Colletotrichum gloeosporioides infection induces differential expression of glutathione S-transferase genes in Malva pusilla

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 821 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Doug Dean ◽  
Paul H. Goodwin ◽  
Tom Hsiang
Keyword(s):  
Differential Expression ◽  
Expressed Sequence Tags ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Nucleotide Sequences ◽  
Infected Leaf ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Expressed Sequence ◽  
Infected Leaf Tissue

Among a collection of 840 expressed sequence tags of Malva pusilla leaves infected with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. malvae (Cgm), a total of four different glutathione S-transferase (GST) (EC 2.5.1.18) genes were identified, each showing a different pattern of expression following infection. MpGSTU1 and MpGSTU2 were members of the class tau GSTs, MpGSTF1 was a member of the class phi GSTs, and MpGSTZ1 belonged to the class zeta GSTs. Infection by Cgm occurs by a hemibiotrophic process with an initial biotrophic phase preceding the necrotrophic phase and the appearance of symptoms. Expression of MpGSTZ1 progressively increased during infection, corresponding directly with the growth of the pathogen. Expression of MpGSTU2 was similar to that of MpGSTZ1, except for a greater increase during the late necrotrophic phase. MpGSTU1 expression remained relatively constant throughout the infection, whereas MpGSTF1 expression was induced primarily during the conversion from the biotrophic to necrotrophic phases of infection. Incubation of healthy mallow leaves in the dark resulted in decreased expression of MpGSTF1 and MpGSTU1, but not MpGSTZ1 and MpGSTU2. The differential expression patterns indicate that these mallow GST genes play a variety of roles in healthy and fungal-infected leaf tissue. The nucleotide sequences reported in this paper have been submitted to GenBank under the accession numbers AY206003, AY206001, AY206002, AY206000 and AY205999.

Growth-inhibiting Fungicides Affect Detection of Phytophthora ramorum from Infected Foliage and Roots

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Shishkoff
Keyword(s):  
Root Colonization ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Phytophthora Ramorum ◽  
Infected Leaf ◽  
Inoculum Production ◽  
Affect Detection ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Infected Leaf Tissue ◽  
Growth Inhibiting

Growth-inhibiting fungicides are used routinely to control common and regulated Oomycete pathogens. This study investigated whether such fungicides could affect detection of Phytophthora ramorum from plant tissue, both foliage and roots. Whole plants of Rhododendron × ‘Cunningham's White’ were inoculated with P. ramorum and treated 3 days later with fosetyl-Al, mefenoxam, or propamocarb. The foliage was sampled over time to see if fungicides prevented successful culturing of the pathogen from infected leaf tissue or interfered with detection using real-time PCR or ELISA. Mefenoxam significantly reduced the ability to culture the pathogen from leaves for the first 6 weeks while recovery from leaves treated with other fungicides did not differ from water-treated controls; detection using PCR or ELISA was not affected by fungicide application. The roots of Viburnum cuttings were inoculated with P. ramorum and then treated 4 days later with fosetyl-Al, mefenoxam, or propamocarb. The amount of inoculum in flow through water samples taken weekly for 5 weeks was quantified and percent root colonization determined at the end of the experiment. Propamocarb had no effect on inoculum production or root infection, while viable inoculum production was significantly decreased in fosetyl-Al- or mefenoxam-treated plants over 5 weeks, and root colonization was significantly decreased. Accepted for publication 23 January 2014. Published 18 March 2014.

scholarly journals A Virus Infecting Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Represents an Evolutionary Link Between Cileviruses and Higreviruses

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Olmedo-Velarde ◽  
John Hu ◽  
Michael J. Melzer
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Spherical Particles ◽  
Infected Leaf ◽  
Spot Virus ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
Landscape Plants ◽  
Infected Leaf Tissue

Hibiscus (Hibiscus spp.) are popular ornamental and landscape plants in Hawaii which are susceptible to foliar diseases caused by viruses belonging to the genera Cilevirus and Higrevirus (family Kitaviridae). In this study, a virus infecting H. rosa-sinensis plants displaying foliar symptoms consistent with infection by a kitavirus, including yellow chlorotic blotches with a green perimeter, was characterized. The genome consisted of two RNAs 8.4 and 4.4 kb in length, and was organized most similarly to cileviruses, but with important distinctions. These included the location of the p29 homolog as the 3′-terminal open reading frame (ORF) of RNA2 instead of its typical locus at the 3′-end of RNA1; the absence of a p15 homolog on RNA2 and the adjacent intergenic region which also harbors small putative ORFs of unknown function; and the presence of an ORF encoding a 10 kDa protein at the 3′-terminal end of RNA1 that was also found to be present in the hibiscus green spot virus 2 genome. Spherical particles approximately 55–65 nm in diameter were observed in infected leaf tissue, and viral RNA was detected by reverse-transcription PCR in individual mites collected from symptomatic plants tentatively identified as Brevipalpus yothersi. Although phylogenetic analyses placed this virus between the higrevirus and cilevirus clades, we propose the tentative taxonomic placement of this virus, designated hibiscus yellow blotch virus (HYBV), within the genus Cilevirus.

