High floral bud abscission and lack of open flower abscission in Dendrobium cv. Miss Teen: rapid reduction of ethylene sensitivity in the abscission zone

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanokpon Bunya-atichart ◽  
Saichol Ketsa ◽  
Wouter G. van Doorn
Keyword(s):  
Abscission Zone ◽  
Flower Opening ◽  
Open Flower ◽  
Rapid Reduction ◽  
Ethylene Sensitivity ◽  
Floral Buds ◽  
Endogenous Ethylene ◽  
Ethylene Insensitivity ◽  
Floral Bud ◽  
Flower Abscission

We studied the abscission of floral buds and open flowers in cut Dendrobium inflorescences. Abscission of floral buds was high and sensitive to ethylene in all cultivars studied. Many open flowers abscised in most cultivars, but cv. Willie exhibited only small amount of floral fall and cv. Miss Teen none. Applied ethylene (0.4 μL L–1 for 24 h at 27°C) greatly hastened abscission of open flowers in most cultivars, but had only a small effect in cv. Willie and no effect in cv. Miss Teen. Flower fall, if it occurred, was completely inhibited by 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), showing that it was regulated by endogenous ethylene. Ethylene production from the abscission zones was low in all cultivars studied. In cv. Miss Teen the abscission zone changed from highly ethylene sensitive to completely insensitive in ~30 h, coinciding with floral opening. Removal of the floral buds somewhat reduced abscission in open flowers, but the lack of open flower abscission in cv. Miss Teen could not be explained by higher bud fall. The ovary did not grow in the (unpollinated) flowers, showing that lack of abscission in cvv. Willie and Miss Teen was not due to parthenocarpy. Flower removal in cv. Miss Teen had no effect on ethylene sensitivity of the abscission of the remaining pedicel. However, removal of the distal 2 cm of the 3-cm-long pedicels dramatically increased ethylene sensitivity. This suggests that the pedicel is important for the low ethylene insensitivity of abscission, in this cultivar. It is concluded that the abscission zones in the cvv. Willie and Miss Teen, in contrast with the other cultivars investigated, became rapidly insensitive to ethylene at the time of flower opening. At least part of the ethylene sensitivity in Miss Teen seems to be due to a factor in the pedicel.

Endogenous auxin regulates the sensitivity of Dendrobium (cv. Miss Teen) flower pedicel abscission to ethylene

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karnchana Rungruchkanont ◽  
Saichol Ketsa ◽  
Orawan Chatchawankanphanich ◽  
Wouter G. van Doorn
Keyword(s):  
Abscission Zone ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Stalk ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Ethylene Sensitivity ◽  
Floral Buds ◽  
Ethylene Removal ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Floral Bud ◽  
Flower Abscission

Dendrobium flower buds and flowers have an abscission zone at the base of the pedicel (flower stalk). Ethylene treatment of cv. Miss Teen inflorescences induced high rates of abscission in flower buds but did not affect abscission once the flowers had opened. It is not known if auxin is a regulator of the abscission of floral buds and open flowers. The hypotheses that auxin is such a regulator and is responsible for the decrease in ethylene sensitivity were tested. Severed inflorescences bearing 4–8 floral buds and 4–6 open flowers were used in all tests. The auxin antagonists 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA, an inhibitor of auxin transport) or 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-methyl propionic acid (CMPA, an inhibitor of auxin action) were applied to the stigma of open flowers. Both chemicals induced high flower abscission rates, even if the inflorescences were not treated with ethylene. The effects of these auxin antagonists virtually disappeared when the inflorescences were treated with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), indicating that the abscission induced by the auxin antagonists was due to ethylene. Removal of the open flowers at the distal end of the pedicel hastened the time to abscission of the remaining pedicel, and also resulted in an increase in ethylene sensitivity. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in lanolin, placed on the cut surface of the pedicel, replaced the effect of the removed flower. Treatments that promoted abscission of open flowers up-regulated a gene encoding a β-1,4-glucanase (Den-Cel1) in the abscission zone (AZ). The abundance of Den-Cel1 mRNA was highly correlated with β-1,4-glucanase activity in the AZ. The results show that auxin is an endogenous regulator of floral bud and flower abscission and suggest that auxin might explain, at least partially, why pedicel abscission of Dendrobium cv. Miss Teen changes from very ethylene-sensitive to ethylene-insensitive.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Dynamics of Floral Organs Approaching Blooming in the Flowering Cherry (Cerasus × yedoensis) Cultivar 'Somei-Yoshino'

