Systemic effects on leaf glutathione metabolism and defence protein expression caused by esca infection in grapevines

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Valtaud ◽  
Christine H. Foyer ◽  
Pierrette Fleurat-Lessard ◽  
Andrée Bourbouloux
Keyword(s):  
Glutathione Depletion ◽  
Glutathione Metabolism ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Systemic Effects ◽  
Total Glutathione ◽  
Stress Markers ◽  
Esca Disease ◽  
Glutamylcysteine Synthetase ◽  
As Stress ◽  
Defence Proteins

Esca is a devastating disease of Vitis vinifera L., caused by fungal pathogen(s) inhabiting the wood. The pathogens induce symptoms in the foliage, which are associated with structural and biochemical changes in leaves. The present study was undertaken to examine the effects of the disease on leaf glutathione metabolism in field-grown plants. The glutathione pool decreased and defence proteins such as PR-proteins and chitinases were expressed in the leaves before the appearance of visible symptoms in esca-infected canes. Glutathione depletion was increased as the disease developed in the leaves. The ratio of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) to the total glutathione pool was slightly decreased in leaves without visible symptoms, but it was significantly increased as the disease progressed. The abundance of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-ECS) transcripts and of γ-ECS protein was greatly decreased in leaves exhibiting esca symptoms. Although glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase transcripts were largely unchanged by the spread of the esca disease, leaf glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities, the amounts of mRNAs encoding GSTU1 and GSTF2 and the abundance of the GSTU1 and GSTF2 proteins were highest at the early stages of infection and then decreased as visible symptoms appeared in the leaves. The GSTF2 protein, which was more abundant than GSTU1, was found in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm, whereas the GSTU1 protein was found largely in the plastids. These data demonstrate that the fungi involved in the esca disease induce pronounced systemic effects in the leaves before the appearance of visible damage. We conclude that the expression of GSTs, the extent of glutathione accumulation and the ratio of GSSG to total glutathione are early indicators of the presence of the esca disease in grapevine canes and thus these parameters can be used as stress markers in field-grown vines.

Astaxanthin, the Natural Antioxidant, Reduces Reserpine Induced Depression in Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 1319-1327
Author(s):  
Ferdous Khan ◽  
Syed A. Kuddus ◽  
Md. H. Shohag ◽  
Hasan M. Reza ◽  
Murad Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Tail Suspension Test ◽  
Glutathione Depletion ◽  
Swim Test ◽  
Stress Markers ◽  
Immobility Time ◽  
Biochemical Level

Background: An imbalance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants determines the level of oxidative stress which is implicated in the etiopathogenesis of various neuropsychiatric disorders including depression. Therefore, treatment with antioxidants could potentially improve the balance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of astaxanthin, a potential antioxidant, to reduce reserpine-induced depression in BALB/c mice (Mus musculus). Methods: On the behavioral level, antidepressant property of astaxanthin (50 mg/kg, orally) on reserpine (2 mg/kg, subcutaneously) induced depressed mice was evaluated by Forced Swim Test (FST) and Tail Suspension Test (TST). In the biochemical level, the ability of astaxanthin to mitigate reserpine-induced oxidative stress was evaluated by the measurement of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) in brain, liver and plasma samples. On the other hand, the efficiency of astaxanthin to replenish glutathione depletion and antioxidant enzyme activity augmentation in the same samples were also investigated. Results: Astaxanthin was able to lower reserpine induced immobility time significantly (p<0.05) in FST and TST. Mice treated with astaxanthin showed significantly (p<0.05) low level of oxidative stress markers such as Malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric Oxide (NO). Consistently, the level of reduced Glutathione (GSH), and the activity of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and catalase were augmented due to the oral administration of astaxanthin. Conclusion: This study suggests that astaxanthin reduces reserpine-induced oxidative stress and therefore might be effective in treating oxidative stress associated depression.

scholarly journals Regulation of intracellular glutathione levels in erythrocytes infected with chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum

2002 ◽  
Vol 368 (3) ◽  
pp. 761-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svenja MEIERJOHANN ◽  
Rolf D. WALTER ◽  
Sylke MÜLLER
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Differential Susceptibility ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Chloroquine Resistance ◽  
Glutathione Metabolism ◽  
Glutathione Synthesis ◽  
Intracellular Glutathione ◽  
Glutamylcysteine Synthetase

