationship was found between pattern of nitrogen fertilizer application and yield. Conservation headland management resulted in lower yield at one experimental site, especially in the third year, but not at the other site. Where yields were affected, weed dry matter was higher in conservation headland plots than in fully sprayed plots.Although greater weed competition appears to account for at least part of the observed yield reductions on headlands, the role of other factors, particularly soil compaction, needs further study. Increased weed infestation may be an indirect result of reduced crop competition caused by other adverse conditions.

Effects of potassium and sodium application to soil on growth and cation accumulation of herbage

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
GN Mundy
Keyword(s):  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Equivalent Amount ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
K Uptake ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Pasture Plants

The effects of potassium (K) and sodium (Na) applications to soil on growth and cation accumulation of herbage were investigated in pot and field experiments. The application of K to K-deficient soil was more efficient at increasing growth than was the application of Na; however, at suboptimal K availability, yield was increased by Na application. Growth responses to Na were restricted when the soil contained insufficient K to satisfy the minimum K requirement of pasture plants. The Na concentration of herbage was markedly reduced by K applications, whereas Na had little effect on K uptake. It was found that an application of Na to soil containing a low level of Na raised the Na concentration of herbage sufficiently to satisfy animal needs. Both K and Na reduced the calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) concentration of herbage, although Na was less inhibitive than an equivalent amount of K. The decline in Ca and Mg in plant tissue with increasing concentrations of soil K and Na was exponential and, as the decline approached the asymptotic concentration, further increases in soil K and Na had only a small effect on Ca and Mg uptake. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Growth responses of Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvelev to sheep saliva after defoliation

2010 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing Teng ◽  
Lei Ba ◽  
Deli Wang ◽  
Ling Wang ◽  
Jushan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Leymus Chinensis ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Leaf Weight

Many studies indicated that saliva from herbivores might be involved in plant growth responses when plants have been grazed. However, there is currently no general agreement on whether saliva can affect plant growth. Our aims were to determine the growth response of plants to sheep saliva after defoliation under diverse environmental conditions (different sward structures), and whether the effect of saliva is influenced by time (duration) after its application. We conducted field experiments with clipping treatments and the application of sheep saliva to the damaged parts of tillers to simulate sheep grazing on the perennial grass Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvelev during the early growing seasons. Results demonstrated that clipping with saliva application significantly increased tiller numbers 8 weeks after treatments in comparison with clipping alone. A key finding is that the effect of sheep saliva on plant growth was short-lived. Clipping with saliva application increased leaf weight in the second week, while clipping alone had no effect. Moreover, clipping with saliva application promoted the elongation of new leaves (not the old ones) in the first week whereas clipping alone was ineffective. Results also showed that there were no differences between clipping with saliva application and clipping alone for relative height growth rate and aboveground biomass. Therefore, we concluded that saliva application to clipping treatment would produce an additional effect compared to clipping alone for the plant and the positive effects are time dependent. The additional effects primarily embodied in the individual level of plant, such as the changes of leaf weight and leaf length. Beyond the level, the effects of saliva only produced many more tiller numbers rather than the accumulation of aboveground biomass.

scholarly journals Comparison of Fish Pond Waste Water with Manures under Garden Egg in Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic J. Udoh ◽  
Otobong B. Iren ◽  
Jeremiah E. Jonathan
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Fish Pond ◽  
Pig Manure ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Total N ◽  
Cropping Seasons

<p class="1Body">Two field experiments were conducted from 2012 to 2013 cropping seasons to evaluate the efficacy and also determine the optimum rates of application for fish pond waste water in comparison with three other manures including one inorganic fertilizer and two organic manures under garden egg (<em>Solanum spp.</em>) crop.Garden egg was fertilized with pond waste water (PW), poultry manure (PM), pig manure (PG) and NPK15:15:15 at equivalent nitrogen (N) rates (0, 150, 300, 450 kg/ha). The treatments were arranged in a split plot under randomized complete block design (RCBD).The results obtained indicated a slight drop in soil pH but soil OM, total N, available P, exchangeable Ca and K increased generally with increasing rates of manures. The PW and PG treatments supported significantly (P&lt;0.05) the highest yields of the crop compared to PM and NPK with the 150 and 300 kg/ha treatments recording the highest increase. These results have shown that under the high rainfall and acidic soil conditions of Akwa Ibom State in Nigeria, PW is useful for the improvement of soil conditions and achievement of higher crop yields when applied at rates that supply N in the range of 150 – 300 kg/ha.</p>

Effects of Temperature on Root Morphology and Ectendomycorrhizal Development in Pinusresinosa Ait.

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh E. Wilcox ◽  
Ruth Ganmore-Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Morphology ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Root Temperature ◽  
First Order ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

Seedlings of Pinusresinosa were grown at root temperatures of 16, 21 and 27 °C, both aseptically and after inoculation with the ectendomycorrhizal fungus BDG-58. Growth after 3 months was significantly influenced by the presence of the fungus at all 3 temperatures. The influence of the fungus on root growth was obscured by the effects of root temperature on morphology. The root system at 16 and at 21 °C possessed many first-order laterals with numerous, well developed second-order branches, but those at 27 °C had only a few, relatively long, unbranched first-order laterals. Although the root systems of infected seedlings were larger, the fungus increased root growth in the same pattern as determined by the temperature.

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