scholarly journals Microclimate determines community composition but not richness of epiphytic understory bryophytes of rainforest and cacao agroforests in Indonesia

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 171 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Goda Sporn ◽  
Merijn M. Bos ◽  
Monika Hoffstätter-Müncheberg ◽  
Michael Kessler ◽  
S. Robbert Gradstein
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Natural Forest ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Shade Trees ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
High Turnover ◽  
Forest Flora ◽  
Understory Trees

Management intensification in cultivated, tropical forests drives changes in the microclimate that can threaten native forest flora and fauna. In this study, we use epiphytic bryophytes, known to be sensitive to microclimatic changes due to their lack of a protective cuticle and the exposed habitat, to investigate the predictive power of microclimate for changes in species richness and composition. Bryophytes were sampled from understory trees in natural forest and cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) trees in two types of cacao agroforests (natural shade trees and planted shade trees) in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. The microclimate in the agroforests was characterised by low air humidity and high air temperature during the afternoon. Bryophyte species richness did not differ between habitat types but species composition changed markedly from the natural forest to the cacao agroforests. Although no correlation between species richness and microclimate values could be found, a series of matrix-based analyses revealed a significantly positive relationship between similarities in species composition and in maximum values for temperature and minimum values for humidity, which suggests that microclimatic changes are a good predictor for high turnover of bryophyte community composition from natural forests to cacao agroforests.

scholarly journals Native forests but not agroforestry systems preserve arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species richness in southern Ethiopia

Mycorrhiza ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 749-759
Author(s):  
Zerihun Belay ◽  
Mesele Negash ◽  
Janne Kaseva ◽  
Mauritz Vestberg ◽  
Helena Kahiluoto
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Native Forests ◽  
Land Use Types ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The rapid conversion of native forests to farmland in Ethiopia, the cradle of biodiversity, threatens the diversity of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) pivotal to plant nutrition and carbon sequestration. This study aimed to investigate the impact of this land-use change on the AMF species composition and diversity in southern Ethiopia. Soil samples were collected from nine plots in each of three land-use types: native forest, agroforestry, and khat monocropping. The plots of the three land-use types were located adjacent to each other for each of the nine replicates. Three 10 × 10m subplots per plot were sampled. AMF spores were extracted from the soil samples, spore densities were determined, and species composition and diversity were evaluated through morphological analysis. Both spore density and species richness were statistically significantly higher in the native forest than in the agroforestry plots with no clear difference to khat, whereas the true diversity (exponential of Shannon–Wiener diversity index) did not differ among the three land-use types due to high evenness among the species in agroforestry. In total, 37 AMF morphotypes belonging to 12 genera in Glomeromycota were found, dominated by members of the genera Acaulospora and Glomus. The highest isolation frequency index (78%) was recorded for Acaulospora koskei from native forest. Consequently, the agroforestry system did not appear to aid in preserving the AMF species richness of native forests relative to perennial monocropping, such as khat cultivation. In contrast, the native forest areas can serve as in situ genetic reserves of mycorrhizal symbionts adapted to the local vegetative, edaphic, and microbial conditions.

scholarly journals Influence of Land-Use Type on Forest Bird Community Composition in Mount Kenya Forest

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel N. Mahiga ◽  
Paul Webala ◽  
Mugo J. Mware ◽  
Paul K. Ndang’ang’a
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Bird Community ◽  
Natural Forest ◽  
Forest Biodiversity ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Plantation Forest ◽  
Point Counts ◽  
Plantation Forests ◽  
Relative Species Richness

Few studies have explored how human land uses influence and support persistence of forest biodiversity in central Kenya. In the case of the Mount Kenya ecosystem, farmlands and plantation forests are significant land-use types. Using point counts, we assessed bird communities in natural forests, plantation forests, and farmlands in the Nanyuki Forest Block, Western Mount Kenya. Bird point counts were undertaken during two sampling periods (wet and dry season). Compared to farmlands and plantation forest, natural forest had the highest overall avian species richness and relative species richness of all except one forest-dependent foraging guild (granivores) and nonforest species, which occurred frequently only on farmlands. Plantation forest had the lowest relative richness of all avian habitat and foraging guilds. Conversely, specialist forest-dependent species mainly occurred in the structurally complex remnant natural forest. Our study underscores the importance of remnant natural forests for the persistence and conservation of forest biodiversity and risks posed by replacing them with plantation forests and farmlands.

