Loss of pod set caused by drought stress is associated with water status and ABA content of reproductive structures in soybean

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fulai Liu ◽  
Mathias N. Andersen ◽  
Christian R. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Aba Content ◽  
Days After Anthesis

Drought stress occurring during flowering and early pod expansion decreases pod set in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). The failure of pod set may be associated with changes in water status and ABA content in soybean reproductive structures under drought stress. To test this, pot experiments in an environmentally-controlled greenhouse were conducted, in which soybeans were exposed to drought stress around anthesis. In a preliminary experiment (Expt. I), irrigation was withheld at –6 (D1), –4 (D2) and –2 (D3) to 11 days after anthesis (DAA), then the droughted plants were re-watered to control levels until physiological maturity. Pod set percentage, seed yield and yield components were recorded. In the main experiment (Expt. II), irrigation was withheld from –11 to 10�DAA. During the drying cycle, parts of the droughted plants were re-watered at 0, 3, 5, 7 and 10 DAA and kept well-watered until physiological maturity. In Expt. II, water status, ABA contents in xylem sap, leaves, flowers and pods were measured at 0, 3, 5, 7 and 10 DAA. The water potential in the flowers and pods was always lower than the leaf water potential. Turgor was decreased in leaves by drought 3 DAA, but remained at control levels in flowers and pods. Compared with well-watered plants, in severely droughted plants (10 DAA), xylem [ABA] increased about 60-fold; leaf [ABA] increased 9-fold; pod [ABA] increased 6-fold. During soil drying, flower and pod [ABA] was linearly correlated with xylem [ABA] and leaf [ABA], indicating that root-originated ABA and/or leaf ABA were the likely sources of ABA accumulated in the flowers and pods. In Expt. I, pod set and seed number per pod was unaffected by drought stress, while seed yield and individual seed weight was significantly decreased by drought. In Expt. II, significant reductions in pod set and seed yield were observed when re-watering the droughted plants at 3–5 DAA, re-watering the droughted plants later than this stage resulted in a similar pod set. Collectively, these results suggest that drought-induced decrease in water potential and increase in ABA content in flowers and pods at critical developmental stage (3–5 DAA) contribute to pod abortion in soybean.

Leaf epicuticular wax and glaucousness in Altai wildrye grass: which trait is most important to water status?

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul G Jefferson
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Epicuticular Wax ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Leaf Epicuticular Wax

Epicuticular wax (EW) concentration on the outermost layer of the plant cuticle increases in response to drought stress for many xeric plant species. Glaucousness, or the visible (blue) waxiness of leaf surfaces, is associated with greater EW concentration compared with nonglaucous (green) plants of Altai wildrye grass [Elymus angustus (Trin.) Pilger] (AWR). The contributions of EW concentration and glaucousness to drought stress response have been confounded in previous research. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of EW concentration and glaucousness on water relations of AWR. Water loss rate (WLR) of excised leaves was determined for 180 half-sib AWR lines in 1988, 1989 and 1990 at Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada. The mean WLR of blue half-sib lines was 36% less than green half-sib lines (P < 0.05). Among blue (n = 60) or among green (n = 60) half-sib lines, however, there was no significant correlation between WLR and EW concentration. Leaf water potential (Ψ) was determined for 10 blue and 10 green half-sib lines in 1988, 1989 and 1990. Predawn leaf Ψ was 18% higher for blue half-sib lines than for green half-sib lines (P < 0.01), but there was no correlation between Ψ and EW concentration within either group of half-sib lines. Four contrasting synthetics were generated by inter-crossing parent plants that had high or low EW production within either phenotype. The EW concentration, forage yield, predawn Ψ, and midday Ψ were determined for these four synthetics for three sampling dates per year from 1996 to 2001. Selection for high and low EW concentration shifted this trait (P < 0.01) by 0.19 g m-2 between glaucous synthetics and by 0.07 g m-2 between nonglaucous synthetics. Glaucous synthetics exhibited improved predawn Ψ by 0.05 MPa and predawn turgor potential (P) by 0.08 MPa (P < 0.05) compared with nonglaucous synthetics. However, selection for high and low EW concentration did not affect predawn Ψ nor predawn P in either glaucous or nonglaucous synthetics. Selection for blue glaucousness in AWR altered water relations, but selection for EW concentration did not. Key words: Forage breeding, range improvement, forage yield, drought stress, water potential, turgor potential, epicuticular wax

scholarly journals Nitrate application induced a lower yield loss in rice under progressive drought stress

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Cheng ◽  
Mingli Cai ◽  
CouGui Cao ◽  
Yang Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Rice Plant ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Lower Yield ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
Screen House

Abstract Rice plants were subjected to nitrate application and water disruption-induced drought treatments in a screen-house using pot culture, the urea application and flood treatments were used as controls. Nitrate (Ca(NO3)2) application significantly increased the ratio of NO3−-N to NH4+-N in the soil under both drought and flood treatments. Compared with urea application under flood treatment, both nitrate application and drought treatments caused yield losses. Under drought treatment, the yield loss of rice plant for nitrate application was 28.4% lower than that for urea application. The aboveground plant was smaller and more compact under nitrate application. Although nitrate application did not increase water uptake rate and xylem sap rate of the rice plant, nitrate application significantly stimulated the root growth of rice plant compared with urea application, especially under drought treatment, as indicated by higher root cap ratio, root biomass, root volume, root length, and density of lateral roots. Finally, the soil water potential decreased slower for nitrate application compared with urea application under drought treatment. The leaf water potential was higher for nitrate application compared with urea application under drought treatment. Our results indicated that rice plant developed a series of phenotypic adaptations to nitrate application and progressive drought, such as smaller and more compact aboveground plant, a less active but larger root system. These phenotypic adaptations made rice plant suffer less from the progressive drought stress resulting in a lower yield loss.