Malaria is one of the most devastating tropical diseases despite the availability of numerous drugs acting against the protozoan parasite Plasmodium in its human host. However, the development of drug resistance renders most of the existing drugs useless. In the malaria parasite the tripeptide glutathione is not only involved in maintaining an adequate intracellular redox environment and protecting the cell against oxidative stress, but it has also been shown that it degrades non-polymerized ferriprotoporphyrin IX (FP IX) and is thus implicated in the development of chloroquine resistance. Glutathione levels in Plasmodium-infected red blood cells are regulated by glutathione synthesis, glutathione reduction and glutathione efflux. Therefore the effects of drugs that interfere with these metabolic processes were studied to establish possible differences in the regulation of the glutathione metabolism of a chloroquine-sensitive and a chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodiumfalciparum. Growth inhibition of P. falciparum 3D7 by d,l-buthionine-(S,R)sulphoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS), and by Methylene Blue (MB), an inhibitor of gluta thione reductase (GR), was significantly more pronounced than inhibition of P.falciparum Dd2 growth by these drugs. These results correlate with the higher levels of total glutathione in P. falciparum Dd2. Short-term incubations of Percoll-enriched trophozoite-infected red blood cells in the presence of BSO, MB and N,N1-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea and subsequent determinations of γ-GCS activities, GR activities and glutathione disulphide efflux revealed that maintenance of intracellular glutathione in P. falciparum Dd2 is mainly dependent on glutathione synthesis whereas in P. falciparum 3D7 it is regulated via GR. Generally, P. falciparum Dd2 appears to be able to sustain its intracellular glutathione more efficiently than P. falciparum 3D7. In agreement with these findings is the differential susceptibility to oxidative stress of both parasite strains elicited by the glucose/glucose oxidase system.

Immunoglobulins as Stress Markers?

1984 ◽  
pp. 681-690
Author(s):  
H. Ursin ◽  
R. Mykletun ◽  
E. Isaksen ◽  
R. Murison ◽  
R. Vaernes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Markers ◽  
As Stress

Glutathione metabolism in heart and liver of the aging rat

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 58-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Stio ◽  
T. Iantomasi ◽  
F. Favilli ◽  
P. Marraccini ◽  
B. Lunghi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rat Heart ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Glutathione Metabolism ◽  
Oxidized Glutathione ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Glutamylcysteine Synthetase ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

A comprehensive study on glutathione metabolism in rat heart and liver as a function of age was performed. In the heart, reduced glutathione, total glutathione, and the glutathione redox index showed a decrease during aging, while oxidized glutathione levels increased in 5-month-old rats with respect to the young animals and remained quite constant in 14- and 27-month-old rats. In the liver, the highest levels of reduced glutathione were found in the 2-month-old rats, while oxidized glutathione reached a peak at 5 months. Glutathione-associated enzymes showed age-related changes. Glutathione peroxidase, unaffected by aging in the heart, decreased in the liver of the 27-month-old rats. In the heart and the liver, the highest values of glutathione S-transferase were found at 5 months and 27 months, respectively. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase followed a similar trend in both heart and liver. Glutathione reductase also showed the same behaviour in heart and in liver, increasing in old rats with respect to the other age groups. A decrease in γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase was found in the heart and liver of 27-month-old rats in comparison with the 2-month-old ones. In conclusion, a decreased antioxidant capability has been demonstrated in both heart and liver of old rats.Key words: glutathione metabolism, age, rat heart, rat liver.

scholarly journals Effect of percutaneous transthoracic lung biopsy on oxidative metabolism in sheep

2012 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreza A. Silva ◽  
Danilo O.L. Ferreira ◽  
Bianca P. Santarosa ◽  
Adriano Dias ◽  
Débora C. Damasceno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Oxidative Metabolism ◽  
Lung Biopsy ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Oxidative Stress Markers ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances ◽  
Total Glutathione ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Stress Markers ◽  
Healthy Sheep

This study aimed to assess the effect of percutaneous transthoracic lung biopsy on the oxidative metabolism of sheep by measuring the oxidative stress markers of superoxide dismutase (SOD), total glutathione (GSH-t), peroxidase (GSH-Px) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the red cells of these animals. Blood samples were collected from 20 clinically healthy sheep prior to, and 30 min after, percutaneous transthoracic lung biopsy. After biopsy, there was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in SOD and GSH-Px activity, with no significant change (p ≥ 0.05) in GSH-t and TBARS concentrations. These results showed that percutaneous transthoracic lung biopsy did not significantly affect the oxidative metabolism of sheep 30 min after the procedure, which may be used widely in this species without causing serious tissue damage.  

Differences in lung glutathione metabolism may account for rodent susceptibility in elastase-induced emphysema development

2009 ◽  
Vol 296 (4) ◽  
pp. R1113-R1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisella R. Borzone ◽  
Leonel F. Liberona ◽  
Andrea P. Bustamante ◽  
Claudia G. Saez ◽  
Pablo R. Olmos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Glutathione Reductase ◽  
Diffuse Alveolar Damage ◽  
Intratracheal Instillation ◽  
Glutathione Metabolism ◽  
Oxidized Glutathione ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Glutamylcysteine Synthetase ◽  
Gsh Metabolism