Ultrastructure of the Host-Parasite Relationships of Pseudoperonospora humuli on Hops

1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 585 ◽  
Author(s):  
RD Pares ◽  
AD Greenwood
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Infected Leaf ◽  
Cell Penetration ◽  
Pseudoperonospora Humuli ◽  
Host Cell Wall ◽  
Staining Techniques ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Infected Leaf Tissue

Infected leaf tissue was examined at 3, 4, 5 and 6 days after inoculation, after different fixing and staining techniques. One example of stomata1 penetration was seen. Examples of cell penetration and haustorium development were examined in detail. Haustoria penetrate host cells by altering host cell wall structure, and lomasomes are frequently present in the haustorium neck. Haustoria do not have nuclei and in early stages have abundant mitochondria that gradually decrease in number as infection advances.

scholarly journals Generation and Analysis of Expressed Sequence Tags fromChimonanthus praecox(Wintersweet) Flowers for Discovering Stress-Responsive and Floral Development-Related Genes

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shunzhao Sui ◽  
Jianghui Luo ◽  
Jing Ma ◽  
Qinlong Zhu ◽  
Xinghua Lei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Ontology ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Expressed Sequence Tags ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Read Length ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Protein Database ◽  
Blast Analysis ◽  
Expressed Sequence

A complementary DNA library was constructed from the flowers ofChimonanthus praecox, an ornamental perennial shrub blossoming in winter in China. Eight hundred sixty-seven high-quality expressed sequence tag sequences with an average read length of 673.8 bp were acquired. A nonredundant set of 479 unigenes, including 94 contigs and 385 singletons, was identified after the expressed sequence tags were clustered and assembled. BLAST analysis against the nonredundant protein database and nonredundant nucleotide database revealed that 405 unigenes shared significant homology with known genes. The homologous unigenes were categorized according to Gene Ontology hierarchies (biological, cellular, and molecular). By BLAST analysis and Gene Ontology annotation, 95 unigenes involved in stress and defense and 19 unigenes related to floral development were identified based on existing knowledge. Twelve genes, of which 9 were annotated as “cold response,” were examined by real-time RT-PCR to understand the changes in expression patterns under cold stress and to validate the findings. Fourteen genes, including 11 genes related to floral development, were also detected by real-time RT-PCR to validate the expression patterns in the blooming process and in different tissues. This study provides a useful basis for the genomic analysis ofC. praecox.

scholarly journals Survival and Persistence of Alternaria dauci in Carrot Cropping Systems

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (10) ◽  
pp. 1115-1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. Pryor ◽  
J. O. Strandberg ◽  
R. M. Davis ◽  
J. J. Nunez ◽  
R. L. Gilbertson
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residue ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Infected Leaf ◽  
Alternaria Dauci ◽  
Carrot Seed ◽  
Infected Leaf Tissue ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Seedling Infection

Alternaria dauci was recovered in California from carrot crop residue and from volunteer carrot plants in fallow carrot fields. The fungus was not recovered from common weeds surrounding fallow fields. To evaluate further the survival of A. dauci on carrot crop residue, infected carrot leaf tissue was placed in fields or in soil in greenhouse pots, and recovered over time. In California, A. dauci was recovered from infected leaf tissue in both fallow and irrigated fields for as long as 1 year. In Florida, A. dauci was recovered from infected leaf tissue in fallow fields for up to 30 weeks. In greenhouse experiments, A. dauci was recovered from infected leaf tissue for as long as 1 year in dry soil, but only up to 30 weeks in soil that was watered weekly. To determine the infectivity of A. dauci borne on carrot crop residue, infected carrot crops were incorporated into organic and mineral field soils, and soil samples were collected over time. Carrot seed were planted in collected soil, and seedling infection by A. dauci was recorded. Seedling infection was detected up to 13 and 14 weeks after crop incorporation in organic and mineral soil, respectively. Seedling infection was detected for up to 5 weeks in soil that remained dry compared with 3 weeks in flooded soil.

scholarly journals In silico differential display of defense-related expressed sequence tags from sugarcane tissues infected with diazotrophic endophytes

2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 103-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcio R. Lambais
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Clustering ◽  
Expressed Sequence Tags ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Cdna Libraries ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Wide Scale ◽  
Clustering Approach ◽  
Diazotrophic Endophytes ◽  
Expressed Sequence

The expression patterns of 277 sugarcane expressed sequence tags (EST)-contigs encoding putative defense-related (DR) proteins were evaluated using the Sugarcane EST database. The DR proteins evaluated included chitinases, beta-1,3-glucanases, phenylalanine ammonia-lyases, chalcone synthases, chalcone isomerases, isoflavone reductases, hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins, proline-rich glycoproteins, peroxidases, catalases, superoxide dismutases, WRKY-like transcription factors and proteins involved in cell death control. Putative sugarcane WRKY proteins were compared and their phylogenetic relationships determined. A hierarchical clustering approach was used to identify DR ESTs with similar expression profiles in representative cDNA libraries. To identify DR ESTs differentially expressed in sugarcane tissues infected with Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus or Herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicans, 179 putative DR EST-contigs expressed in non-infected tissues (leaves and roots) and/or infected tissues were selected and arrayed by similarity of their expression profiles. Changes in the expression levels of 124 putative DR EST-contigs, expressed in non-infected tissues, were evaluated in infected tissues. Approximately 42% of these EST-contigs showed no expression in infected tissues, whereas 15% and 3% showed more than 2-fold suppression in tissues infected with G. diazotrophicus or H. rubrisubalbicans, respectively. Approximately 14 and 8% of the DR EST-contigs evaluated showed more than 2-fold induction in tissues infected with G. diazotrophicus or H. rubrisubalbicans, respectively. The differential expression of clusters of DR genes may be important in the establishment of a compatible interaction between sugarcane and diazotrophic endophytes. It is suggested that the hierarchical clustering approach can be used on a genome-wide scale to identify genes likely involved in controlling plant-microorganism interactions.

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