scholarly journals Viewing leaf structure and evolution from a hydraulic perspective

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim J. Brodribb ◽  
Taylor S. Feild ◽  
Lawren Sack
Keyword(s):  
Water Transport ◽  
Leaf Structure ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Transport Efficiency ◽  
Water Flows ◽  
Terrestrial Productivity ◽  
Global And Local

More than 40 000 km3 year–1 of water flows through the intricate hydraulic pathways inside leaves. This water not only sustains terrestrial productivity, but also constitutes nearly 70% of terrestrial evapotranspiration, thereby influencing both global and local climate (Chapin et al. 2002). Thus, the central role played by leaf vascular systems in terrestrial biology provides an important context for research into the function and evolution of water transport in leaves. Significant progress has been made recently towards understanding the linkages between anatomy and water transport efficiency in leaves, and these discoveries provide a novel perspective to view the evolution of land plants.

Efficiency and evolution of water transport systems in higher plants: a modelling approach. II. Stelar evolution

1994 ◽  
Vol 345 (1312) ◽  
pp. 153-162 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Transport ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Transport Efficiency ◽  
Hydrodynamic Behaviour ◽  
Water Conduction ◽  
Central Strand ◽  
Early Land ◽  
Modelling Approach

Different stelar arrangements have developed through evolution of land plants. The first stele to appear was a central strand (protostele) consisting of tracheids or hydroid-like cells. In more derived steles (e.g. actinostele, siphonostele), a location of the conducting elements at relatively more peripheral regions of the axis can be observed. It has been shown that the trend in stelar evolution in early land plants from protostele to actinostele or siphonostele has little to do with an increase of the flexural stiffness in the axis. Hence, it is to be expected, that the (early) stelar evolution reflects an optimization process of the water conducting capabilities of the stem. To test this hypothesis, the effectiveness of protostele and siphonostele in water conduction was analysed numerically. The results demonstrate that the hydrodynamic behaviour of a plant axis depends not only on the relative amount of its conducting tissues, but also on the arrangement of the xylem within an axis. A protostele and a siphonostele with identical distance between outer xylem boundary and site of transpiration may, therefore, be identical with regard to water transport efficiency.

The aerodynamics and hydrodynamics of plants

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (23) ◽  
pp. 3281-3284 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.R. Ennos
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Drag Reduction ◽  
Water Transport ◽  
Aerodynamic Drag ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Transport Efficiency ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Shed Light

Because they grow away from their substratum to compete for light, plants have to withstand hydrodynamic or aerodynamic drag. Both water and land plants reconfigure in response to this drag, and this is presumed to reduce the risk of mechanical failure. However, there is little unequivocal evidence of drag reduction in large trees as a result of reconfiguration. Land plants must also transport water internally to their tissues, and many have developed xylem tracheids and vessels that help speed up this process. Recent evidence that tree height is limited by water supply suggests that water transport efficiency must be a crucial element in tree design. However, the resistance of many parts of the xylem is still unknown. More focused work is urgently required to shed light on the evolution and ecology of plants in relation to the flow of fluids.

scholarly journals Measuring Water Transport Efficiency in the Yangtze River Economic Zone, China

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan He ◽  
Peng Gao ◽  
Zhijing Sun ◽  
Yui-yip Lau
Keyword(s):  
Water Transport ◽  
Yangtze River ◽  
The Yangtze River ◽  
Transport Efficiency ◽  
Economic Zone

scholarly journals CONSERVATION AND STUDY OF GRAPEVINEGENETIC RESOURCES ON THE COLLECTION IN THE LOWER DON REGION IN 2020

Russian vine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 27-35
Author(s):  
L.G. Naumova ◽  
◽  
V.A. Ganich ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Gene Pool ◽  
Technological Properties ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Rostov Region ◽  
Local Climate Change ◽  
Grape Varieties ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
Growing Region

The article presents the results of work on conservation and study of grapevine genetic resources at the Don ampelographic collec-tion named afterYa.I.Potapenko (Novocher-kassk, Rostov region) in 2020. In the context of global and local climate change, the most relevant direction in the development of modern viticulture is the improvement of the grape assortment by introducing varieties that are resistant to adverse environmental factors and more fully realize their productivity po-tential in a particular growing region. The purpose of the research is to preserve (with annual replenishment) and study the gene pool of grapes of various ecological and geo-graphical origin in the collection. The distri-bution of varieties by ripening terms, produc-tivity, uvological indicators has been carried out. 53 varieties of grapes were transferred for micro-winemaking, of which 23 are na-tive Don varieties. In 2020, the collection's gene pool was replenished with 5 grape varie-ties (Baikonur, Galahad, Meskhei,Novyj Po-darok Zaporozhyu, Kishmish Novocher-kassky); to preserve the gene pool, replanting and repairs were carried out (by the method of green inoculation in place). The varieties - Tsimlyanskiy Sergienko and Bessergenevskiy No. 7 were identified as valuable genotypes with high technological properties for high-quality winemaking; the database was sup-plemented with ampelographic descriptions of 50 grape varieties growing on the collec-tion.