Conservation value of koa (Acacia koa) reforestation areas on Hawaii Island

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Laurie Strommer ◽  
Sheila Conant
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Acacia Koa ◽  
Total Species Richness ◽  
Hawaii Island

Efforts to restore forests for ecological and economic benefit in Hawaii are converging on koa (Acacia koa), an endemic dominant or codominant canopy tree common across broad elevation and moisture gradients. We quantified plant species composition and forest structure in koa reforestation areas (KRAs) and in nearby intact native forest on Hawaii Island. Total species richness and percentage native species richness were lower in the plantation forests than in the intact forests, although species richness in the KRAs at one site was not significantly different from that in intact forest. Tree, sapling, and seedling densities differed between KRAs and forest sites at one site. At another, the native forest and one KRA had similar tree and seedling densities and similar canopy height and percentage canopy cover. Total stand basal area was greatest in the intact forest at both sites, although the basal area for the KRAs at one site exceeded those for intact forest at the other. Koa plantings can be structurally similar to intact forests though species composition differs. Our results suggest that koa forestry can facilitate native understorey development in some cases.

scholarly journals Preliminary data on centipedes (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha and Scutigeromorpha) in Ta Xua natural reserve, Son La Province, Vietnam

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-107
Author(s):  
Tran Thi Thanh Binh ◽  
Nguyen Duc Hung ◽  
Ha Kieu Loan ◽  
Vu Thi Ha
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
New Records ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Natural Forest ◽  
Northwestern Part ◽  
Bamboo Forest ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Natural Reserve ◽  
Study Results

 Study on centipedes was conducted in Muong Thai commune, Ta Xua Natural Reserve, Son La in May and November 2017. Samples were collected in four typical habitats: natural forests, bamboo mixed forests, bamboo forests and agro-residental areas. As a result, a total of 17 species and subspecies in two orders (Scolopendromorpha and Scutigeromorpha) was recorded in that region. Of which, the order Scolopendromorpha has 15 recorded species and subspecies belonging to 7 genera, 3 families (Cryptopidae, Scolopendridae, Scolopocryptopidae). The other order, Scutigeromorpha, has only one species in one family (Scutigeridae). The study results also contributed new records of 13 species in 7 genera to the centipede fauna of the northwestern part of Vietnam, and 1 genus, Thereuonema, to the Vietnamese fauna.Among four habitats, natural and bamboo forests have highest similarity on species composition, but agro-residental area and bamboo forest have lowest value on species composition. The diversity index (H’) is highest in bamboo forests (2,98), decreases in mixed forest (2,31), natural forest (1,67) and agro-residental area (0,74). In contrast, centipede density is highest in natural forest (0,60 ind./m2), reduces in bamboo forest (0,47 ind./m2) and mixed forest (0,20 ind./m2).

scholarly journals Does the surrounding vegetation influence the fruit fly assemblage in guava orchards?

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kátia da Cruz Vargas ◽  
Alfredo Raúl Abot ◽  
Victor Ribeiro Acosta ◽  
Marcos Henrique Frech Telles ◽  
José Nicácio Do Nascimento ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Corn Protein ◽  
Mato Grosso Do Sul

This study aimed to evaluate how the surrounding vegetation affects the assemblage of fruit flies. For this, flies were collected in guava orchards with distinct types of surrounding vegetation (exotic pasture, native forest and fruit tree intercropping). The experiment was conducted in Itaporã and Dourados, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Weekly samples were collected from March to April 2015. McPhail traps were baited with 5% hydrolyzed corn protein. Species richness, diversity index and abundance were evaluated for each orchard, as well as the species composition of fruit fly between the environments surrounding the orchard and, finally, the sex ratio. A total of 579 individuals were collected of the species Anastrepha fraterculus, A. montei, A. obliqua, A. sororcula, A. striata, A. turpiniae and A. zenildae. The orchard surrounded by native forest had the highest species richness and Shannon diversity. The species composition differed between environments, with the formation of three distinct groups. The environment surrounding the guava orchard influences the richness, diversity, abundance and sex ratio of fruit flies, indicating that the native forest may provide more resources for the maintenance of these insects.

