scholarly journals Isolation and characterisation of two MATE genes in rye

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kengo Yokosho ◽  
Naoki Yamaji ◽  
Jian Feng Ma
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Fe Deficiency ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Homologous Genes ◽  
Citrate Transporter ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Citrate Secretion ◽  
Al Treatment

Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) proteins are widely present in bacteria, fungi, plants and mammals. Recent studies have showed that a group of plant MATE genes encodes citrate transporter, which are involved in the detoxification of aluminium or translocation of iron from the roots to the shoots. In this study, we isolated two homologous genes (ScFRDL1 and ScFRDL2) from this family in rye (Secale cereale L.). ScFRDL1 shared 94.2% identity with HvAACT1, an Al-activated citrate transporter in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and ScFRDL2 shared 80.6% identity with OsFRDL2, a putative Al-responsive protein in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Both genes were mainly expressed in the roots, however, they showed different expression patterns. Expression of ScFRDL1 was unaffected by Al treatment, but up-regulated by Fe-deficiency treatment. In contrast, expression of ScFRDL2 was greatly induced by Al but not by Fe deficiency. The Al-induced up-regulation of ScFRDL2 was found in both the root tips and basal roots. Furthermore, the expression pattern of ScFRDL2 was consistent with citrate secretion pattern. Immunostaining showed that ScFRDL1 was localised at all cells in the root tips and central cylinder and endodermis in the basal root. Taken together, our results suggest that ScFRDL1 was involved in efflux of citrate into the xylem for Fe translocation from the roots to the shoots, while ScFRDL2 was involved in Al-activated citrate secretion in rye.

Corrigendum to: Mitochondrial enzymes and citrate transporter contribute to the aluminium-induced citrate secretion from soybean (Glycine max) roots

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muyun Xu ◽  
Jiangfeng You ◽  
Ningning Hou ◽  
Hongmei Zhang ◽  
Guang Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Transcript Level ◽  
Mitochondrial Enzymes ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Citrate Transporter ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Soybean Roots ◽  
Citrate Secretion ◽  
Al Treatment

The concentration of soluble aluminium (Al) in the soil solution increases at low pH and the prevalence of toxic Al3+ cations represent the main factor limiting plant growth on acid soils. Citrate secretion from roots is an important Al-tolerance mechanism in many species including soybean. We isolated mitochondria from the roots of an Al-resistant soybean (Glycine max L.) cv. Jiyu 70 to investigate the relationship between citrate metabolism and Al-induced citrate secretion. Spectrophotometric assays revealed that the activities of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase increased and aconitase decreased with increasing of Al concentration (0–50 µM) and duration of Al treatment (30 µM Al, 0.5–9 h). Al-induced citrate secretion was inhibited by the citrate synthase inhibitor suramin, and enhanced by the aconitase inhibitor fluorocitric acid. Mersalyl acid, an inhibitor of a citrate carrier located in mitochondria membrane, also suppressed Al-induced citrate secretion. Transcript level of the mitochondrial citrate synthase gene increased in soybean roots exposed to Al, whereas expression of aconitase showed no significant difference. Expression of Gm-AlCT, a gene showing homology to Al-activated citrate transporters was also induced after 4 h in Al treatment. The Al-dependent changes in activity and expression of these enzymes are consistent with them supporting the sustained release of citrate from soybean roots.

scholarly journals The convergent evolution of aluminium resistance in plants exploits a convenient currency

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter R. Ryan ◽  
Emmanuel Delhaize
Keyword(s):  
Protein Function ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Organic Anions ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Aluminium Resistance

Suspicions that soluble aluminium (Al) is detrimental to plant growth were reported more than 100 years ago. The rhizotoxicity of Al3+ is now accepted as the major limitation to plant production on acidic soils. Plants differ in their susceptibility to Al3+ toxicity and significant variation can occur within species, even in some major crops. The physiology of Al3+ resistance in some species has been understood for 15 years but the molecular biology has been elucidated only recently. The first gene controlling Al3+ resistance was cloned from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in 2004 but others have now been identified in Arabidopsis, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), rye (Secale cereale L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolour (L.) Moench) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) with strong additional candidates in wheat and oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). These genes confer resistance in different ways, but one mechanism occurs in nearly all species examined so far. This mechanism relies on the release of organic anions from roots which bind with the harmful Al3+ cations in the apoplast and detoxify them. The genes controlling this response come from at least two distinct families, suggesting that convergent evolution has occurred. We discuss the processes driving this convergence of protein function and offer opinions for why organic anions are central to the mechanisms of resistance in disparate species. We propose that mutations which modify protein expression or their activation by Al3+ have played important roles in co-opting different transport proteins from other functions.