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenta Shirasawa ◽  
Tomoya Esumi ◽  
Akihiro Itai ◽  
Sachiko Isobe
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Gene Transcript ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Flower Opening ◽  
Open Flower ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Floral Buds ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Flowering Cherry

To gain insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying blooming and petal movement in flowering cherry (Cerasus × yedoensis), we performed time-course RNA-seq analysis of the floral buds and open-flowers of the most popular flowering cherry cultivar, 'Somei-Yoshino'. Independent biological duplicate samples of floral buds and open-flowers were collected from 'Somei-Yoshino' trees grown at three different locations in Japan. RNA-seq reads obtained from floral bud and open-flower samples collected in the current study (in 2019) and in a previous study (in 2017) were aligned against the genome sequence of 'Somei-Yoshino' to quantify gene transcript levels. Clustering analysis of RNA-seq reads revealed dynamic changes in the transcriptome, with genes in seven modules predominantly expressed at specific time points, ranging from 5 weeks before flowering to 2 weeks after flowering. Based on the identified gene modules and Gene Ontology (GO) terms enriched at different floral stages, we speculate that the genetic mechanisms underlying petal movement and flower opening in cherry involve the processes of development, cell wall organization, reproduction, and metabolism, which are executed by genes encoding transcription factors, phytohormones, transporters, and polysaccharide metabolic enzymes. Furthermore, we propose a method for cherry bloom forecasting, based on gene expression levels at different time points before flowering as RNA markers.

scholarly journals Ethylene and 1-methylcyclopropene action over senescence of nasturtium flowers

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tania P Silva ◽  
Fernando L Finger
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Flower Senescence ◽  
Premature Senescence ◽  
Flower Opening ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
The Third ◽  
Exogenous Ethylene ◽  
Floral Bud

ABSTRACT: This work describes ethylene and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) action on post-harvest shelf life of four development stages of nasturtium flowers. To reach this goal, we carried out three experiments. In the first and second experiments, we studied five ethylene (0; 0.1; 1; 10; 100 and 1000 μL/L) and three 1-MCP concentrations (0.25; 0.5 and 0.75 μL/L), respectively. In the third experiment, 1-MCP was followed by combined with ethylene (only 1-MCP; only ethylene; and 24 hours of exposure to 0.75 μL/L 1-MCP followed by 24 hours of exposure to 100 μL/L ethylene). All experiments had two control treatments, one keeping non-exposed flowers inside and another outside exposure chambers. Experiments were set in factorial design, in complete blocks at random, with four 10-flower replications each. Flower senescence was determined by a pre-established visual scale and by observing floral bud development. Ethylene dose above 10 μL/L induced flower wilting and premature senescence from the second floral development stage. Furthermore, higher concentrations of exogenous ethylene promoted irregular flower opening and/or morphological abnormalities in opened flowers. 1-MCP effectively extended post-harvest longevity of nasturtium flowers, independent of the concentration and even in the presence of exogenous ethylene.

Chlorsulfuron Induction of Leaf Abscission in Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry H. Hageman ◽  
Richard Behrens
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Abutilon Theophrasti ◽  
Abscission Zone ◽  
Leaf Abscission ◽  
Butenoic Acid ◽  
Endogenous Ethylene

In velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic. ♯3ABUTH), accelerated leaf abscission was a conspicuous response following foliar chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide} treatment at 35 g ai/ha. Leaf abscission of treated plants was decreased by AVG [L-2-amino-4-(2-aminoethoxy)-trans-3-butenoic acid], an inhibitor of endogenous ethylene production. Chlorsulfuron stimulated ethylene production in the abscission zone and leaves of treated plants and also increased cellulase activity in the abscission zone. Accelerated leaf abscission of velvetleaf following chlorsulfuron application appears to result from chlorsulfuron-induced increases in endogenous ethylene production and cellulase activity.

Characters and origin of vessels with heterogenous structure in leaf and flower abscission zones

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP André ◽  
A M Catesson ◽  
M Liberman
Keyword(s):  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Abscission Zone ◽  
Leaf Abscission ◽  
Cell Maturation ◽  
Casting Method ◽  
Plant Organs ◽  
Flower Abscission