scholarly journals Komposisi Jenis dan Populasi Burung Cendrawasih di Kampung Malagufuk Distrik Klayili Kabupaten Sorong Provinsi Papua Barat

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-162
Author(s):  
MAYA PATTIWAEL ◽  
AMATUS TUROT
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Line Length ◽  
Natural Forest ◽  
Line Transect ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Diverse Species ◽  
West Papua ◽  
Line Transect Method ◽  
Papua Barat

One of the animals that are easy to find is a bird. Based on data about the increase in the number of bird species, it can be ascertained that these animals can be found in every region in Indonesia, with diverse species and even species that are endemic to a certain area. West Papua is one of the regions in Indonesia which is rich in various species of birds, including Cendrawasih which can also be found in the Natural Forest of Malagufuk Village, Klayili District, Sorong Regency. Based on information from the surrounding community, several types of Cendrawasih are often seen in the natural forests of Malagufuk Village, but their diversity and population are not known with certainty. This study aims to determine the diversity of species and population of Cendrawasih birds in the natural forest of Malagufuk Village, Klayili District, Sorong Regency, West Papua. Thus, the results of this study are expected to be a source of data in the context of preserving and protecting the existing Cendrawasih species. Data collection on the species composition and population of Cendrawasih was carried out using the Line Transect method by making 10 observation lines with a line length of 500 m each and a distance between lines of 100 m. The results showed that there were found 3 spesies of Cendrawasih with estimated populations and densities as follows: Cendrawasih Kuning Kecil (Paradisaea minor) had an estimated population of 7.48 individuals with a density of 2.93 individuals / ha; Cendrawasih Raja (Cicinnurus regius) has an estimated population of 5 individuals with a density of 1.67 individuals / ha; and Toowa Cemerlang (Ptiloris magnificus) had an estimated population of 2.22 individuals with a density of 0.74 individuals / ha. When the research was carried out, it was seen that the three types of Cendrawasih used several types of trees as places for activities (playing or dancing), namely Matoa (Pometia coreacea), Merbau (Intsia bijuga), Damar (Agathis dammara). Beringin (Ficus benjamina), and Pala hutan (Myristica sp) with tree heights above 20 m.

Effects of rubber cultivation on biodiversity in the Mekong Region.

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (044) ◽  
Author(s):  
He Pia He Pia
Keyword(s):  
Species Conservation ◽  
Natural Forest ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Suitable Habitat ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Rubber Plantations ◽  
Mekong Region

Abstract In the Mekong Region, the expansion of rubber plantations is a major threat to the remaining natural forests and has led to a considerable degradation of biodiversity. The shift from traditional agriculture to rubber cultivation additionally reduced landscape and agricultural system diversity and with this, the availability of potentially useful habitat types for species originating from natural forest. In most cases, monoculture rubber plantations showed to harbour less than half of the species richness in various plant and animal groups compared with natural forest, and often it was found or being assumed that many of these species are unable to exist permanently in rubber plantations. There is clear evidence that the existence natural forest area is essential for the conservation of large portions of native forest species in rubber-dominated landscapes. Alteration of rubber monoculture land use can only contribute effectively to species conservation if natural forest plots remain. Furthermore, suggested restoration concepts such as the conversion of rubber plantations into forest on marginal sites and land-sharing approaches are currently only vaguely described, and their contribution to the conservation of native forest species remains uncertain. In addition, modalities of stakeholder involvement, economic compensation and ecologically reasonable implementation of such measures are still unexplained. As an ecologically reasonable and economically feasible method to improve species diversity in rubber monoculture plantations, we suggest the promotion of natural undergrowth vegetation to enlarge suitable habitat structures in connection with natural forest. This can be reached through the cease of weeding and herbicide application and potentially through the cultivation of useful wild plants.