Syrian Golden hamsters develop more severe emphysema than Sprague-Dawley rats after intratracheal instillation of the same dose of elastase/body weight. Although species variations in antielastase defenses may largely explain these results, other variables, such as differences in lung antioxidants, cannot be overlooked since oxidative stress modulates antiprotease activity. We propose that elastase instillation might affect lung glutathione (GSH) metabolism differently in these species. Our aim was to study in hamsters and rats, lung glutathione metabolism at different times, from the stage of diffuse alveolar damage to advanced emphysema. We measured total and oxidized glutathione content as well as activity and expression of enzymes related to GSH synthesis and redox cycling: γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. Whereas rats showed no significant changes in these measurements, hamsters showed significant derangement in GSH metabolism early after elastase instillation: 25% fall in total GSH ( P < 0.05) with no increase in oxidized glutathione associated with reduced enzyme activities 24 h after elastase [60% for γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase ( P < 0.01), 30% for glutathione peroxidase ( P < 0.01), and 75% for glutathione reductase ( P < 0.001)]. GSH homeostasis was restored at the end of the first week, involving transient increased expression of these enzymes. We conclude that elastase induces significant alterations in GSH metabolism of hamster lungs and no overall change in rat lungs. Although differences in disease severity may account for our findings, the hamster becomes vulnerable to functional inhibition of α1-antitrypsin by oxidants and thus, even more susceptible to injury than it would be, considering only its low α1-antitrypsin level.

gamma-Glutamylcysteine synthetase and GSH increase in quinone-induced oxidative stress in BPAEC

1994 ◽  
Vol 267 (4) ◽  
pp. L414-L421 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Shi ◽  
T. Iwamoto ◽  
H. J. Forman
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Actinomycin D ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Reduced Form ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Total Glutathione ◽  
Mrna Content ◽  
Glutamylcysteine Synthetase ◽  
Rate Limiting

Glutathione (GSH), an important physiological antioxidant, is synthesized de novo by the sequential reactions of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma GCS) and GSH synthetase. In the present studies, incubation with the quinones 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (DMNQ) and menadione (MQ), which generate superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, was used to investigate GSH synthesis in bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells under oxidative stress. MQ can also cause initial depletion of GSH through conjugation, whereas DMNQ cannot. during continuous exposure to DMNQ (5 or 10 microM), elevation of GSH by DMNQ started after 6 h, almost doubled after 24 h, and remained at this level to 48 h. The elevation of GSH by DMNQ was mostly in the reduced form, and the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione remained unchanged for the first 24 h. Treatment with MQ (25 or 50 microM) for 30 min caused a significant decrease in GSH and total glutathione. After changing the medium to remove any residual MQ, GSH content doubled during the next 12 h. The enzymatic activity of gamma GCS, the rate-limiting enzyme of GSH biosynthesis, increased twofold after 12 h of exposure of cells to either 5 microM DMNQ or 50 microM MQ. Both DMNQ and MQ treatment caused concentration- and time-dependent increases in gamma GCS-mRNA expression. The elevation of gamma GCS-mRNA content by DMNQ for 12 h was completely blocked by coincubation with 0.05 microgram/ml actinomycin D but not 0.5 microgram/ml cycloheximide, suggesting the elevation of gamma GCS-mRNA content occurred through increased transcription. Our results suggest that increased de novo GSH synthesis, mediated by an elevation in gamma GCS, constitutes an adaptive response to oxidative stress.

scholarly journals Calcium Mitigates Arsenic Toxicity in Rice Seedlings by Reducing Arsenic Uptake and Modulating the Antioxidant Defense and Glyoxalase Systems and Stress Markers

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anisur Rahman ◽  
Mohammad Golam Mostofa ◽  
Md. Mahabub Alam ◽  
Kamrun Nahar ◽  
Mirza Hasanuzzaman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Calcium Supplementation ◽  
Monodehydroascorbate Reductase ◽  
Rice Seedlings ◽  
Arsenic Uptake ◽  
Glyoxalase Ii ◽  
Stress Markers ◽  
As Stress ◽  
Hydroponically Grown

The effect of exogenous calcium (Ca) on hydroponically grown rice seedlings was studied under arsenic (As) stress by investigating the antioxidant and glyoxalase systems. Fourteen-day-old rice (Oryza sativaL. cv. BRRI dhan29) seedlings were exposed to 0.5 and 1 mM Na2HAsO4alone and in combination with 10 mM CaCl2(Ca) for 5 days. Both levels of As caused growth inhibition, chlorosis, reduced leaf RWC, and increased As accumulation in the rice seedlings. Both doses of As in growth medium induced oxidative stress through overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by disrupting the antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems. Exogenous application of Ca along with both levels of As significantly decreased As accumulation and restored plant growth and water loss. Calcium supplementation in the As-exposed rice seedlings reduced ROS production, increased ascorbate (AsA) content, and increased the activities of monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and the glyoxalase I (Gly I) and glyoxalase II (Gly II) enzymes compared with seedlings exposed to As only. These results suggest that Ca supplementation improves rice seedlings tolerance to As-induced oxidative stress by reducing As uptake, enhancing their antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems, and also improving growth and physiological condition.

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