The lifetime of many plant organs does not exceed a few weeks or a few months. These organs separate from the plant at the level of specialized abscission zones. The observation of xylem vasculature in abscission zones, a largely neglected subject, revealed original features when a vessel casting method was used. In all species of dicotyledons examined so far, flower and leaf abscission zones possessed heterogenous metaxylem vessels adjoining protoxylem and secondary xylem vessels with homogenous patterns of lignified thickenings. Heterogenous metaxylem vessel thickenings were helical, reticulate, or scalariform elements when in the abscission zone and pitted elements on the proximal and the distal sides. The origin and possible role of these vessels are considered. Data obtained on the flower abscission zone of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) suggest that formation of heterogenous vessels results from localized changes in the rhythm of cell differentiation and cell maturation inside the procambium-cambium continuum.Key words: abscission zone, cambium, differentiation, heterogenous vessels, procambium, vessel cast.

scholarly journals EPIP-Evoked Modifications of Redox, Lipid, and Pectin Homeostasis in the Abscission Zone of Lupine Flowers

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 3001
Author(s):  
Emilia Wilmowicz ◽  
Agata Kućko ◽  
Wojciech Pokora ◽  
Małgorzata Kapusta ◽  
Katarzyna Jasieniecka-Gazarkiewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Abscission Zone ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Related Research ◽  
Flower Abortion ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Acyl Lipids ◽  
Flower Abscission

Yellow lupine is a great model for abscission-related research given that excessive flower abortion reduces its yield. It has been previously shown that the EPIP peptide, a fragment of LlIDL (INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION) amino-acid sequence, is a sufficient molecule to induce flower abortion, however, the question remains: What are the exact changes evoked by this peptide locally in abscission zone (AZ) cells? Therefore, we used EPIP peptide to monitor specific modifications accompanied by early steps of flower abscission directly in the AZ. EPIP stimulates the downstream elements of the pathway—HAESA and MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE6 and induces cellular symptoms indicating AZ activation. The EPIP treatment disrupts redox homeostasis, involving the accumulation of H2O2 and upregulation of the enzymatic antioxidant system including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase. A weakening of the cell wall structure in response to EPIP is reflected by pectin demethylation, while a changing pattern of fatty acids and acyl lipids composition suggests a modification of lipid metabolism. Notably, the formation of a signaling molecule—phosphatidic acid is induced locally in EPIP-treated AZ. Collectively, all these changes indicate the switching of several metabolic and signaling pathways directly in the AZ in response to EPIP, which inevitably leads to flower abscission.

scholarly journals Seed development of arrowleaf, balansa, gland and Persian clover

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Nori ◽  
D.P. Monks ◽  
D.J. Moot
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Colour Change ◽  
Open Flower ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Persian Clover ◽  
Harvest Maturity ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Floral Bud ◽  
Trifolium Vesiculosum ◽  
Lincoln University

The development process from floral bud formation to seed maturity of four top flowering annual clovers was quantified from a field experiment across 10 sowing dates at Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand. For each species, a numeric reproductive scale was created as a field guide to document morphological changes as the bud progresses through reproductive development. The duration from bud visible to open flower was 341 °C days for 'Cefalu' arrowleaf, 215 °C days for 'Bolta' balansa, 196 °C days for 'Prima' gland and 186 °C days for 'Mihi' Persian clover. The inflorescence then required a further 274-689 °C days, 185 °C days , 256 °C days and 425 °C days for each respective species to reach physiological maturity. This was indicated when 50% of seeds had turned red/brown for 'Cefalu' arrowleaf, 100% pods turned yellow for 'Bolta' balansa, 100% of seeds were yellow and hard for 'Prima' gland, and pods turned brown with the first sign of colour change in seeds for 'Mihi' Persian clover. These results can be used to facilitate on farm decision making in relation to grazing management or seed set for subsequent regeneration. Keywords: floral development chart, harvest maturity, peak flowering, pollination, seed filling, thermal time, Trifolium vesiculosum, T. michelianum, T. glanduliferum, T. resupinatum

scholarly journals Evaluating Ethylene Sensitivity within the Family Solanaceae at Different Developmental Stages

HortScience ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 628-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nichole F. Edelman ◽  
Michelle L. Jones
Keyword(s):  
High Response ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Mature Plant ◽  
Flower Senescence ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Hypocotyl Length ◽  
Ethylene Sensitivity ◽  
The Family ◽  
Plant Stage ◽  
Flower Abscission