Soil-litter ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) community response to reforested lands of Gishwati tropical montane forest, northern-western part of Rwanda

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Venuste Nsengimana ◽  
Wouter Dekoninck
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Montane Forest ◽  
Tropical Montane Forest ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Degraded Lands ◽  
Exotic Tree

Abstract Recently, human activities have impacted biodiversity-rich forest in western Rwanda, creating a need to enhance restoration activities of degraded lands in the region. To evaluate the effects of reforestation activities on the community composition of soil-litter ants, research was conducted in Gishwati tropical montane forest, located in northern-western part of Rwanda. The ant fauna was studied in reforested lands dominated by regenerated native species and exotic tree species. Further, a primary forest made of native trees served as a reference. In each forest type, nine sampling points were used to sample ants. Ant specimens were collected using pitfalls, hand sampling and Winkler extractor. They were identified to subfamilies, genus and species levels using dichotomous keys, and also statistically analysed for species richness, diversity, evenness and community composition. We collected a total of 2,481 individuals from 5 subfamilies, 18 genera and 35 species. Higher abundance, diversity and species richness were found in soil-litter under natural primary and secondary forests dominated by regenerated native plant species compared to exotic tree forest. The ant community composition analysis indicated higher similarities in ant species sampled under primary native forest and secondary forest dominated by regenerated native species. Reforestation by regenerating native species may be given priority in restoration of degraded lands due to their importance in species richness and species diversity.

scholarly journals Ephemeroptera (Mayflies) Assemblages and Environmental Variation along Three Streams Located in the Dry-Hot Valleys of Baima Snow Mountain, Yunnan, Southwest China

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 775
Author(s):  
Muhammad Farooq ◽  
Xianfu Li ◽  
Lu Tan ◽  
Davide Fornacca ◽  
Yanpeng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Environmental Variation ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Elevation Gradients ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
The Impact

Mountain freshwater ecosystems are threatened all over the world by a range of human-induced stresses, ensuing in a rapid loss of habitats and species diversity. Many macroinvertebrates are reactive to habitat disturbance, and mayflies (Ephemeroptera) are amongst the most sensitive groups. Despite they are susceptible to environmental deviation, knowledge concerning their species richness and diversity is still unknown in remote areas. The objectives of this study were to (1) investigate the mayfly species assemblage and community composition along different mountain streams and assess potential differences, and (2) identify the environmental variation and its influence on the structure of mayfly communities within such freshwater systems. We collected biological and environmental data from 35 sites situated along elevation gradients in the Baima Snow Mountain, northwest Yunnan, China. Multivariate analyses were performed on the environmental variables and the mayfly species composition, as well as on richness and diversity indices. We found that the community composition of mayflies was different across all three watercourses. Among the 18 Ephemeroptera taxa identified, Baetis sp. and Baetiella marginata were highly dominant, accounting for over 50% of the dissimilarity of each stream. In terms of species assemblages, almost all sites in the Yeri stream hosted good-quality habitats for several mayfly species, as reflected by the highest species richness. The Benzilan stream followed, whereas the Sharong stream showed relatively low mayfly assemblage. This variation was explained by the high environmental heterogeneity between the three watercourses. In particular, the RDA model revealed that among the different environmental factors analyzed, altitude, conductivity, total dissolved solids, water temperature, dissolved silicon, and pH explained most of the variation in species composition. Moreover, the altitude alone explained 17.74% of the variation, and in-depth analysis confirmed its significant effect on diversity indices. Further research should focus on evaluating the scale of threats to this important group of insects in the mountain freshwater ecosystem, particularly the impact of human-induced disturbances such as land use/landcover alterations.

scholarly journals Comparison of humus form state in the beech and spruce parts of the Žákova hora National Nature Reserve

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 29-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Podrázský
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Natural Forest ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Tree Species Composition ◽  
Humus Forms ◽  
National Nature Reserve

The paper summarises main ideas concerning the structure of natural forest ecosystems at middle altitudes and documents the changes of humus forms and their chemistry in the natural forest of Žákova hora National Nature Reserve, in typical selected parts with different tree species composition: European beech – Norway spruce. The species composition, age and spatial structure are discussed and analysis of the uppermost soil layer is done in particular parts of the natural forest regeneration cycle, of different stages respectively. We compared the amount and layer composition of surface humus and basic pedochemical characteristics of holorganic and upper mineral horizons. The results document changes in the character of humus forms as a consequence of the tree species change. On the contrary, a high portion of uncertainty as for the species, age and spatial structure follows from discussion about the structure of natural forests at middle altitudes.

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