Glutathione S-transferase and aluminum toxicity in maize

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geraldo M. A. Cançado ◽  
Vicente E. De Rosa ◽  
Jorge H. Fernandez ◽  
Lyza G. Maron ◽  
Renato A. Jorge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polypeptide Chain ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Mrna Differential Display ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Maize Genome ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Maize Gene

Aluminum (Al) toxicity induces changes in the expression of several genes, some of which are involved in plant responses to oxidative stress. Using mRNA differential display, we identified a maize Al-inducible cDNA encoding a glutathione S-transferase (GST). The gene was named GST27.2 owing to its homology to the maize gene GST27, which is known to be induced by xenobiotics. GST27.2 is present in the maize genome as a single copy and analysis of its expression pattern revealed that the gene is expressed mainly in the root tip. Expression was up-regulated in response to various Al and Cd concentrations in both Al-tolerant and Al-sensitive maize lines. Consistent with its role in plants, phylogenetic analysis of theta-type GSTs revealed that GST27.2 belongs to a group of proteins that respond to different stresses. Finally, structural analysis of the polypeptide chain indicates that the two amino acids that differ between GST27.2 and GST27 (E102K and P123L) could be responsible for alterations in activity and / or specificity. Together, these results suggest that GST27.2 may play an important part in plant defenses against Al toxicity.

scholarly journals Investigating the Type of Gene Action Conditioning Tolerance to Aluminum (Al) Toxicity in Tropical Maize

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Victoria Ndeke ◽  
Langa Tembo
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Gene Action ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Tropical Maize ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Small Scale Farmers

Maize is a third important cereal crop in the world after wheat and rice. In Zambia, it is an important staple crop. Its production is however hampered by both biotic and abiotic factors. Among the abiotic factors, Aluminum (Al) toxicity causes high yield losses and is directly linked to acidic soils. Application of lime can ameliorate this problem, but it is expensive for small scale farmers. Developing maize varieties that are tolerant to Al toxicity is cheaper and feasible for small scale farmers. The purpose of this research was to investigate the type of gene action conditioning tolerance to aluminum toxicity in tropical maize.  Eleven inbred lines were mated in an 8 male (4 moderately tolerant and 4 susceptible) x 3 female (resistant) North Carolina Design II. Results revealed that general combining ability (GCA) effects due to both males and females were highly significant (P≤ 0.001) for root biomass. The shoot length GCA effects due to both male and female respectively were significant (P≤ 0.01). Similarly, the GCA effects due to females and males for root length were significant, P≤ 0.01 and P≤ 0.05 respectively. The genotype CML 511 had the most desirable significant GCA effect value (1.40) for root length among the male lines while CML 538 had the most desirable significant GCA effect value (0.92) among the female lines. The baker’s ratio for root length was found to be 0.49 implying that both additive and non-additive gene action were important in conditioning aluminum toxicity tolerance in tropical maize.

Chromosomal location and expression of a herbicide safener-regulated glutathione S-transferase gene in Triticum aestivum and linkage relations in Hordeum vulgare

Genome ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 368-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean E Riechers ◽  
Andris Kleinhofs ◽  
Gerard P Irzyk ◽  
Stephen S Jones
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Chromosomal Location ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Rflp Marker ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Triticum Tauschii ◽  
Herbicide Safener ◽  
Mrna Transcripts ◽  
Copy Gene

The chomosomal location of a glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene was determined in both hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare). The GST cDNA used to map the gene was cloned from the diploid wheat Triticum tauschii. GST loci were located on the short arms of chromosomes 6A, 6B, and 6D in T. aestivum and also on the short arm of chromosome 6H in H. vulgare. The GST locus in barley was absolutely linked to the RFLP marker E148A and was located 0.8 cM proximal to the RFLP marker ABC169B on barley chromosome 6H. At least two copies of the GST gene were present in each of the T. aestivum A, B, and D genomes, and a homologous GST gene was present as a single-copy gene in the barley genome. GST mRNA transcripts were not detected in RNA isolated from shoots of control (unsafened) seedlings of T. tauschii or T. aestivum. It was determined that the expression of the GST gene was regulated by herbicide safener treatment in T. tauschii and T. aestivum by detecting safener-increased GST mRNA transcript levels.Key words: Triticum aestivum, Triticum tauschii, Hordeum vulgare, herbicide safener, glutathione S-transferase, genetic mapping.

scholarly journals Importance of Mineral Nutrition for Mitigating Aluminum Toxicity in Plants on Acidic Soils: Current Status and Opportunities

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 3073 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Rahman ◽  
Sang-Hoon Lee ◽  
Hee Ji ◽  
Ahmad Kabir ◽  
Chris Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Mineral Nutrition ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Acidic Soils