Mitochondrial enzymes and citrate transporter contribute to the aluminium-induced citrate secretion from soybean (Glycine max) roots

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muyun Xu ◽  
Jiangfeng You ◽  
Ningning Hou ◽  
Hongmei Zhang ◽  
Guang Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Transcript Level ◽  
Mitochondrial Enzymes ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Citrate Transporter ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Soybean Roots ◽  
Citrate Secretion ◽  
Al Treatment

The concentration of soluble aluminium (Al) in the soil solution increases at low pH and the prevalence of toxic Al3+ cations represent the main factor limiting plant growth on acid soils. Citrate secretion from roots is an important Al-tolerance mechanism in many species including soybean. We isolated mitochondria from the roots of an Al-resistant soybean (Glycine max L.) cv. Jiyu 70 to investigate the relationship between citrate metabolism and Al-induced citrate secretion. Spectrophotometric assays revealed that the activities of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase increased and aconitase decreased with increasing of Al concentration (0–50 µM) and duration of Al treatment (30 µM Al, 0.5–9 h). Al-induced citrate secretion was inhibited by the citrate synthase inhibitor suramin, and enhanced by the aconitase inhibitor fluorocitric acid. Mersalyl acid, an inhibitor of a citrate carrier located in mitochondria membrane, also suppressed Al-induced citrate secretion. Transcript level of the mitochondrial citrate synthase gene increased in soybean roots exposed to Al, whereas expression of aconitase showed no significant difference. Expression of Gm-AlCT, a gene showing homology to Al-activated citrate transporters was also induced after 4 h in Al treatment. The Al-dependent changes in activity and expression of these enzymes are consistent with them supporting the sustained release of citrate from soybean roots.

scholarly journals LOS ARABINOXILANOS FERULADOS DE CEREALES. UNA REVISIÓN DE SUS CARACTERÍSTICAS FISICOQUÍMICAS Y CAPACIDAD GELIFICANTE

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Morales-Ortega ◽  
Guillermo Niño-Medina ◽  
Elizabeth Carvajal-Millán ◽  
Alfonso Gardea-Béjar ◽  
Patricia Torres-Chávez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Panicum Miliaceum ◽  
Sorghum Vulgare ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Secale Cereale L

Los arabinoxilanos ferulados son los principales polisacáridos no amiláceos de los granos de cereales, que se localizan en las paredes celulares del endospermo, en la capa aleurona y en el pericarpio de los mismos. Estos polisacáridos se han reportado en los cereales más importantes, como trigo (Triticum aestivum L.), centeno (Secale cereale L. M. Bieb.), cebada (Hordeum vulgare L.), avena (A. sativa), arroz (Oryza sativa L.), sorgo (Sorghum vulgare), maíz (Zea mays L.) y mijo (Panicum miliaceum L.). Recientemente se han realizado esfuerzos enfocados a la extracción de arabinoxilanos ferulados a partir de subproductos de la industria procesadora de cereales, como de los pericarpios de maíz y de trigo, así como del “nejayote” que es el agua residual de la nixtamalización del maíz. Los arabinoxilanos ferulados forman soluciones viscosas y pueden formar geles bajo la acción de ciertos agentes oxidantes. Además, presentan características físico-químicas determinantes para su capacidad gelificante. Los geles de arabinoxilanos han despertado un gran interés debido a que presentan características interesantes como: olor y sabor neutro; estabilidad al pH, a los cambios de temperatura y de concentración de electrolitos; así como una estructura macroporosa. Estas características les confieren aplicación potencial como matrices para la liberación controlada de biomoléculas en aplicaciones alimentarias y no alimentarias, lo cual podría dar valor agregado a los cereales o subproductos de cereales de los cuales pueden ser extraídos estos polisacáridos. Esta revisión incluye los reportes más recientes sobre las características fisicoquímicas y la capacidad gelificante de arabinoxilanos ferulados, tema sobre el cual ha resurgido el interés en los últimos diez años. La generación de nuevo conocimiento sobre este polisacárido y sus geles podría sentar las bases para su aplicación en distintas áreas como la agroalimentaria, la biomédica y la cosmética, entre otras.