The family Solanaceae, which includes both important crop and ornamental species, is generally considered to have high sensitivity to ethylene. Our objectives were to evaluate ethylene sensitivity between accessions with the family Solanaceae and to determine whether similar sensitivity was observed in seedlings and mature plants. For the seedling evaluations, seeds were germinated and grown in the dark on filter paper saturated with 0 or 100 μM 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC; the immediate precursor to ethylene). The relative hypocotyl length at 100 μM ACC was compared with untreated control (0 μM) seedlings. Mature plants were treated with 0 or 10 μL·L−1 ethylene in the dark for 24 hours. Ethylene responses including flower abscission, flower senescence, and epinasty were observed and quantified. Seedlings and mature plants were classified as having no response, low, medium, or high ethylene sensitivity based on the severity of the ethylene responses observed. Sensitivity differences were observed among seedling, juvenile, and mature plants, and a range of ethylene responses and symptom severity was observed between accessions within a species. The majority of the accessions were classified as medium or high ethylene sensitivity at both the seedling and mature plant stages. Solanum melongena ‘Black Beauty’ (eggplant) had a low response to ethylene at the seedling stage and a high response at the mature plant stage, whereas Petunia ×hybrida ‘Daddy Orchid’ had a high response at the seedling stage and a low response at the mature plant stage. Peppers (Capsicum annum), tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum), and tomatillos (Physalis ixocarpa) exhibited both floral and vegetative symptoms of ethylene damage, whereas calibrachoas (Calibrachoa ×hybrida), eggplants, nicotianas, and petunias exhibited only floral symptoms. The most common floral response to ethylene treatment was flower abscission, which was observed in almost all of the Solanum, Capsicum, and Nicotiana accessions. We consistently observed ethylene-induced epinasty in the genus Capsicum and in all of the Solanum except eggplant. Our results indicated that developmental stage influenced ethylene sensitivity, and there was not a consistent correlation between seedling and mature plant responses within the Solanaceae accessions that we evaluated.

scholarly journals 479 Pulsing and Packing Methods to Reduce Flower Opening of Cut Lilies during Long-distance and Ambient-temperature Transport

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 527E-527
Author(s):  
Young-Sang Lee ◽  
Yong-Sun Lee ◽  
Chang-Sung Kang
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Time Delay ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Flower Opening ◽  
Open Flower ◽  
Floral Longevity ◽  
Grapefruit Seed Extract

The cut Lilium oriental hybrid `Casablanca' was pulsed with chitosan (MW = 5000–10,000), grapefruit seed extract (GFSE), GA, and sucrose and enclosed with a polyethylene (PE) film of different perforations before packing into a cardboard box. Simulated transport (ST) was conducted by storing plants at 22 °C for 3 days, and the flower opening and weight loss during ST as well as post-ST floral longevity were evaluated. Pulsing with 600 ppm chitosan effectively reduced open flower percentage and weight loss during ST by 6.5% and 36%, respectively. The same concentration of chitosan, however, slightly decreased post-ST floral longevity. Adding 8% sucrose and 100 ppm GA enhanced chitosan effects. In contrast to chitosan, 500 ppm GFSE increased flower opening during ST. Enclosing plants with perforated PE film significantly reduced weight loss during ST, but increased flower opening although no ethylene accumulation over 0.08 ppm was detected in enclosed atmosphere. The opening of flowers during ST also increased in proportion to the time delay between harvest and pulsing.

scholarly journals Rootstock Effects on the Flowering of `Delicious' Apple. I. Bud Development

1995 ◽  
Vol 120 (6) ◽  
pp. 1010-1017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M Hirst ◽  
David C Ferree
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Flower Formation ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Floral Buds ◽  
One Year ◽  
Floral Bud ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

Floral development was studied in buds of `Starkspur Supreme Delicious' apple trees growing on B.9, M.26 EMLA, M.7 EMLA, P.18, and seedling rootstocks. In each of 3 years, buds were sampled from the previous years growth at intervals throughout the growing season and dissected to determine whether the apex was domed, indicating the start of floral development. Number of bud scales and true leaves increased during the early part of the growing season, but remained fairly constant beyond 70 days after full bloom. The type of rootstock did not affect the number of bud scales or transition leaves, and effects on true leaf numbers were small and inconsistent. Final bract number per floral bud was similarly unaffected by rootstock. The proportion of buds in which flowers were formed was influenced by rootstock in only one year of the study, which was characterized by high temperatures and low rainfall over the period of flower formation. Bracts were observed only in floral buds, and became visible after doming of bud apices had occurred. Flowers were formed during the first 20 days in August, regardless of rootstock or year. The appendage number of vegetative buds was constant from 70 days after full bloom until the end of the growing season, but the number of appendages in floral buds increased due to the continued production of bracts. The critical bud appendage number for `Starkspur Supreme Delicious' before flower formation was 20, and was stable among rootstocks and years. Buds with diameters above 3.1 mm were generally floral, but on this basis only 65% of buds could be correctly classified. Spur leaf number, spur leaf area, and spur leaf dry weight were not good predictors of floral formation within the spur bud.

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