Tolerance of lowbush blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) to drought stress. II. Leaf gas exchange, stem water potential and dry matter partitioning

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 919-927 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. M. Glass ◽  
D. C. Percival ◽  
J. T.A. Proctor
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Vaccinium Angustifolium ◽  
Stem Water

A 2-yr field study examining the effect of soil moisture on plant water status, photosynthesis and gas exchange parameters in lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) was conducted at the Nova Scotia Wild Blueberry Institute (NSWBI), Debert, NS. Drought and irrigation treatments were applied over two years in either or both the vegetative and cropping years of production. Midday stem water potential values indicated that all treatments resulted in drought stress. Mean stem water potential values ranged from -1.41 to -1.45 MPa. Predawn stem water potentials in the vegetative growth season indicated that although some recharging and recovery of water loss occurred overnight, the drought-stressed plants did not fully return to pre-stress levels under the moisture-limiting conditions. Higher chlorophyll a and b levels were observed in the single-season drought treatment. Leaves of irrigated plants in both sprout and crop years had the highest stomatal density. There were no differences in photosynthetic rate (Pn) among treatments despite the lower stomatal conductance resulting from limited soil moisture. Key words: Photosynthesis, stomate, stem water potential

Plant traits and yield stability of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars under drought stress

1991 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Acosta-Gallegos ◽  
M. W. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Terminal Drought ◽  
Supplementary Irrigation ◽  
Terminal Drought Stress

SUMMARYThe objective of this study was to identify traits related to growth and yield response under drought stress in the field which would show less variation than yield itself. Experiments were conducted in 1987, at Durango, Mexico and at Michigan, USA. Twenty-six dry bean genotypes were sown under supplementary irrigation and terminal drought stress. Plant samples were taken at 50% flowering, mid-pod-filling and physiological maturity. At both sites, leaf expansion rate and crop growth rate at mid-pod-filling were greatly reduced by drought stress, resulting in significant reductions in total dry matter (DM) above ground and seed yield at physiological maturity. Because of differences in the timing and intensity of the drought stress, the yield components were affected differently at each location. Total DM content at physiological maturity, harvest index and number of pods/m2 were the only traits positively correlated with yield under stress at both locations. In order to evaluate a group of genotypes for adaptation to drought on the basis of seed yield, the genotypes should be grouped according to their phenological characteristics to stress them evenly.

DROUGHT RESISTANCE OF Sorghum bicolor. 4. HORMAL CHANGES IN RELATION TO DROUGHT STRESS IN FIELD-GROWN PLANTS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. KANNANGARA ◽  
R. C. DURLEY ◽  
G. M. SIMPSON ◽  
D. G. STOUT
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Vegetative Stage ◽  
Leaf Water Status ◽  
Drought Tolerant

This study was undertaken to investigate the nature of hormonal changes in relation to drought stress in two cultivars of Sorghum bicolor L. Moench. Two cultivars, M–35 and NK300, were grown in a field plot protected by a rain shelter. Plants in one soil compartment were stressed by withholding water while those in another (controls) were irrigated frequently. Levels of the plant hormones abscisic acid (ABA), phaseic acid (PA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were determined in the youngest leaves of control and stressed plants at intervals throughout the growth cycle. Plant height, senescence, and leaf water status were also determined. Leaf water potential (ψw) and solute potential (ψs) were reduced in both cultivars by drought stress; values for M–35 plants were lower than NK300. Leaf senescence was higher in M–35 plants and was promoted by stress in both cultivars. Cultivar M–35 behaved as a drought-tolerant plant whereas cultivar NK300 behaved more like a drought avoider. ABA levels were higher in M–35 control plants than in corresponding NK300 plants and levels in both cultivars followed seasonal changes in leaf water potential. Under drought stress, ABA levels increased between 1.5 and 2 times in both cultivars with the largest increases occurring during the vegetative stage in M–35 and during the flowering stage for NK300. PA levels in both cultivars were higher in stressed than in control plants. PA levels in M–35 plants were relatively low and constant throughout the life cycle, whereas in NK300, levels were high until shortly before flowering. IAA levels were higher in NK300 than in M–35 plants, particularly during the vegetative stage. Under drought stress, IAA levels were reduced in both cultivars with a more pronounced reduction in NK300. The high level of ABA in the more drought-tolerant cultivar M–35 was associated with low leaf ψw and ψs and high leaf senescence. On the other hand, in the drought avoider, NK300, high levels of IAA and PA were associated with high leaf ψw and ψs. It is concluded that these cultivars, which differ in their response to drought stress, can be distinguished by their leaf hormone levels.