Aluminum (Al) toxicity is one of the major limitations that inhibit plant growth and development in acidic soils. In acidic soils (pH < 5.0), phototoxic-aluminum (Al3+) rapidly inhibits root growth, and subsequently affects water and nutrient uptake in plants. This review updates the existing knowledge concerning the role of mineral nutrition for alleviating Al toxicity in plants to acid soils. Here, we explored phosphorus (P) is more beneficial in plants under P-deficient, and Al toxic conditions. Exogenous P addition increased root respiration, plant growth, chlorophyll content, and dry matter yield. Calcium (Ca) amendment (liming) is effective for correcting soil acidity, and for alleviating Al toxicity. Magnesium (Mg) is able to prevent Al migration through the cytosolic plasma membrane in root tips. Sulfur (S) is recognized as a versatile element that alleviates several metals toxicity including Al. Moreover, silicon (Si), and other components such as industrial byproducts, hormones, organic acids, polyamines, biofertilizers, and biochars played promising roles for mitigating Al toxicity in plants. Furthermore, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of several new methods and low-cost effective strategies relevant to the exogenous application of mineral nutrition on Al toxicity mitigation. This information would be effective for further improvement of crop plants in acid soils.

scholarly journals Response of Common Bean Cultivars and Lines to Aluminum Toxicity

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 296
Author(s):  
José dos Santos Neto ◽  
Jessica Delfini ◽  
Tiago Willian Silva ◽  
Anderson Akihide Hirose ◽  
João Marcos Novais ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Early Identification ◽  
Cell Expansion ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Common

The soils in the common bean-producing regions (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) of Brazil are usually acid and conta\y66\yin toxic levels of aluminum (Al) for plants. This ion causes yield losses by inhibiting root cell expansion, thus reducing water and nutrient uptake. This study investigates the optimal Al concentration for the screening of genotypes in hydroponics cultivation and tries to identify cultivars and lines for cultivation in Al-toxic soils. The study consisted of two series of experiments. In the first one, four cultivars were evaluated at five Al concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 ppm) and in the second, four independent tests were carried out (1-carioca, 2-black, 3-red, and 4-white), each with seven genotypes and two Al concentrations (0 and 4 ppm). The optimized concentration of Al in the first stage was 4 ppm, which allowed the early identification of genotypes with less affected development under Al toxicity in the second stage. The common bean cultivars IPR Quero-Quero (carioca group), BRS Esplendor (black group), KID 44 (red group), and WLine 5 (white group) may be indicated for cultivation under Al toxicity.

scholarly journals Structural and functional analysis of a glutathione S-transferase from Ascaris suum

1997 ◽  
Vol 324 (2) ◽  
pp. 659-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva LIEBAU ◽  
Volker H. O. ECKELT ◽  
Gabriele WILDENBURG ◽  
Paul TEESDALE-SPITTLE ◽  
Peter M. BROPHY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Activity ◽  
Ascaris Suum ◽  
Homology Modelling ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Polyclonal Antiserum ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence Analysis ◽  
Flanking Sequence ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Secondary Products

A recombinant glutathione S-transferase (GST) (EC 2.5.1.18) from the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum(AsGST1) displays specific activity with a variety of model substrates and secondary products of lipid peroxidation. The AsGST1 interacts with a range of model inhibitors, haematin-related compounds, bile acids and anthelminthics. The reported variations in biochemical activity correlate with structural differences observed by homology modelling. Here, differences in the topography of the proposed substrate binding site between the AsGST1 and the host GSTs were identified. A rabbit polyclonal antiserum was raised against the glutathione-binding proteins ofA. suum and specific antibodies against AsGST1 were affinity-purified using the recombinant protein. These antibodies were used to localize the AsGST1 in adult worms by immunohistochemical staining. The strongest immunostaining for AsGST1 was localized in the intestine in all worms examined. This suggests that the enzyme may be responsible for the metabolism of materials that are incorporated from the environment, as well as for molecules that are excreted or secreted from the parasite to the environment. It also demonstrates the accessibility of the enzyme to an inhibitor or blocking antibody. In addition, the structure and sequence of the gene encoding AsGST1 have been determined. Southern-blot analyses of the AsGST1 gene suggests that it is a single-copy gene. The nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the gene is composed of four exons and three introns, and potential regulatory elements were identified in the 5′ flanking sequence.