scholarly journals Gene expression patterns and catalytic properties of UDP-D-glucose 4-epimerases from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

2006 ◽  
Vol 394 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qisen Zhang ◽  
Maria Hrmova ◽  
Neil J. Shirley ◽  
Jelle Lahnstein ◽  
Geoffrey B. Fincher
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Ethanol ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Nucleotide Sugars

UGE (UDP-Glc 4-epimerase or UDP-Gal 4-epimerase; EC 5.1.3.2) catalyses the interconversion of UDP-Gal and UDP-Glc. Both nucleotide sugars act as activated sugar donors for the biosynthesis of cell wall polysaccharides such as cellulose, xyloglucans, (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan and pectins, together with other biologically significant compounds including glycoproteins and glycolipids. Three members of the HvUGE (barley UGE) gene family, designated HvUGE1, HvUGE2 and HvUGE3, have been characterized. Q-PCR (quantitative real-time PCR) showed that HvUGE1 mRNA was most abundant in leaf tips and mature roots, but its expression levels were relatively low in basal leaves and root tips. The HvUGE2 gene was transcribed at significant levels in all organs examined, while HvUGE3 mRNA levels were very low in all the organs. Heterologous expression of a near full-length cDNA confirmed that HvUGE1 encodes a functional UGE. A non-covalently bound NAD+ was released from the enzyme after denaturing with aqueous ethanol and was identified by its spectrophotometric properties and by electrospray ionization MS. The Km values were 40 μM for UDP-Gal and 55 μM for UDP-Glc. HvUGE also catalyses the interconversion of UDP-GalNAc and UDP-GlcNAc, although it is not known if this has any biological significance. A three-dimensional model of the HvUGE revealed that its overall structural fold is highly conserved compared with the human UGE and provides a structural rationale for its ability to bind UDP-GlcNAc.

scholarly journals ZmMATE6 From Maize Encodes a Citrate Transporter That Enhances Aluminum Tolerance in Transgenic Arabidopsis Thaliana

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanmei Du ◽  
Peter Ryan ◽  
Chan Liu ◽  
Hongjie Li ◽  
Wanpeng Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Arabidopsis ◽  
Aluminum Tolerance ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Transporter Protein ◽  
Citrate Transporter ◽  
Resistant Lines ◽  
Trivalent Cations ◽  
Root Tissues ◽  
Al Treatment

Abstract Background: The yields of cereal crops grown on acidic soils are often reduced by aluminum (Al) toxicity because the prevalence of toxic Al3+cations increases as pH falls below 5.0. The Al-activated release from the roots of simple organic acids such as malate and citrate confers resistance to Al in a many plant species including maize (Zea mays L.). The Al-dependent release of citrate from resistant lines of maize is controlled by ZmMATE1 which encodes a multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporter protein. ZmMATE1 resides on chromosome 6 and its expression in roots is induced up to four-fold by Al treatment. ZmMATE6 is another member of this family in maize whose expression is also increased by Al treatment. We investigated the function of this gene in more detail to determine whether it also contributes to Al resistance. Results: Quantitative RT-PCR measurements found that in the absence of Al ZmMATE6 was expressed in the roots and leaves of Al-resistant and sensitive in-bred lines, and that expression levels in the root tips were lower than in the rest of the root tissue. Treatment with Al induced ZmMATE6 expression in all tissues but several other divalent or trivalent cations tested had no effect on expression. This expression pattern and the induction by Al treatment was confirmed in Arabidopsis lines transformed with β-glucuronidase where the ZmMATE6 promoter was used to drive expression. While subcellular localization of the ZmMATE6 protein could not be determined with confidence transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing ZmMATE6 displayed a greater Al-activated release of citrate from the roots and were significantly more resistant to Al toxicity than controls. This was associated with reduced accumulation of Al in the root tissues. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that ZmMATE6 expression is induced by Al and functions as a citrate transporter. While some findings are consistent with ZmMATE6 contributing to Al resistance in maize, further research is required to confirm this result.