scholarly journals (452) Growth Responses of Salvia greggii and Dalea frutescens to Drought Stress

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1036A-1036
Author(s):  
Genhua Niu ◽  
Denise S. Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Shoot Number ◽  
Dry Down

Salvia greggii (salvia) and Dalea frutescens (dalea) are two popular shrubs. However, little information is available on their drought tolerance. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of various degrees of water stress on growth and to characterize the dynamics of water relations to root substrate water content for developing best irrigation management. Salvia and dalea plants in 12-L plastic containers were grown in a greenhouse and pruned to one node at the base of the soft shoots for salvia or at the same height for dalea prior to the start of the experiment. There were three irrigation regimens: plants were irrigated daily (control), or irrigation was withheld until moderate or severe water stress signs exhibited. After several weeks of intermittent cyclic dry-down irrigation regimens, total shoot number per container was reduced by 40% to 50% for salvia and 35% to 40% for dalea. Average shoot length was reduced by 35% to 45% for salvia and 50% to 65% for dalea in moderate and severe stressed treatments compared to the control. Drought stress resulted in less shoot elongation and fewer new shoots in both species. To examine the relationship between plant water status and substrate water content, a dry down test was performed on five well-watered plants by withholding irrigation until midday water potential dropped to below –4 MPa. As substrate water contents in both species reached 8%, the predawn water potentials did not recover from the midday water potential of the previous day, indicating there was no available water in the substrate for roots to take up. The drought tolerance of these two species needs further study using various growing media.

scholarly journals Postharvest Peel Pitting in Citrus Fruit at Nonchilling Temperatures Is Affected by Climatic Factors and Advanced by Changes in Peel Water Status

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1144C-1144
Author(s):  
Fernando Alferez ◽  
Lorenzo Zacarias ◽  
Jacqueline Burns
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Oil Glands ◽  
Postharvest Handling ◽  
Citrus Varieties ◽  
Aba Content

Several citrus varieties, including `Navel' oranges, `Marsh' grapefruit and `Fallglo' tangerines are prone to develop postharvest peel pitting at nonchilling temperatures. The disorder is characterized by depressions in flavedo that ultimately affect oil glands. Increasing evidence indicates that changes in peel water status during postharvest handling of fruit plays a major role in the appearance of the disorder. Peel pitting was triggered when fruit were transferred from low to high relative humidity (RH) consistently in several citrus growing areas. A transient increase in fruit ethylene production and ABA content was observed within the first 24 hours after transfer from low to high RH. Water potential decreased with storage at low RH in flavedo and albedo, and recovered faster in flavedo than in albedo cells upon transfer to high RH. The differential recovery in water potential between flavedo and albedo is postulated to cause collapse of external albedo layers and pitting. The effect of climatic conditions in the field at harvest was also examined. Harvesting fruit at low RH induced more severe pitting after storage than harvesting at high RH. In addition, increasing hours of low RH storage prior to storage at high RH resulted in increased pitting. The results demonstrate that change in peel water status is a major factor leading to the development of postharvest peel pitting in citrus.

Effects of elevated CO2 on the growth, seed yield, and water use efficiency of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) under drought stress

2013 ◽  
Vol 129 ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongxiao Li ◽  
Huiling Liu ◽  
Yunzhou Qiao ◽  
Youning Wang ◽  
Zhaoming Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Use Efficiency

scholarly journals Azospirillum baldaniorum Sp245 Induces Physiological Responses to Alleviate the Adverse Effects of Drought Stress in Purple Basil

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1141
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Mariotti ◽  
Andrea Scartazza ◽  
Maurizio Curadi ◽  
Piero Picciarelli ◽  
Annita Toffanin
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Leaf Water Status

Azospirillum spp. are plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) that exert beneficial effects on plant growth and yield of agronomically important plant species. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a root treatment with Azospirillum baldaniorum Sp245 on hormones in xylem sap and physiological performance in purple basil (Ocimum basilicum L. cv. Red Rubin) plants grown under well-watered conditions and after removing water. Treatments with A. baldaniorum Sp245 included inoculation with viable cells (1ˑ107 CFU mL–1) and addition of two doses of filtered culture supernatants (non-diluted 1ˑ108 CFU mL–1, and diluted 1:1). Photosynthetic activity, endogenous level of hormones in xylem sap (salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and abscisic acid), leaf pigments, leaf water potential, water-use efficiency (WUE), and drought tolerance were determined. Fluorescence and gas exchange parameters, as well as leaf water potential, showed that the highest dose of filtered culture supernatant improved both photosynthetic performance and leaf water status during water removal, associated with an increase in total pigments. Moreover, gas exchange analysis and carbon isotope discrimination found this bacterial treatment to be the most effective in inducing an increase of intrinsic and instantaneous WUE during water stress. We hypothesize that the benefits of bacterial treatments based on A. baldaniorum Sp245 are strongly correlated with the synthesis of phytohormones and the induction of plant-stress tolerance in purple basil.

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