Levoglucosan in speleothems: An evaluation of various sample preparation methods.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Homann ◽  
Thorsten Hoffmann ◽  
Denis Scholz ◽  
Sebastian Breitenbach
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Atmospheric Particulate Matter ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
Global And Local

<p>Secondary mineral deposits in caves, such as stalagmites or flowstones, are valuable paleoclimate archives because they have several advantages over other environmental archives. These include stable in-cave conditions, protecting the speleothems from external influences, and the potential to precisely date samples up to 600,000 years using <sup>230</sup>Th/U-dating. [1] Supplementing established climate proxies, such as stable isotopes and trace elements, organic proxies have been increasingly used in recent years to inform on local vegetation and soil dynamics. [2]</p><p>Biomass burning events are major sources of atmospheric particulate matter that influences global and local climate. [3] Investigating fire proxies in paleoclimate archives may therefore help determine the interactions of climate, hydrology, and fire activity. Levoglucosan, an anhydrosugar, naturally only originates from the combustion of cellulose and thus constitutes a biomass burning marker. Analysis of levoglucosan in sediments has shown high correlation with traditional burning markers, such as black charcoal. [4] Mannosan and galactosan, both stereoisomers of levoglucosan, are formed during combustion of hemicellulose. Previous work suggests that rather than absolute levoglucosan concentrations the ratio of levoglucosan to its isomers should be considered when characterizing burning events. [5] To date, no data on levoglucosan or its isomers in speleothems has been published, whereas the anhydrosugars are already utilised in other paleoclimate archives, such as sediments and ice cores. [2,3]</p><p>We test three approaches (solid phase extraction (SPE), soxhlet extraction and solid/liquid extraction) for the isolation and quantification of anhydrosugars using HILIC-MS instrumentation. As the anhydrosugars are highly polar molecules, extraction from the calcium carbonate matrix and subsequent sample preparation proved challenging. We evaluate the different approaches and compare the resulting concentrations and assumed recoveries. We find that the anhydrosugars do not show significant retention on any of the evaluated SPE materials. While solid/liquid extractions lead to detectable analyte concentrations, soxhlet extractions with methanol or dichloromethane/methanol mixtures are more efficient.</p><p> </p><p>[1] D. Scholz, D. Hoffmann, Quat. Sci. J. 57 (2008) 52–76 [2] A. Blyth et al. Quat. Sci. Rev. 149 (2016) 1-17 [3] P. Yao et al. J. of Glaciology 59 (2013) 599-611 [4] V. O. Elias et al. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta 65 (2001) 267-272. [5] D. Fabbri et al. Atmos. Env. 43 (2009) 2286–2295</p>

Water vapor absorption in insects

1983 ◽  
Vol 244 (2) ◽  
pp. R187-R192 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Machin
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Ion Transport ◽  
Water Transport ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Water Vapor Absorption ◽  
Water Flows ◽  
Vapor Absorption ◽  
Tubular Lumen ◽  
Kcl Transport ◽  
Uptake Mechanisms

In common with other animals the principal examples of water transport in insects are to be found in processing food and in excretion. Some insects and other arthropods are able to absorb water vapor using preexisting buccal or rectal structures. This unique exploitation of atmospheric water depends on adequate areas for condensing water vapor and the capacity for considerable "uphill" water transport. All known uptake mechanisms depend on producing fluids of sufficiently low water activity to bring about condensation from a range of environmental humidities. In the best-understood examples (mealworms and their relatives) active KCl transport by the Malpighian tubules generates osmotic pressures sufficient to extract water from activities down to 0.88. A standing gradient model seems to describe the coupling in the tubular lumen between water flows and ion transport. Low water permeabilities and ion transport modulated with flow rate are unusual features of this coupling.

The influence of innovation on the inland waterway transport efficiency

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 ◽  
pp. 179-188
Author(s):  
Magdalena Kaup ◽  
Dorota Łozowicka
Keyword(s):  
Water Transport ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Inland Waterways ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Transport Efficiency ◽  
Inland Water ◽  
Modern Management ◽  
Inland Waterway ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Inland Water Transport

The interest in inland waterway transport observed in recent years in Poland has highlighted the imperfections of both the existing infrastructure and the fleet of inland vessels. Therefore, it was necessary to adapt to EU standards, which requires taking actions that will improve the conditions of transport processes using inland waterways. The number, scope and level of introduced new improvement, modernization and innovation solutions determine the modern management of inland waterway transport. The article presents efficiency and its basic indicators in inland water transport. In addition, the impact of innovation on the development of inland waterway transport was discussed. The aim of the article is to identify and analyze factors affecting the efficiency of inland waterway transport, and in particular to assess the impact of applying innovation on the improvement of inland waterway transport.

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