Characterisation of extracellular polysaccharides from suspension cultures of members of the Poaceae

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Sims ◽  
K Middleton ◽  
AG Lane ◽  
AJ Cairns ◽  
A Bacic
Keyword(s):  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Suspension Cultures ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Arabinogalactan Protein ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharides ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Suspension Cultured Cells

Microscopic examination of suspension-cultured cells of Phleum pratense L., Panicum miliaceum L., Phalaris aquatica L. and Oryza sativa L. showed that they were comprised of numerous root primordia. Polysaccharides secreted by these suspension cultures contained glycosyl linkages consistent with the presence of high proportions of root mucilage-like polysaccharides. In contrast, suspension-cultured cells of Hordeum vulgare L. contained mostly undifferentiated cells more typical of plant cells in suspension culture. The polysaccharides secreted by H. vulgare cultures contained mostly linkages consistent with the presence of glucuronoarabinoxylan. The soluble polymers secreted by cell-suspension cultures of Phleum pratense contained 70% carbohydrate, 14% protein and 6% inorganic material. The extracellular polysaccharides were separated into four fractions by anion-exchange chromatography using a gradient of imidazole-HCl at pH 7.0. From glycosyl-linkage analyses, five polysaccharides were identified: an arabinosylated xyloglucan (comprising 20% of the total polysaccharide), a glucomannan (6%), a type-II arabinogalactan (an arabinogalactan-protein; 7%), an acidic xylan (3%), and a root-slime-like polysaccharide, which contained features of type-II arabinogalactans and glucuronomannans (65%).

Characterisation of extracellular polysaccharides from suspension cultures of members of the Poaceae

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Sims ◽  
K Middleton ◽  
AG Lane ◽  
AJ Cairns ◽  
A Bacic
Keyword(s):  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Suspension Cultures ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Arabinogalactan Protein ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharides ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Suspension Cultured Cells

Microscopic examination of suspension-cultured cells of Phleum pratense L., Panicum miliaceum L., Phalaris aquatica L. and Oryza sativa L. showed that they were comprised of numerous root primordia. Polysaccharides secreted by these suspension cultures contained glycosyl linkages consistent with the presence of high proportions of root mucilage-like polysaccharides. In contrast, suspension-cultured cells of Hordeum vulgare L. contained mostly undifferentiated cells more typical of plant cells in suspension culture. The polysaccharides secreted by H. vulgare cultures contained mostly linkages consistent with the presence of glucuronoarabinoxylan. The soluble polymers secreted by cell-suspension cultures of Phleum pratense contained 70% carbohydrate, 14% protein and 6% inorganic material. The extracellular polysaccharides were separated into four fractions by anion-exchange chromatography using a gradient of imidazole-HCl at pH 7.0. From glycosyl-linkage analyses, five polysaccharides were identified: an arabinosylated xyloglucan (comprising 20% of the total polysaccharide), a glucomannan (6%), a type-II arabinogalactan (an arabinogalactan-protein; 7%), an acidic xylan (3%), and a root-slime-like polysaccharide, which contained features of type-II arabinogalactans and glucuronomannans (65%).

scholarly journals Cytoplasmic Male Sterility-Associated Mitochondrial Gene orf312 Derived from Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivar Tadukan

Rice ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayumu Takatsuka ◽  
Tomohiko Kazama ◽  
Kinya Toriyama
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Cytoplasmic Male Sterility ◽  
Male Sterility ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Promising Candidate ◽  
Illumina Hiseq ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Cms Line

Abstract Background Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a trait associated with non-functional pollen or anthers, caused by the interaction between mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Findings A Tadukan-type CMS line (TAA) and a restorer line (TAR) were obtained by successive backcrossing between the Oryza sativa cultivars Tadukan (a cytoplasmic donor) and Taichung 65 (a recurrent pollen parent). Using Illumina HiSeq, we determined whole-genome sequences of the mitochondria of TAA and screened the mitochondrial genome for the presence of open reading frame (orf) genes specific to this genome. One of these orf genes, orf312, showed differential expression patterns in TAA and TAR anthers at the meiotic and mature stages, with transcript amounts in TAR being less than those in TAA. The orf312 gene is similar to the previously described orf288, a part of which is among the components comprising WA352, a chimeric CMS-associated gene of wild-abortive-type CMS. Conclusions The orf312 gene is a promising candidate for CMS-associated gene in TAA.

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