A glutathione S-transferase involved in vacuolar transfer encoded by the maize gene Bronze-2

Nature ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 375 (6530) ◽  
pp. 397-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen A. Marrs ◽  
Mark R. Alfenito ◽  
Alan M. Lloyd ◽  
Virginia Walbot
Keyword(s):  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Maize Gene

scholarly journals Metabolic activities of eight oil palm progenies grown under aluminum toxicity

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eka Tarwaca Susila Putra ◽  
Benito Heru Purwanto ◽  
Cahyo Wulandari ◽  
Taufan Alam
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Stunted Growth ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Metabolic Activities ◽  
Low Activity ◽  
Better Than

Abstract. Putra ETS, Purwanto BH, Wulandari C, Alam T. 2021. Metabolic activities of eight oil palm progenies grown under aluminum toxicity. Biodiversitas 22: 3146-3155. In Indonesia, oil palm is mostly cultivated on red-yellow podzolic soils, which mainly contain the high availability of aluminum (Al). This condition might affect oil palm growth i.e stunted growth and root damage. Therefore, this study was aimed to characterize metabolic activities and growth of eight oil palm progenies under Al toxicity. The study was conducted from January to December 2018 in Bendosari Hamlet, Madurejo Village, Prambanan Sub-District, Sleman District, Province of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The trial was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) factorial with three blocks as replications, with experimental factors including oil palm progenies and Al concentration. The observation was conducted on Al concentration in the planting medium, metabolic activities, and oil palm growth. The data were analyzed using ANOVA, PLS-SEM, stepwise regression, hierarchical clustering heatmap, and GGE-Biplot. The results showed that Simalungun, Dumpy, and Yangambi progeny could grow and adapt better than other progenies in Al toxicity conditions. The resistance to Al poisoning mechanism was shown by a relatively low activity of O2-, H2O2, MDA, and REL, whereas SOD, POD, GB, AARed, ?-Toch, TPC RDW and, SDW showed higher relatively.

scholarly journals Unearthing The Alleviatory Mechanisms of Hydrogen Sulfide in Aluminum Toxicity in Rice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun Quan Zhu ◽  
Wen Jun Hu ◽  
QianQian Wei ◽  
Hui Zhang ◽  
Xiao Chuang Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Al Content ◽  
Rice Roots ◽  
Wall Components

Abstract Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) improves aluminum (Al) resistance in rice; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, treatment with 30-μM Al significantly inhibited rice root growth and increased the total Al content and apoplastic and cytoplasm Al concentration in the rice roots. However, pretreatment with NaHS (H2S donor) reversed these negative effects. Transcriptomics and physiological experiments confirmed that H2S increased the ATP, sucrose, glutathione, and ascorbic acid contents, which was accompanied by decreased O2·- and H2O2 contents, to alleviate Al toxicity. H2S significantly inhibited ethylene emissions in the rice and then inhibited pectin synthesis and increased the pectin methylation degree to reduce cell wall Al deposition. The phytohormones indole-3-acetic and brassinolide were also involved in the alleviation of Al toxicity by H2S. In addition, other pathways of material and energy metabolism, secondary metabolism, cell wall components, signal transduction, and transcriptional and translational pathways in the rice roots were also regulated by H2S under Al toxicity conditions. These findings improve our understanding of how H2S affects rice responses to Al toxicity, which will facilitate further studies on crop safety.

scholarly journals Genome Wide Association Mapping of Root Traits in the Andean Genepool of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Grown With and Without Aluminum Toxicity

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Ambachew ◽  
Matthew W. Blair
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Genome Wide Association ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Polygenic Inheritance ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Significant Difference

Common bean is one of the most important grain legumes for human diets but is produced on marginal lands with unfavorable soil conditions; among which Aluminum (Al) toxicity is a serious and widespread problem. Under low pH, stable forms of Al dissolve into the soil solution and as phytotoxic ions inhibit the growth and function of roots through injury to the root apex. This results in a smaller root system that detrimentally effects yield. The goal of this study was to evaluate 227 genotypes from an Andean diversity panel (ADP) of common bean and determine the level of Al toxicity tolerance and candidate genes for this abiotic stress tolerance through root trait analysis and marker association studies. Plants were grown as seedlings in hydroponic tanks at a pH of 4.5 with a treatment of high Al concentration (50 μM) compared to a control (0 μM). The roots were harvested and scanned to determine average root diameter, root volume, root surface area, number of root links, number of root tips, and total root length. Percent reduction or increase was calculated for each trait by comparing treatments. Genome wide association study (GWAS) was conducted by testing phenotypic data against single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker genotyping data for the panel. Principal components and a kinship matrix were included in the mixed linear model to correct for population structure. Analyses of variance indicated the presence of significant difference between genotypes. The heritability of traits ranged from 0.67 to 0.92 in Al-treated and reached similar values in non-treated plants. GWAS revealed significant associations between root traits and genetic markers on chromosomes Pv01, Pv04, Pv05, Pv06, and Pv11 with some SNPs contributing to more than one trait. Candidate genes near these loci were analyzed to explain the detected association and included an Al activated malate transporter gene and a multidrug and toxic compound extrusion gene. This study showed that polygenic inheritance was critical to aluminum toxicity tolerance in common beans roots. Candidate genes found suggested that exudation of malate and citrate as organic acids would be important for Al tolerance. Possible cross-talk between mechanisms of aluminum tolerance and resistance to other abiotic stresses are discussed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document